During the Mesoproterozoic, the northern SinoKorean Plate experienced a period of intensive tectonic extension and breakup,thus formed the YanLiao Aulacogen. Abundant palaeoearthquake records has been preserved in the Chuanlinggou and Gaoyuzhuang Formations of the Changcheng System （1800—1400 Ma） and the Wumishan Formation （ 1200 Ma） of the  Jixian System of the Mesoproterozoic. These earthquake records are characterized by various liquefied deformations of soft sediments such as the liquefied sandveins, microspar and coarsespar veins in the carbonate rocks, limestone dike, liquefied breccia, hydroplastic deformation, various curly deformations, loop bedding, graded fault in the interval, and the brittle deformation of the early diagenetic stage. These deformations of earthquake origins are always associated with the synsedimentary faults. Based on the earthquake records and volcanic activities, the SinoKorean Plate experienced at least two episodes of  intraplate breakups. One occurred between 1800—1400 Ma, and the other at about 1200 Ma with the latter one resulting in the formation of the YanLiao Aulacogen. The palaeogeographic framework of the YanLiao Aulacogen  was connected with the two breakups of the SinoKorean Plate. The boundary of the palaeosea basin, the lithofacies zone were both controlled by the contemporary faultearthquake. The palaeoenviroment of the YanLiao Aulacogen was a tectonic zone characterized by deeper material vibrancy, active fault movements, major igneous activities and frequent earthquakes.

位于中朝板块北部的燕辽裂陷槽是中元古代板内裂解的产物。中元古代的伸展裂解构造诱发强地震。中元古代长城系（1800—1400 Ma）的串岭沟组、高于庄组及蓟县系的雾迷山组（1200 Ma）中保留有丰富的地震灾变事件记录：各种软沉积物液化变形，如液化砂岩脉； 碳酸盐岩中的泥亮晶脉、灰岩墙、液化角砾岩、水塑性变形、各种卷曲构造、环形层、层内粒序断层以及碳酸盐岩成岩初期的脆性变形。这些地震成因的变形构造与同沉积断裂相伴生。依据地震记录，中朝板块北部地区中元古代经历两次板内裂解，即1800—1400 Ma之间与1200 Ma，200 Ma的裂解导致燕辽裂陷槽的最终形成。燕辽裂陷槽中元古代的古地理格局与两次板内裂解相联系，古海盆的范围、盆地的边界、岩相带均受同时期断裂—地震控制。燕辽裂陷槽的古地理环境是一个深部物质活跃、断裂火山活动剧烈和地震频繁的构造带。

Pillow structure and ball and pillow structure are the soft sediment deformation within strata. They are different in morphological feature, mode of occurrence and mechanism of deformation. Pillow structure consists of a suit of deformed concave upward bodies made of silt and sand whose original layering bent round parallel the basal surface and it truncated at the top surface. The formation of pillows was initiated by the liquefaction of some definite layers within package of layered sand that was forced to fold as a result of upward flow of the liquefied sand at more or less regularly spaced sites. For these reason, the pillows occur intervals across single layered sand beds to forming a series of laterally connected synform (width) and antiforms(narrows). Soft sediment layer of load, ball and pillow involves the fine sand unit and the overlying coarse sand unit. The mechanism of deformation is related to liquefaction and fluidization processes. The fine sand unit displays active liquefied deformation features while the overlying sands show mainly passive deformation feature (hydraplastic deformation). The superposition of coarse grained sand (heavy) on fine grained sand (light) represents a driving force system related to gravitational instability. The heavy sand may sink into the light sands forming load cast, ball and pillow and they retained primary lamination of the overlying coarse sand unit. The ball and pillow are located different position in the fine sand indicating that they dropped through the fine sand unit. Liquefaction and fluidization was triggered by a strong paleo seismic event. Pillow and load, ball and pillow structure are similar to those obtained experimentally at liquefied sand subjected to shaking. Deformation of pillow, ball and pillow, load structures represent a paleo seismic records of ��Ms��>5 within strata originating along some paleo seismic fault. Some ancient examples of China are discussed in this paper.

