摘　要： 对黄骅坳陷板桥和歧北凹陷深层沙河街组碎屑岩储层储集物性分布特征及其影响因素分析表明，深层碎屑岩储层物性在横向上受砂体微相控制，在纵向上受次生孔隙发育带控制，并具有强烈的非均质性。在板桥和歧北凹陷中，沙二、沙三段深层碎屑岩的有利储集相带与有利沉积相带及碎屑组分的溶解作用带具有明显的一致性。深部异常高压带、烃类的早期侵入和有利的储层埋藏史对于深层碎屑岩储层具备良好的储集空间及含油气性创造了条件。

随着油气勘探活动的不断加深， 国内外相继发现了许多异常高压油气田。据不完全统计，全世界已发现超压盆地１８０多个，其中１６０多个为富含油气盆地。异常高压油气田约占全球油气田 ３０％左右，因此，对异常压力的研究，具有举足轻重的意义。本文介绍了异常地层压力的概念、特征及分类；详细论述了异常压力的成因，即烃类生成作用、欠压 实作用、液态烃类的裂解作用、粘土矿物的后生成岩作用、构造作用、温度变化等；系统阐述了世界典型含油气盆地的超压形成机制、超压体系中油气初次运移机理 以及超压与油气分布关系；并在此基础上，归纳总结出了五种超压油气藏成藏模式，即：（１）位于超压体系中的低渗超压油气藏；（２）位于超压层系中，以礁灰 岩（或浊积砂岩）为储层的高压油气藏；（３）位于超压带上倾方向，以退覆三角洲平原和分流河道砂岩为储层的常压或过渡带超压油气藏；（４）位于超压带上、 下部的超压油气藏；（５）位于远离超压体系的泄压区常压油气藏，本文对指导、加深新老油气区勘探具有实际应用价值。

摘　要： 晚期成藏是大中型油气田形成的重要特征.从晚期成藏的观点出发,深层油气藏的形成需要盆地深层发育仍处于有利生、排烃阶段的源岩,具有较高孔隙度、渗透率的深部储层,以及有利的储层-盖层能量配置.在超压盆地中,超压对生烃的抑制作用使常压盆地中已过成熟的源岩保持在有利的生、排烃阶段,从而为深层油气成藏提供较好的烃源条件;超压条件下低有效应力引起的机械压实程度减弱、流体流动性减弱引起的化学胶结作用减缓及有机酸对矿物的溶解作用使深埋超压储层保持较高的孔隙度和渗透率.然而,由于超压引起的地层天然水力破裂和流体穿层运移,超压环境深部油气藏的形成和保存需要有效的储层-盖层能量配置.

Based on the actual situation of the Bohai Gulf Basin,its deep zone is the reali stic new exploration region at present.Although it has the characteristics of l ow porosity ad permeability,large depth and some difficulty,its oil and gas reso urces potential is large in the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin,and there is good exploration prospects. In the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin,there are three series of source rocks,the fourth member dark mudstone of Shahejie Formation and Kongdian Formation,the thi rd and first member dark mudstone Shahejie Formation.The source rock of the thi rd m ember of Shahejie formation is the major source rock for the deep zone of Basin. It has the character of large thickness of black mudstone,good hydrocarbon gener ation indicators,high thermal evolution degree and large hydrocarbon generation potential. Reservoir condition is one of the major controlling factors to the formation of oil and gas pools in the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin.There are multi－type res ervoir rocks,but the sandstone is the major reservoir type,including sandstone a nd conglomerate of alluvial fan,fan-delta and delta as weu as,gravity flow san dstone.In add ition,the buried－hill reservoir is the another important type in the deep zone exploration.Based on the research results,diagenesis,sandstone thickness,supper －pressure abnormal belt and secondary porosity development belt are the major controlling factors to the reservoir property in the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Bas in. There is good seal condition in the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin,and the self－ source,self-reservoir and self－seal is the major combination type of oil and poo l formation.In the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin,the play is characterized by mu lti－types,early formation and large scale traps. In general,in the deep zone of Bohai Gulf Basin,there are good formation conditi on of oil-gas pools,and rich in resources.Without doubt,in the future,i t will be the most important new exploration region in Bohai Gulf Basin.

