摘　要：

Lacustrine carbonate rocks,distributed mainly at the upper part of the 4th Member and the middle and lower parts of the 1st Member in the Shahejie Formation,are impor-tant Eogene reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin.They can be divided into framework,granular and micritic carbonate rocks.The framework carbonate rock bodies consists of reef,mound and framework organism layer.Reefs are predominently distributed in the clear water area on the subaqueous platforms or uplifts,the reef-core and front reef microfacies of which have the best hydrocarbon reserving condition with framework pores,organic visceral pores and solution pores.Mounds are distributed in the steep slope areas of fossilis lands or basins,the cores of which are the greatest in thickness,and the best in pores.Biobeds are distributed in the gentle slope areas of the basin or fossil islands,or in the deep water areas with terrigenous debris.These beds are usually not so thick and the pores are homogenous.The granular carbonate rock bodies,composed of beach,barrier,bar,sandpit and algal beach,etc.with fine primary and secondary pores,are distributed in shoreand shllow lake areas.The micritic carbonate rocks that are formed by chemical and bio-chemical deposition are distributed in shallow to deep lake areas,the reserving spaces in-clude interlayer fractures and solution channels.

湖相碳酸盐岩是渤海湾盆地下第三系的重要油气储集层,主要分布在沙河街组四段上部和一段中、下部。有骨架碳酸盐岩、颗粒碳酸盐岩及泥晶碳酸盐岩三大类。骨架碳酸盐岩岩体类型有礁、礁丘和骨架生物层。礁主要分布于水下台地(或隆起)上的清水区,以礁核及礁前微相的储油物性最好,有原生骨架孔隙、生物体腔孔隙及次生溶蚀孔隙等。礁丘分布于盆地或古岛屿的陡坡水域,以礁丘核的厚度最大,孔隙最发育。生物层分布于盆地及古岛屿的缓坡水域,或有陆源碎屑注入的浑水区,厚度较小,孔隙分布比较均匀。颗粒碳酸盐岩岩体类型有滩、堤、坝、沙咀及藻滩等,分布在滨、浅湖区。原生孔隙及次生孔隙都比较发育。泥晶碳酸盐岩由化学沉积及生物化学作用形成,主要分布于深湖和浅湖区,储集空间有层间缝及溶沟。据此建立的湖相碳酸盐岩沉积模式,已在油气勘探中取得实效。

Lacustrine carbonate rocks in member 1 of Shahejie Formation consist of biolithitic and oolitic limestone and minor ancylus fluviatilis limestones. Biolithite, made up of stratums with biofragment and fossils, have admirable pervasion ability, in which dissolve pore, organism pore and framework pore play important roles in preserving oil and gas；In general oolitic deposits were formed in shallow and high energy surroundings, and usually the elongate and loop oolites with biogenic cores predominate. As an excellent reservoir rock, oolite limestones have excellent pervasion ability and are incarnated in intergranular pore and inner pore. Rocks of Member 1 of Shahejie Formation were formed by various processes of cementation, dissolution and dolomitization under favorable conditions.

山东东辛油田古近系沙河街组一段湖相碳酸盐岩过去仅作为盖层而忽视其油气地质意义。研究表明,其岩性以生物灰岩及鲕粒灰岩为主，并有少量螺灰岩。其中生物灰岩中以溶蚀孔隙、生物体腔孔及骨架孔隙等类型构成主要的油气储集空间，使其具有较高的孔渗性；鲕粒灰岩在形态上以长条鲕、圈层鲕最为常见，其核心以生物碎片（化石）为主，鲕粒灰岩以粒间孔和粒内孔作为主要的油气储集空间，亦具有较高的孔渗性。沙一段碳酸盐岩的主要矿物成分为白云石和方解石，且大部分白云石及部分方解石均含铁，不同岩性的储层具有不同的储集类型，储层性质受岩石类型、沉积环境、表生作用及胶结作用、溶解作用及白云岩化等成岩作用影响，且沙一段储层处于油气运聚非常有利的过渡带，在藻滩及高能浅滩部位可形成较好的油气富集带，所以对湖相碳酸盐岩储层的研究有助于老区滚动勘探开发。