枕状构造(pillow)与球―枕构造(ball and pillow)、负载构造(load))是地层中的软沉积物变形构造，它们在形态、产状、变形机制等方面是不同的。枕状构造是砂层中一组呈“凹”形弯曲的变形沉积体，它的原始层平行于枕状体的底面，顶面则是一个平直的截切面。枕状构造是由于层状砂层强烈液化向上覆软沉积砂层流动、穿刺，使之弯曲褶皱，在原地固定位置形成，因此枕状构造在一个层内是沿岩层走向呈现一系列相间隔的向形和很窄的背形。形成球―枕构造与负载构造的软沉积层包括细砂单元与上覆粗砂单元。他们的变形机制与砂层的液化作用有关。下伏细粒砂单元具强的液化变形而上覆粗砂单元为弱变形层。上覆粗砂单元（比重大）在下伏细砂单元（比重小）之上形成一个不稳定重力驱动系统，地震发生时的剪切力使重的粗砂（弱液化）陷落下沉至下伏细粒单元（强液化）中成负载构造和球―枕构造。球―枕体位于细砂层的不同位置，表明他们是下沉穿越细砂层单元为异地沉积体。形成枕、球―枕及负载体的软沉积物液化变形机制不同，但液化作用的触发机制是强地震。这些液化变形构造在实验室砂层的振动液化模拟实验中也已得到证实。地层中的枕状构造及球―枕、负载构造代表一次Ms>5的古地震灾变事件。古地震往往是沿着某些古地震断裂分布，是古地震断裂活动的表现。本文将举例讨论我国古老地层中的某些枕状构造、球―枕与负载构造，并简述当时发震的构造背景。

古地震是依据地层中保留的沉积物变形记录而确定的.系统归纳总结 地震诱发沉积物变形将为古地震研究提供理论基础,也有助于野外调查辨认这些记录.作者提出了一个初步的、供讨论与补充修正的地震触发沉积物变形分类的方 案.变形的成因机制是分类的基础.这些特殊沉积物变形主要与地震有关,但其中一些变形往往也受其他多种因素的影响,因此要确定地震成因变形必须详尽研究相 关的区域地质背景构造.

新建立的振动液化地震序列系碳 酸盐软沉积物中的强地震事件记录,包括地震液化阶段产生的泄水脉、液化变形;液化停止后的地面下沉构造;地震引起的津浪丘状层与浊积岩等序列单元。这个序 列来自大区域的野外实践总结,反映了一次强地震事件的全过程,并在理论上得到统一的解释。序列将为野外地质学家在碳酸盐层中识别事件提供对比的标准。根据 振动液化地震记录,本文首次提出古郯庐带概念,并对其地质意义进行了初步讨论。

Syndepositional deformation structures were well developed in the lacustrine delta front deposits of Chang 4+5 oilbearing intervals of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. It is concluded that these structures， such as sand balls，sand pillows，ballpillows， graded microfaults， microfissures， liquefied convolute deformation beddings were mainly produced by seismic liquefaction. According to seismite sedimentary characteristics，seismic sedimentary process can be divided into A， B， C， D and  E  units， which are respectively associated into five sedimentary sequence types，namely as type ABCD， BCD or CD， AB，BCE or BE and BEBE， of which types BCD(CD)and AB are the most dominant types. Through analyses of the palaeotectonics， it indicates that the paleoseismic activities are mainly formed due to the activation of the northwesttrending basement and the activities of the northwesttrending and northeasttrending growth normal faults in the depression center during the Late Triassic in the Ordos Basin.