比较系统的对渤海湾盆地深层烃源岩分布、特征及生烃潜力、储集层类型、特征及其深层储层的储集性能纵向和平面变化规律进行了初步分析，并对深层油气的保存条件、深层圈闭条件及成藏配套史等进行了讨论，总体对渤海湾盆地深层石油地质条件有了一个较为全面的认识。

莺歌海盆地由于独特的沉积地层和温压场特征,使得盆地内的储层成 岩演化也具有了与众不同的过程和特点.通过对莺歌海盆地内有钻井证实的两种超压体系类型(自源型和传导型)的对比研究,阐明了其成因差别及其石油地质意 义,并详细论述了高温超压环境下储层物性的影响因素:(1)储层物性主要受沉积环境和成岩作用控制;(2)高地温梯度使砂岩的孔隙度衰减较快;(3)超压 保存了一部分原生孔隙,这是深部储层还具有高孔隙度的最主要原因;(4)超压通过溶解等成岩作用产生了一些次生孔隙;(5)流体压裂突破过程中产生了大量 的裂缝,有效地提高了储层渗透性.

摘　要： 方法 针对莺琼盆地的成藏地质条件，对其温压环境及地化指标进行了综合分析。目的 研究莺琼盆地的有机质热演化及成烃模式。结果 莺琼盆地的演化机制在盆地内大的热传导背景下主要受地温梯度和演化时间控制；在盆地内热流体活动强烈的地区，源岩的演化得到明显的加强，同时，盆地普遍超压的特点减缓了超压层内有机质的成熟速率，使本来在无超压抑制作用已进入疹变质阶段的源岩保持在有利的生气带内，从而拓宽了生烃窗的范围，扩大

Overpressure developed in Banqiao Sag, Eastern China, and obvious overpressure retardation of organic matter maturation was found in Well BS35. Such an organic matter maturity anomaly is distinctly different from those caused by variation in activation energies, conductivity contrasts, and hydrologic effects. Overpressure retardation has been proven to be conditional through integrated organic geochemical and geologic research, early developed overpressure, high original TOC contents of source rocks and the retention of the pore fluids (including products of organic matter maturation reactions) in the source rocks are three important factors affecting overpressure retardation of organic matter maturation, and overpressure retardation of organic matter maturation is quite important for clearly understanding petroleum exploration during deep burial in overpressured sedimentary basins.

板桥凹陷异常压力发育,在板深35井中发现有机质的演化明显的受到了超压的抑制作用,具有和活化能、热导率、水动力等因素造成的热演化异常明显不同的特征。综合地质、地球化学分析表明,异常孔隙流体压力对有机质热演化的抑制作用是有条件的,在超压早期发育、高原始有机质丰度和高有机质热演化产物滞留的情况下超压对有机质的演化具有明显的抑制作用,超压对有机质演化的抑制作用在深层勘探方面具有重要的意义。

Basin-Mod软件模拟显示东濮凹陷35Ma左右孔隙流体已出现较高异常压力，综合分析表明欠压实作用是发育异常高压的主要机制，处于异常高压带内的泥岩存在微裂隙带，是异常高压流体压裂的直接结果并可以成为流体运移的通道，通过典型研究区砂岩压实（溶）量，压实－胶结关系，沉积参数－储集物性的对比，表明异常高压流体的确对砂岩的压实作用具有抑制作用，另一方面，自生石英流体包体均一温度大部分在105－145℃之间，频数呈多峰式展布，可能显示幕式流体活动。该温度范围内由于没有有机酸的大规模生产，泥岩频繁发生的幕式流体泄压活动，使得富含CO3^2-的高压流体在注入砂岩（低压区）孔隙后易与Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,Fe^2 等离子结合，导致砂岩储层发生强烈的（晚期）碳酸盐沉淀和胶结作用。