Most of lacustrinc carbonate rocks of Mesozoic-Cenozoic era consist of limestone mainly.However in some lake basins such as the Nan-Xiang hasi, it mainly deposited dolomite with a net accumulative thickness of 900 meters.Whilt the entire dolomite sedimentarv, sequence can he more than 2100 meters which formed a set of good oil-generation source rocks, and a small and rich Nan-Yang oil field iashccn found there.This paper descrihes, taking the Bivang depression as an example the genetic conditions of the thick lacustrinc dolomite of stable sedimentary fac ics: 1.A hot palcoclimatc which is semi-wet to wet;2.A water body of carbonate type which contains plenty of K + ,Na + ,HC0 3 - and C0 3 - but less. Ca 2+ and S0 4 2- ions; 3.A medium of palcowatcr with a pH value of ≥ 9, and a low water salinity of generally 3‰-10‰, which belongs to the range of slight salty to semi-salty ,or even higher salinity although the deposition of dolomite may not he so strict on the palcosalinitv: 4.A stable shallow lake and deep lake condition of a broad lake basin: 5.The biological and chemical effect may he strong so that the contents of C0 3 2- and HC0 3 - ,as well as the pH value will he increased while the content of 0 4 2- decreased.

中国中、新生代大多数湖盆湖相碳酸盐岩以灰岩沉积为主,但部分湖盆像南—襄盆地泌阳凹陷则主要沉积白云岩,其累计厚度达 90 0余米,而白云岩层系的厚度 (包括白云质、灰质泥岩,白云质粉、细砂岩等夹层 )可达 2 2 0 0m,并成为良好的生油岩系,形成小而肥的南阳油田。本文着重探讨如此巨厚的白云岩形成的古气候、古水体的物理化学性质和古环境条件。在目前湖相碳酸盐岩研究仍处于湖泊沉积学研究的极薄弱领域,湖相白云岩形成条件更是涉及较少的情况下,愿本文的研究能起到抛砖引玉的作用.

由米兰柯维奇天文轨道参数所诱导的旋回沉积序列普遍存在于地质记录中．研究米氏旋回对于沉积作用分析和高频层序识别与划分具有重要的意义．

米氏旋回是指峰值时间跨度为20～500ka、日地天文轨道参数的周期性变化,以及由此产生的气候和沉积地层的旋回性变化.米氏旋回主要通过改变地球表面的太阳辐射能对气候变化进行控制,并对沉积作用产生重要的影响.通过沉积地层观测数据的时序分析可以重建米氏旋回,对地层的成因和过程进行研究.米氏旋回代表地层学和古气候学研究的前沿课题,不仅在深海沉积物的研究中得到了广泛应用,对陆相含油气盆地地层分析和油气储集层的预测也都具有重要意义.

Clastic rocks as hydrocarbon reservoir are prevailed overwhelmingly in the continental lake basins. The smaller scales in basin area and water body of lake lead to more serious heterogeneities of interlayer, areal, inlayer and micropore scales in the continental clastic reservoirs than in the marine analogues. Eight clastic filling models can be distinguished in the lake basins depended on the tectonic setting, the evolutional stage when they deposited and the fluctuation of lake level. Under the background of long distance between the sediment source area and the depocenter and the gently gradient slope, the loniitudianl alluvial fan-braided river-meandering river-delta filling model is developed along the long axis, parallel to the strike of tectonic framework, of a lake basin, while the transversal alluvial fan -fan delta-sublacustrine fan filling model is developed in the steep, deeply faulted side along the short axis due to the short distance between the sediment source area and the depocenter and the steeply gradient slope. These two filling models can be regarded as the end-members in the lake basins, among them there are a series of transitional filling patterns developed. Some particular models can also be observed: the fluvial sandbodies all most cover the overall basin during the dying stage, and the sandflat prevails in the littoral environment during the evaporated stage in a saline lake. The clastic reservoirs deposited in different environments are distinctively characterized by their own heterogeneities. Alluviat fan conglomerates and conglomeratic rocks are characterized by the complicated pore-texiure in terms of its bimodal grain texture, also the occurrence of seive and debris flow deposits can much worsen the reservoir heterogeneity. The fining upwards in grain size and narrow width of the fluvial sandbody reser-voir、 bring about a low recovery efficient in waterflooding, however, often a high productivity can be found. A deltaic sandbody just has an opposite reservoir heterogeneity to the fluvial one, and always a high recovery efficient in waterflooding can be got. The beach and bar sandbodies are no significant volumetrically in a lake basin, however, its high productibity and homogeneous reservoir properties have been noticed interestingly In sublacustrine fan environment, the sandbodies, which could be served as hydrocarbon reservoir are mainly of channelized deposit in the middly fan and fault-bounded trough subenvironments and of lenticular deposit in front area. Through outcrop work to enrich a quantified geological konwledge base for building the geological models of continental reservoirs will be a main target facing to the reservoir sedimentologists