Junggar basin is regarded as a large scale composite basin superimposed by intracontinental basin of Meso―Cenozoic and foreland basin of Hercynian. Multiple superimposing formed the fold―thrust zone in the northwestern Junggar foreland basin since Carboniferous. Long and severe tectogenesis of the basement control and impact the sediment of the Lower Jurassic Badaowan Formation. By analysis of core, micro corrugated lamination, earthquake rima, micro fractures, vibration liquefaction, earthquake breccias and other typical structures of seismites were first time identified from the Badaowan Formation. The seismites of the Badaowan Formation indicated that there were intense and frequent earthquakes in Junggar Basin in Early Jurassic which related to Yanshanian movement. The Kewu fault is a syn sedimentary fault because it moved strongly and frequently after Indosinian movement stage. Seismites developed along the Kewu faults suggested that it dominated by the syndepositional movement of the faults. The upper plate of the Kewu fault thrust in Junggar Basin that located the lower plate unceasingly and made the study area basement descending consecutively. The descending of basement is the most important cause of the seismites structures were buried quickly and conserved abundantly.

准噶尔盆地是中―新生代陆内坳陷盆地与海西期前陆盆地相叠加的大型复合叠合盆地。自石炭纪以来的多次构造叠加作用形成了准噶尔盆地西北缘的前陆冲断带，盆地基底长期剧烈的构造活动控制和影响着下侏罗统八道湾组的沉积作用。笔者等通过岩芯分析，首次在该盆地下侏罗统八道湾组不同层位的地层中识别出微褶皱层、地裂缝、阶梯状正断层、液化砂岩构造和震积角砾岩等典型的震积地质记录，说明早侏罗世研究区有频繁而强烈的地震活动，这些地震活动与燕山运动有关。克乌断裂带在印支期以后仍处于频繁而强烈活动状态，具有同沉积活动性质，震积岩沿克乌断裂带发育，显然受克乌断裂同沉积活动控制，该断裂不断逆冲造成断层下盘的研究区基底持续沉降，是震积构造迅速被掩埋并得以大量保存在地层记录中的重要原因。

在区域构造背景研究和岩芯观察的基础上,在东营凹陷现河地区沙三段地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志是发育各种类型的软沉积变形构造,包括微阶梯状正断层、层内小褶皱、扭曲变形、振动液化砂岩脉、震塌岩等。通过对河152井、王59井、牛38井、牛22井等井岩芯的系统观察,发现由于构造和地震强度的不同,震积岩的垂向序列有所不同,并进一步研究了各种震积岩构造特征与地震强度的关系,研究表明不同的震积岩构造特征对应不同的地震强度,进一步确定了与古地震的关系。通过对本区储层分析,认为震积岩可以作为一种有效的储集空间。这些研究为东营凹陷构造演化研究、震积岩的识别和描述以及成藏提供了重要的地质理论依据,并可为该区古地震研究提供依据。

Based on studies of regional tectonic setting and observation of drilling cores, seismite is recognized in Silurian strata of in the Tarim Basin. Many kinds of soft-sedimentary deformation structures are found in seismite, such as step micro-faults, pleate within layers, liquefaction sandstone and clay veins, vibrational liquefaction deformation structure and seismic breccias. Observation in drilling cores found that the sequence of seismite is different for the different seismic intensity, and the stronger the seismic intensity, the sedimentary sequence integrity of seismites gets better. Two kinds of seismite sequence are recognized. Because different seismite structures are formed in different seismic intensity, the relationship between seismite character and seismic intensity is studied. It provides a theoretical foundation for the tectonic evolution studies and seismite recognition in the Tarim Basin, and supplies evidence for research of paleo-seismicity.