近年未,构造对沉积的控制作用研究成为当前国际地质和油气勘探研 究中的一个热点,但构造对储集层质量影响的研究相对较缺乏.在对车镇凹陷构造、沉积、储集层研究的基础上,讨论了不同构造样式中沉积充填和储集层发育特 征.构造样武对沉积充填类型及特征具有重要影响,其中板式构造样式区仅发育近岸水下扇及少量滑塌浊积扇;铲式构造样武区除在边界断裂根部附近发育近岸水下 扇外,其前墙湖底扇常较发育;断阶式和坡坪式构造样式区受次级断裂控制,陆上与水下沉积常常共生,沉积类型多样,从冲积扇、扇三角洲到近岸水下扇、湖底扇 均可发育.构造样式通过影响砂砾岩体的垂向叠置方式、规模和沉积类型及砂体结构,最终影响了其储集层质量.综合研究认为,断阶式和坡坪式构造样式区沉积类 型丰富,为有利储集层最发育区;铲式构造样式区湖底扇发育,砂砾岩单层薄,为次级有利区;而板式构造样式区砂砾岩展布窄、单层厚度大,储集层质量最差.该 认识为中低勘探程度的合油气断陷盆地中优质储集层发育带的预测提供了思路.

济阳坳陷地温梯度偏高,存在异常高压带,下第三系深部储层次生孔隙类型丰富.研究认为:(1)受温度作用控制,烃源岩中不同类型的有机质在成熟过程中产生的有机酸有益于次生孔隙的形成;(2)成熟烃源岩丰富的有机质,是形成次生孔隙的有利基础;(3)高地温有利于储层形成次生孔隙;(4)异常高压有助于深部储层次生孔隙的保存;(5)高地温、异常高压带有机的时间、空间配置对深部储层次生孔隙发育程度具有很重要的影响.预测次生孔隙发育区带纵向上,沙三段比沙四段有利,沙四段又较孔店组有利;横向上,东营凹陷梁家楼-牛庄-六户、利津-民丰和樊家北-纯化一带,沾化凹陷渤南和孤北一带为有利地区.

山东东营牛庄洼陷沙三中亚段浊积砂体储层以长石细砂岩、岩屑细砂岩及粉砂岩为主,结构成熟度及成分成熟度均较低.储层微观特征研究表明,砂体中发育了剩余原生粒间孔、粘土矿物杂基内的微孔隙、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔及微裂缝等储集空间类型,孔隙结构以低渗细喉型为主,为物性较差的中低孔、低渗型储层.通过对储层物性影响因素的研究得出,岩石组构、沉积微相、成岩作用和异常超压的形成与分布是影响本区浊积砂体储层物性的主要因素.其中,碳酸盐胶结物、硅质胶结物及自生粘土矿物是致使储层物性变差的主要原因,沉积物中有机质的大量生烃以及粘土矿物在转化过程中所释放出的酸性水的溶解作用是产生次生孔隙的重要因素,而异常超压的存在、高的地温场及烃类的早期进入是部分原生孔隙和次生孔隙得以保存的重要条件.

 By means of observation of cores and identification of specimens, a lot of trace fossils including Mermoides chezhenensis, Helminthopsis sp., Gordia sp., Helminthoidichnites sp., Planolites beverlegensis, Neonereites uniserialis and Planolites sp., are discovered in deep water sediments in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Chezhen Sag, Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. They are grazing trails and feeding trails produced by invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods, gastropods, and so forth. Of these trace fossils, Neonereites uniserialis, with 7 cm in length and 2 mm in width, is a chain of knobs forming unbranched meandering shape and is preserved in convex epirelief in gray, dark gray shales. Mermoides chezhenensis, which is simple, irregularly curving in shape, ranges from 1 to 3 cm in length and 1 to 2 mm in width. The trace is preserved parallelly or slightly obliquely in gray, dark gray thin-bedded mudstones. According to their palaeoecological and sedimentological features, these ichnofossils can be divided into two ichnoassemblages, namely, Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage and Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage. Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage, which is characterized by the fully abundant Mermoides chezhenensis ichnospecies and commonly associated with Helminthopsis sp., Gordia sp., Helminthoidichnites sp., and Planolites beverlegensis, occurs in gray, dark gray thin- bedded mudstones. The Ichnoassemblage often has high ichnodiversity and abundance and represents highly oxygenated semi-deep lacustrine sediments. Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage, consisting of ichnogenera Neonereites uniserialis and Planolites sp., develops in gray, dark gray shales and indicates semi-deep to deep dysoxic lacustrine environment. The Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage has similar characters as Mermia ichnofacies in composition, ichnodiversity and abundance of ichnoassemblage. The Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage has lower  ichnodiversity and abundance compared with the Mermia ichnofacies and the chemical characters of water represented by the trace assemblages are also different. The present continental trace fossil model is not complete, and there are still many ichnofacies that haven’t been recognized and established.