陆相湖盆烃类储层以碎屑岩占绝对优势。湖盆规模及湖泊水体能量较小,导致碎屑岩储层比海相砂体有更严重的层间、平面、层内和微观非均质性。湖盆碎屑岩充填可归纳为八种模式,决定于构造位置、湖盆演化阶段和湖水面升降。在远源距和缓坡降背景下,沿长轴发育纵向冲积扇—辫状河—曲流河—三角洲充填模式;横向短轴深断裂一侧,在短源距和陡坡降背景下,发育横向冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖底扇充填模式。以这两种模式为端点类型,之间存在一系列过渡类型。此外还有一些特殊的模式:湖盆萎缩期几乎满盆为河流砂体;盐湖蒸发期滨岸地区以砂坪沉积为主。不同沉积环境的碎屑岩储层有各自的非均质性。冲积扇砾岩和含砾砂岩由于其以模态的粒度结构而具有复杂的孔隙结构,筛积物和泥石流沉积的出现加剧了储层的非均质性。河流砂体储层因其粒度向上变细和窄宽度,注水开发石油效果较差,但其产能一般都高。三角洲砂体具有与河流砂体相反的储层非均质性,注水效果好。滩坝砂体体积上很不重要,但以其高产和均质储层引起人们注意。湖底扇重力流砂体作为烃类储层主要位于扇中和断槽控制的水道式砂体和前缘透镜状砂体。通过露头调整丰富定量化的地质知识库以建立陆相储层地质模型,将是储层沉积学面临的主要任务。

西风带作为北大西洋气候区和东亚季风气候区之间的联系纽带,对东亚季风气候和西风带气候具有重要影响,西风带在一定意义上控制着东亚季风的北界.西风环流与青藏高原相互作用,对亚洲季风区气候乃至全球气候都有极其深刻的影响.西风环流在冰期-间冰期旋回中的位置、强度的剧烈变化对东亚季风气候和全球气候影响显著,对季风降水、西风带降水时空分布及亚洲粉尘活动和黄土形成、堆积等都有非常重要的意义.

针对加里东期古风化面的重要性，文中把古地貌分为岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个古地貌单元，并分析了原有古地貌恢复方法（残余厚度法、标准法等）存在 的4个缺点，在此基础上提出了以具有等时性的区域性不整合而为核心内容的层序地层学恢复古地貌方法。作者应用该方法对济阳坳陷沾化地区加里东期古地貌进行 了恢复，并分析了该地区处于岩溶高的991潜山和处于岩溶洼地的弧岛潜山两个不同古地貌单元的岩溶发育特征。结果表明 ，层序地层学方法能准确的恢复加里东期古地貌，进而能准确地预测次生孔隙发育带，并最终指导与岩溶有关的油气勘探。