在区域构造背景研究和岩心观察的基础上,在塔里木盆地志留纪地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志是发育各种类型的软沉积变形构造,包括微阶梯状正断层、层内小褶皱、扭曲变形、振动液化砂岩脉、震塌岩等。通过对中1井、顺1井、沙98井等岩心的系统观察,发现由于地震强度的不同,震积岩的垂向序列有所不同,地震越强烈,其震积岩序列的完整性越好,确定出震积岩的两种垂向序列。由于不同的震积岩构造特征对应不同的地震强度,因此进一步研究了各种震积岩构造与地震强度的关系。这些研究为塔里木盆地构造演化研究及震积岩的识别和描述提供了重要的地质理论依据,并可为研究该区古地震提供依据。

摘　要： 震积岩主要通过地震驱动形成的软沉积物变形构造来识别。鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界延长组长6- 长8中发育大量软沉积物变形构造，包括微同沉积断裂、震裂缝、液化砂岩脉、沙侵蘑菇、振动液化卷曲变形构造、负荷构造及枕状层、地震角砾岩、震塌岩等。这 些变形构造常沿限定的岩层发育，上、下均为未变形的岩层，显示事件变形特征。同时在塔17井中发现完整的震积岩垂向序列，序列自下而上分为下伏未震层、微 断裂层、微褶皱层、碎块层及液化均一层、上覆未震层。该震积岩的发现，表明晚三叠世随着秦岭、南祁连海槽的封闭，南北向逆冲带发生强烈活动；并且为盆地西 南部延长组长6～长8发育的大规模浊积岩的外界触发机制是由地震活动引起的提供了有力证据。

This paper discussed the sedimentary property, vertical sequence and geological significance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin sag, Shandong Province. Seismite is a kind of catastrophic event rock, being the terrane with ancient earthquake records. Huimin sag was a fault lake in Paleogenein Bohaiwan basin. The sandstones and mudstones were the main sedimentary rocks with in the sag. Many typical deformation structures were caused by widespread earthquake in the sag. They were syn sedimentary microfactures (includingfault graded), seismic fissure bed, sandstone vein, water escape structure, "pillow structure", ball structure, convolute lamination, load structure and flame structure, etc. The vertical sequence of seismite of petroclastic rock in Paleogene in Huimin sag, from bottom to top, included 6 units: underlying unshocked layer, fissure layer, microfold layer, pillow structure and partner structure layer, liquefied homogeneous layer and overlying unshocked layer. Thecompletenessof the vertical sequence dependsonthe location of section, seismic level, especially the lithology. It is of important geologicalsignificance to study seismite. Most seismites in Paleogene in Huimin sag developed near the peripheral faults and central fault zone of the sag. The mass appearanceof seismites reflected the intensively active period of basin-controlling boundary faults, andcan be used to interpret the tectonic evolvement of fault basin. The seismites in fault basin can be likely reservoir for their specialtectonic location and structures.

震积岩是具有古地震事件记录的岩层,讨论了在山东惠民凹陷古近纪陆源碎屑断陷湖盆砂泥质沉积中发现地震灾变事件的典型变形构造,包括微同沉积断裂和震裂缝、卷曲变形构造、水下岩脉和泄水构造、震积枕状及伴生构造等。在此基础上,建立了该区古近系碎屑岩震积岩垂向序列 :A段下伏未震层,B段微同沉积断裂层,C段微褶皱变形层,D段枕状构造及伴生构造层,E段液化均一层和F段上覆未震层。层序的完整性取决于剖面位置,地震震级,特别是发生地震处的岩性。根据震积岩的分布规律和沉积特征讨论了其地质意义 :震积岩集中发育在凹陷边界断层和中央断裂带附近,代表凹陷边界断裂和中央断裂强烈活动时期,有助于断陷盆地构造演化的动力学解释;可能是一种潜在的油气储层。

震积岩是在地层中具有古地震事件记录的岩层,对其进行研究可为地 壳构造演化提供动力学解释.目前国内外学者对震积岩的研究主要集中在古生代以前的海相地层.对中国在海相和陆相地层的震积岩与震积作用、地震-海啸序列、 碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列、震积岩与震积不整合序列、萨布哈震积岩序列以及中生代陆相地层中碎屑岩原地系统的地震液化序列等方面的研究成果进行了综述.对 惠民凹陷古近纪陆相碎屑岩地层的研究结果表明,该区发育微同沉积断裂和震裂缝、卷曲变形构造、水下岩脉和泄水构造、震积枕状及伴生构造等典型的地震成因变 形构造.震积岩垂向序列自下而上为:A段为下伏未震层,B段为微同沉积断裂层,C段为微褶皱变形层,D段为枕状及伴生构造层,E段为液化均一层,F段为上 覆未震层.深入开展新生代陆相断陷湖盆震积作用和震积岩研究,能为盆地构造演化提供动力学解释,如果能与岩性、成岩作用史、孔隙演化史相匹配研究震积岩, 将具有一定的石油地质意义.