通过岩心观察和标本鉴定，在济阳坳陷车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组沙一段深水沉积中识别出大量遗迹化石，包括Mermoides chezhenensis，Helminthopsis sp.、Gordia sp.、Helminthoidichnites sp.、Planolites beverlegensis、Neonereites uniserialis和Planolites sp.，它们是无脊椎动物线虫、节肢动物、环节动物和腹足类等形成的牧食迹和进食迹。这些遗迹化石中的Neonereites uniserialis为由一系列小球粒排成的蛇曲形痕迹，不分枝,长约7 cm，宽约2 mm，呈顶凸痕保存于灰色、深灰色页岩中。Mermoides chezhenensis为微小简单、不规则弯曲的觅食拖迹，长1~3 cm，宽1~2 mm，近平行或略倾斜层面分布于灰色、深灰色薄层状泥岩中，内迹保存。根据遗迹化石的共生组合特征及沉积环境，可分出两个遗迹组合：Mermoides chezhenensis遗迹组合和Neonereites uniserialis遗迹组合。Mermoides chezhenensis遗迹组合丰度和分异度较高，组成分子有Mermoides chezhenensis、Helminthopsis sp.、Gordia sp.、Helminthoidichnites sp. 和Planolites beverlegensis，其中以Mermoides chezhenensis的大量出现为组合代表。该组合出现于灰色、深灰色泥岩中，反映了富氧的半深湖环境。Neonereites uniserialis遗迹组合组成分子为Neonereites uniserialis和Planolites sp.。该组合分布于灰色、深灰色页岩中，反映了贫氧的半深湖-深湖沉积环境。Mermoides chezhenensis遗迹组合与Mermia遗迹相相比，其化石组成、丰度及分异度基本相似。但Neonereites uniserialis遗迹组合与Mermia遗迹相在化石组成、丰度及分异度等方面存在很大差异，所反映的水体化学性质也不相同。因此，目前所建立的陆相遗迹相模式还不完善，尚有许多遗迹相未被识别和建立。

Overpressure is very prominent in Dongpu depression, and in some area the geopressure is extra high. The authors of this paper hold that the mechanism of abnormal pressure is related with disequilibrium compaction, aquathermal expansion, hydrocarbon generation and better sealing strata. The abnormal overpressure has good sealing effect on reservoir, and it can promote the generation of abnormal high pores and their preservation, so it controls the accumulation of oil and gas in deep formation. It also causes episodic hydrocarbon expulsion and later reservoir forming. The restrain on hydrocarbon generation results in increase of deep resources. Based on these studies, this paper presents the reservoir-forming pattern of deep formation which controlled by overpressure-sealed box.

东濮凹陷深层超压异常十分突出，局部地区达到超高压。超压异常的形成与不均衡压实、水热增压、烃类的生成及存在较好的封闭层有关。超压异常控制了深层油气聚集，表现在对油气藏有较好的封盖作用，促进异常高孔隙的产生与保存。同时超压异常造成幕式排烃与晚期成藏特征，对深层生烃的抑制作用增加了深层资源基础。在这些认识的基础上建立了东濮凹陷深层超压流体封存箱控制的成藏模式。图5表1参6

摘　要： 东营凹陷北部陡坡带的主干边界断层为铲式断层,沿断层走向不同地段的剖面形态也有明显的差异,有多个不同尺度的相对陡倾、呈内凹形态的断层面瀑布和相对缓倾、呈外凸形态的断层面缓坡.在主边界断层的断层面瀑布区,沙三下亚段时期发育近岸水下扇和扇三角洲,而在断层面缓坡处则发育湖相泥岩.