济阳坳陷古近系发育多种湖相泥岩、页岩和泥灰(云)岩,包括黑页岩、富 有机质纹层页岩、钙质纹层页岩、灰色钙质页岩、灰色页岩、纹层状泥灰(云) 岩以及从灰黑到紫红的各种颜色的钙质、云质、碳质和粉砂质泥岩。这些泥岩和 页岩在湖相高频旋回中的变化相当复杂。通过对高频沉积旋回的频谱分析和古气 候变化对比表明,天文周期引发的气候变化是控制高频旋回沉积作用的主要机 制。本论文以古气候变化为线索,对17口井69个湖相高频旋回的403块样品所 代表的沉积环境信息进行进行分析统计和对比,认为在一定的古盐度和物源距离 等沉积背景下,古气候变化通过控制古湖泊有机质、碳酸盐、粘土之间的沉积比 例和湖水的分层性来进一步控制泥岩和页岩的发育和类型。济阳坳陷在古近系沙 河街组沉积期属于古季风气候带,在湿热的气候条件下古湖水加深,分层性增强, 浮游生物的古生产力降低,隐晶碳酸盐的沉淀速率变小,粘土沉积速率加快,还 原性一定程度上有所加强,有利于黑页岩、油页岩和暗色泥岩的形成:而相对干 冷气候下,古湖水变浅,分层性减弱,浮游生物的古生产力增高,隐晶碳酸盐的 沉积速率变大,粘土的沉积速率减慢,有利于钙质页岩、钙质纹层页岩、钙质泥 岩、泥灰(云)岩甚至纹层状碳酸盐岩、灰(白云)岩的发育。

惠民凹陷商河地区沙一段发育多层碳酸盐岩沉积。经研究发现，这些碳酸盐岩成分以白云石为主，其沉积相包括滨湖亚相、生物浅滩亚相、滩缘亚相和半深湖亚相。生物浅滩具有分布范围广阔、顶面平坦、进程迅速、前斜坡明显、沉积旋回发育、沉积厚度较小但稳定的特征。在快速进程的过程中，浅滩表面水体循环不畅并逐渐淡化，从而形成大量次生孔隙。早成岩期孔隙中沉淀的方解石是岩石的主要胶结物和灰质成分。生物浅滩的这种沉积和成岩特征对该段碳酸盐岩油气藏具有明显的控制作用。

东辛油田沙一段近年来新发现了一定储量,并建成了一定产能.研究发现湖相鲕粒灰岩是一种良好的储层,其孔隙中含大量石油.以生物碎屑鲕、圈层鲕、碎裂鲕及残鲕为主;从形态上来说,以长(条)形鲕为主.鲕粒一般沉积于浅水高能环境,核心以生物碎片(化石)为主.鲕粒的次生变化可分为早期生物粘结作用和后期成岩改造作用,以碎裂、变形和溶蚀最为常见和最具特点.此外鲕粒灰岩与油气关系密切,它不仅具有良好的储集能力和孔渗能力,而且自身具有生油能力,其油气演化特点与其他类型的生油岩相似.

摘　要： 针对胜利油田东营断陷湖盆碳酸盐岩滩坝储层的主控因素不清的实际问题，研究古水深度对碳酸盐岩发育的控制作用。在厚度计算、剥蚀量恢复和压实校正等方法恢复古地貌的基础上，用泥岩颜色、层理规模、古生物及岩心的元素分析资料等综合确定古湖岸线和古水体深度。古水深是碳酸盐岩发育的重要控制因素，不同类型碳酸盐岩沉积受到古水深控制的主要原因是受到化学岩沉积序列的控制，碳酸盐岩发育有利的古水深为3～32m，白云岩与石灰岩对古水深的要求具有一定的差别，最适合的水深分别为20m和25m，随着气候、盐度的周期性变化，在垂向上形成了多期次的石灰岩一白云岩互层沉积。沙四段纯下亚段可以划分为2个中长期碳酸盐岩的蒸发旋回序列，进一步可分为8个短期蒸发旋回序列。