The characteristics and formation of loop bedding of Paleogene in Jiyang sub-basin were studied through cores observation and rock slices identification mainly. There are 6kinks of loop bedding, such as smooth polliwog shape, horsetail or pinch-and-swell loop, associated with syn-sedimentary microfracture, catenarian loop bedding group, spindle loop bedding group and loop bedding with a slungshot as core in the studied area. Four main formations of loop bedding in Jiyang sub-basin were upper layers fall down in the process of earthquake, tautening distortion due to earthquake, the frication of earthquake-related surface of fault and the effect of redox and diffuse other formations of loop bedding comprise the effect of earthquake wave, the effect coming from circumrotate of globosity rotation, "snowball" function,  cementation intermittent, the effect of biology, and so on. The tectonic location, stress condition, sedimentary environment, sediment characteristic and wall rock condition are the elementary factors considered in loop bedding study.

主要通过钻井岩心观察和岩石薄片鉴定等手段对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近纪环状层理进行研究。研究结果表明,济阳坳陷古近纪软沉积物变形层中的环状层理类型多样,形态复杂,计有光滑圆环状及蝌蚪状带“小尾巴”的环状层理、马尾丝或串珠状不规则环圈的环状层理、与阶梯状微断裂伴生的环状层理、链条状环状层理群、纺锤型环状层理群和中心为“飞石”环圈较光滑的环状层理等6种。综合分析认为震动塌落、震动拉伸变形、地震断裂面的摩擦作用、氧化还原反应和扩散作用是环状层理的主要成因,前三种成因的环状层理往往与其他震成构造伴生,可作为震积岩的良好标志。环状层理的其他成因还包括:地震波传播方式的影响、地球自转产生的涡旋的影响、“滚雪球”效应、间歇胶结作用以及生物成因等。研究环状层理必须综合考虑构造位置、应力条件、沉积环境,沉积特征、围岩条件等因素的影响和控制作用。

By the observation of drillng cores, the seismite is recognized which mainly occurredin the upper part of Member4 and Member 3 of Shahejie Formation inthe Lower Tertiary in Jiyang sub-basin. Many kinds of soft sedimentarydeformation structures have been found in seismite, such as step micro-faults, pleatedwithin layers,liquefactionsandstone and clay veins, vibrationalliquefaction deformation structure, seismic breccias and flame structure. Seismites mainly occur in the northern steep zoneof rift lacustrine basin. There develop more seismites in Member 3 than in the upper part of Member4. Away from the basin-controlling boundary fault, the sedimentary sequence integrity of seismites gets worse. This reflects that seismites are the direct resultsof earthquake which causedby the intenseactionof basin-controlling boundary fault .The repeated emergence of seismites in stratasection showsthat themovement of boundary faultshas periodicity and episodicity. The researchprovides theoretical foundation for the tectonic evolution studies and seismite recognization in continental rift lacustrine basin.

通过岩芯观察和描述,在济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组沙四段上部和沙三段地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志是发育各种类型的软沉积变形构造,包括小规模阶梯状正断层、层内小褶皱、扭曲变形、振动液化砂岩脉、微裂缝、震碎角砾岩、火焰构造等。各凹陷的北部陡坡带的沙三段震积岩较发育,沙四段上部次之。凹陷的不同位置,震积岩的序列有所不同,远离控盆边界断裂,震积岩序列的完整性变差,这反映出震积岩是由控盆边界断裂强烈活动引发的地震所产生的直接结果。震积岩在地层剖面中多次出现表明边界断裂的活动具有周期性和幕式特点。这一成果为陆相断陷湖盆构造演化研究及震积岩的识别和描述提供了重要的地质理论依据。