马东东地区深部储层物性影响因 素分析结果表明 ,沉积环境、成岩作用和异常超压的形成与分布是影响本区深部储层物性的主要因素。其中 ,沉积环境对深部储层物性的影响主要表现为岩石组分、结构和沉积相带对储层物性的影响 ,成岩作用中的铁白云石沉淀和硅质增生是导致深部储层物性变差的重要因素 ,沉积物中有机质的大量生烃以及粘土矿物在转化过程中所释放出的酸性水的溶解作用是产生大量次生孔隙的重要因素 ,而深部异常超压的存在是部分原生孔隙和次生孔隙得以保存的重要条件

摘　要： 许多研究者发现，深部地层的异常高孔隙度带往往处于欠压实地层中的异常高压带内，本文结合实际资料，对异常压力与异常孔隙度之间的关系作了一些研究，并进一步探讨了异常压力与深部油气藏的关系。

对孤南洼陷新生代构造演化特征及沉积特征进行分析可以了解该地区构造演化对沉积的控制作用.研究结果表明,洼陷北部孤南断层的构造演化控制了整个洼陷沉积体系的发育.孤南断层的活动呈现明显的分段性和分期性,其东段的活动强度强于西段,整个洼陷北部构造活动强于南部,沙三段下亚段沉积时期断层活动较沙三段中亚段沉积时期强烈,并形成了与之相对应的沉积模式和准层序叠加方式.与断层活动分段性相对应,洼陷东部地区的三角洲及扇三角洲向湖盆推进的面积较小,而西部地区推进面积则较大.洼陷北部在沙三段下亚段沉积时期由于断层活动强,发育扇三角洲沉积体系,形成正旋回准层序叠加方式;在沙三段中亚段沉积时期随着断层活动减弱,则发育正常三角洲沉积体系,形成反旋回准层序叠加方式.

本文在定量计算断层活动速率的基础上,结合盆地分析,研究了济阳坳陷中、新生代盆地转型时期(孔店期―沙河街组四段沉积期)的断裂组合特征及断层活动对盆地的控制作用,并对转型机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明:孔店期,济阳坳陷继承了中生代后期的断裂发育特点,盆地格局受NW向断层活动控制,NE(ENE)向断层尚未对盆地发育产生重要影响;沙河街组四段沉积期,NW向断层控制作用减弱,NE(ENE)向断层活动逐渐增强,并开始控制盆地的演化,新生代NE(ENE)向盆地构造格局开始定型;中生代末―新生代初期郯庐断裂活动由左旋走滑到右旋走滑的转变,是济阳坳陷中、新生代盆地转型最直接的原因。