早二叠世下岌岌槽子群发育于博格达弧后碰撞前陆盆地缓坡带,为一套长石含量较高的陆源碎屑岩.古流向、沉积相带分布研究表明,当时的古坡向向南.岌岌槽子群中首次发现大量软沉积物变形构造,包括链环层理、水塑性褶皱、液化沙脉、沙侵蘑菇、碟状泄水构造、球枕构造、流化砾岩、底辟流化砾岩坨、滑混层、同沉积断层等,均是与地震驱动相适配的变形构造.这些变形构造常沿限定的岩层发育,上、下均为未变形的岩层,显示事件变形特征.大量滑混层褶皱枢纽和球枕构造轴面实测结果显示,它们既没有优势方位,其位态也与古坡向无关,进一步证实最有可能的驱动机制是地震.由于古地震活动直接与东天山造山活动密切相关,因此,研究软沉积物变形构造的时、空发育特征能够成为认识天山造山过程和相关盆地发育的一个新视角.

软沉积物变形构造是确定古地震 存在的关键证据之一.拒马河流域野三坡地区雾迷山组中识别出2个软沉积物变形事件层,分别位于雾迷山组的底部、岩性段Ⅰ的顶部.典型的变形构造有丘槽构 造、水压破碎构造和液化脉构造.丘槽构造可进一步分成2类:一是发育于潮坪带、伴生液化构造、且槽内充填原地沉积物的Ⅰ型丘槽构造;一是发育于斜坡带、无 液化构造伴生、常被地震海啸沉积覆盖的Ⅱ型丘槽构造.水压破碎构造伴生流化砾岩坨、底辟沙侵和塌陷断裂.液化脉可划分出侧向滑移和水压破裂2种.软沉积物 变形构造形态、位态及发育层位特征表明,它们的驱动机制最有可能是地震活动.迄今,已发现的雾迷山组震积岩大多沿燕辽裂谷西缘控盆断裂分布,指示软沉积

在甘肃省酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄一窟窿山地区下白垩统下沟组及中沟组地层序列中，首次发现发育一套地震事件沉积物，是一套含微裂缝或同生变形构造及振动液化泄水构造等震积特征的泥质白云岩、白云质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩的组合。本区震积作用及震积岩的主要识别标志为振动液化卷曲变形及其伴生构造、重荷模及伴生构造、脆性和塑性两类沉积物相间的滑塌变形作用及滑塌岩、软沉积物的液化作用及泄水构造、层内阶梯状断层及地裂缝。柳沟庄一窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现，填补了本区震积岩研究的空白，反映了本区在早白垩世存在一个强烈的构造活动时期，可以推测其影响范围可能还会波及青南凹陷的其他地区，也有望在酒西盆地类似环境的其他凹陷发现震积岩，开辟震积岩研究的新领域。区域构造背景的研究同样表明，青南凹陷青西I号同生断裂带及509断阶带的强烈构造活动正是本区早白垩世震积作用的直接诱发因素，为本区震积岩的存在提供了科学依据。

藏南晚白垩世宗卓组为超常规模的地裂-地震成因的混杂堆积，主体为一套延伸距离远、厚度巨大的巨震浊积岩。分为基质和岩块两个组成部分，基质为泥、砂质浊积复理石，岩块的岩性有不同时代的砂岩、泥晶灰岩、结晶灰岩、火山岩和硅质岩等，物源主要来自印度板块北缘和洋壳本身。宗卓组中广泛发育有同沉积角砾岩、同沉积塑性变形、微断层、液化脉和砂岩脉等震积标志。依据岩块大小和碎屑沉积物粒径，这套巨震浊积岩可划分为8个“巨浊积旋回”，表现为8个地震周期。宗卓组震积岩形成于会聚板块边缘，是被动伸展构造环境的产物。