This paper mainly discusses the vertical distribution of secondary pores in Paleogene sandstones in Zhanhua depression,based on the thin section, SEM,carbonate contents, vitrinite reflectance, clay minerals, and porosity and permeability data. Thin section and SEM observation shows that the pores in sandstones are mainly of primary pores preserved after compaction at a depth of less than 1 500 m, at a depth interval of 1 500～1 900 m, pores are mainly of primary intergranular pores left after cementation made by carbonate, authigenic clay minerals and quartz overgrowth; there are a few secondary pores at a depth of 1 900 m,and then become mixed pore zone,characterized by the coexistence of primary and secondary pores in a depth range of 1 900～2 200 m; a large amount of secondary pores occur at 2 200～3 500 m interval; and over 3 500 m, it is characterized by residual pores preserved after compaction and cementation. The vertical variation pattern of 15 000 porosity and permeability data from more than 200 wells can also directly confirm such evolutionary processes. From the surface to 1 900 m, the poroperm characteristics of sandstones gradually become poorer and poorer; at the 2 200～3 500 m interval, there is a zone with higher porosity and permeability; and over 3 500 m, the poroperm characteristics of sandstones are getting poor again. It is found from thin section and SEM data that secondary pores have mainly been formed by feldspar dissolution, with minor by carbonate cement dissolution. The vertical distribution of authigenic kaolinite and carbonate cements can also give such explaination. At the 2 200～3 500 m interval where secondary pores are well developed, feldspar dissolution has resulted in the increase of authigenic kaolinite and large amount of quartz overgrowth, while the amount of carbonate cements is still relatively high. The phenomena of feldspar being dissolved and no or only trace of carbonate cement being dissolved are determined by free energy of chemical reaction between organic acid and feldspar/carbonate cement. Dissolution of feldspar in organic acids is characterized by relatively low chemical energy,as for calcium feldspar, ΔG=-154.49 kJ/mol;and for K-Feldspar, ΔG=-17.92 kJ/mol,while for carbonate cement, ΔG= 46.89 kJ/mol.Secondary pores are largely distributed in a depth range of 2 200～3 500 m. Such distribution is closely related to the maturation of source rock and diagenitic evolution of sandstones. In Zhanhua depression, the source rock reached the hydrocarbon-generating window at a burial depth of 2 000 m,with the peak of hydrocarbon-generation to be at 2 000～3 000 m. At this interval, the organic acids generated from source rock maturation caused the dissolution of feldspar, precipitation of kaolinite,and quartz overgrowth,as well as the formation of secondary pores. On the other hand, at 1 900～2 800 m interval, the interlayer water has rapidly been dehydrated from the clay minerals in mudstones,which would result in a further corrasion in sandstones. Therefore, a large amount of organic acid generated during source rock maturation,and water dehydrated from clay minerals would cause the dissolution of feldspar, as a result,a large amount of secondary pores have been formed in Paleogene sandstones in Zhanhua depression. These pores are mainly distributed at a depth range of 2 200～3 500 m.

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳酸盐含量、镜质体反射率、粘土矿物以及储层物性等数据,研究了沾化凹陷下第三系砂岩次生孔隙的纵向分布规律。在小于1900m的深度,砂岩的孔隙主要为压实和胶结之后的原生粒间孔隙;在埋深达1900m以后开始出现少量次生孔隙,在1900～2200m深度范围形成原生孔隙与次生孔隙并存的混合孔隙带;大量的次生孔隙出现在2200～3500m的深度段。200多口井15000余个砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率在纵向上的变化关系也间接证实了这一点。次生孔隙主要为长石溶蚀成因,碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀是次要的,这是由有机酸对长石和碳酸盐胶结物的化学反应自由能所决定的。有机酸溶蚀长石的化学反应自由能(-154.49～-17.92kJ/mol)低于溶蚀碳酸盐(46.89kJ/mol)。在2200～3500m深度,沾化凹陷烃源岩成熟产生大量有机酸和泥岩中的粘土矿物迅速脱水是产生溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙的直接原因。

讨论了流体异常压力封存箱的形 成和演化特征及其对岩石中扎隙的保护作用。研究结果表明，流体异常压力封存箱对孔隙的保护作用主要概括为3个方面：①压力封存箱的存在不仅可保护次生扎隙 也可以保护原生扎隙；②压力封存箱对次生扎隙的保护是有条件的；③在压力封存箱的保护下，深部地层中的孔隙，特别是次生孔隙不会很快地消失。通过对济阳拗 陷下第三系中的压力封存箱与次生扎隙发育带的分析，提出了箱内的、箱缘的、箱侧的和不整合面以下与风化壳有关的4种次生扎隙发育带基本的地质模式。

本文综合应用试油实测压力与泥岩声波时差资料计算分析了车西洼陷异常流体压力的分布特征及其与油气运移聚集的关系.研究区沙河街组沙三段与沙四上亚段烃源岩中存在异常高孔隙流体压力,异常高压带的空间分布与大套泥岩的发育区以及生烃中心基本一致,平面上呈环带状分布.异常高压控制了研究区油气区域运聚,由洼陷中心向边部依次发育岩性油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏环带、潜山油气藏环带.古近系超压与古生界常压的配置是潜山油气成藏的主要动力.异常高压具有保护并改善深层储层物性的作用.