Temperature and precipitation are climatic factors which control the water balance of inland lakes in semi-arid to semi-humid areas to the extent that they may definitely cause fluctuation in lake capacity, water mineraliza ion and carbonate sedimentation, Thus analysis of carbonate sediments in geological sections may give useful information on past climatic and environmental evolutionary trends. According to the pattern of fluctuation of carbonate sediments in Qinghai and Daihai lakes, the climate changes over the past 500 a in Qinghai Lake suggest that during the little ice age the climate was cold and humid, during the temperature increasing period, Warm and dry, resulting in a 100 a meta-cyclicity. Dry and cold ice age, warm and humid interglacial periods have been the major climatic features in Daihai Lake since the Late Pleistocene. Drastic climatic changes took place during the transition from glacial to interglacial period. The Water balance of lakes in the marginal monsoon areas suggested that they were sensitive to climatic changes.

于1986—1989年,为探讨全球气候与环境变化的湖泊响应,选择了季风带边缘的青海湖和岱海开展了湖泊碳酸盐化学沉积与气候环境关系的分析研究。发现青海湖近500年来碳酸盐沉积减弱段与小冰期的冷湿气候背景一致;岱海晚更新世以来碳酸盐沉积增强段与冰期的干冷气候吻合。还从内陆湖泊的有效湿度与碳酸盐化学沉积的关系和碳酸盐含量的垂向变化规律,对两区域气候与环境的演化过程、特点和规律进行了分析。

湖相碳酸盐岩是济阳坳陷下第三 系重要的油气储层类型之一 ,主要分布于沙河街组四段上部和一段中、下部。不同的岩体类型在湖盆中有不同的分布特点 ,本文在对湖相碳酸盐岩成因、分布进行综合研究的基础上 ,总结了湖相碳酸盐岩分布的一般模式 ,并以邵 4井区沙四上湖相碳酸盐岩储层为例 ,介绍了该类储层综合评价的具体方法

The reservoir heterogeneity of clastic reservoir of the Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag is analyzed based on the macro and micropetrophysical characteristics. There are various types of the reservoir sandbodies in the  Shahejie Formation. Statistic analyses on the macropetrophysical properties indicate that porosity and permeability with different genetic types are quite different in their distribution. Sandstones of the fluvial facies, subaquaeous distributary channel of(fan)deltafront facies and mouth bar facies are the best reservoirs. The porosity distribution of the different microfacies is generally characterized by a normal distribution. The sandbodies of deltafront mouth bar and subaqueous distributary channel have larger peak value of porosity. Heterogeneity parameters indicate that the heterogeneity of subaqueous distributary channel of(fan)deltafront is the most serious. Synthetic analyses have been made on the various micro heterogeneous parameters and the porosity texture of the reservoir is divided into 5 types. The reservoir with large pore and moderatethin throats is the best one which is developed in the lower part of subaquaeous dietributary channel of(fan)delta and the mediumfine grained sandbodies of mouth bar. Results of the heterogeneity researches can be correlated with the field testing results  quite well. Thus they have significant implications for the further petroleum exploration and waterinjection exploitation.

从宏观和微观两方面分析了东营凹陷古近系沙河街组碎屑岩储集层的非均质性特征。沙河街组碎屑岩储集砂体类型多样,通过统计分析宏观物性参数,不同成因类型储集砂体的渗透率和孔隙度分布差别较大,其中河流相、（扇）三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝砂体储集质量最好；不同沉积微相的孔隙度基本上均呈正态分布,其中三角洲河口坝砂体及水下分流河道砂体孔隙度峰值较高。非均质参数表明,（扇）三角洲前缘水下分流河道非均质程度最强。通过对各种微观非均质性参数的综合研究,将储集层孔隙结构分为5种类型,其中大孔较粗喉及大孔中细喉为好的储集层,常见于（扇）三角洲水下分流河道砂体下部和河口砂坝主体的中细砂岩中。非均质性研究的结果与油田试油结果对比吻合较好,表明该项研究对下一步油气勘探与后期注水开发具有重要的指导意义。

摘　要： 胜利油区第三纪气候温暖，属亚热带型。早第三纪气候暖热，一般属中亚热带型。沙河街组沉积２ 时期为增温期，气候属南亚热带型；孔二段及东一段沉积时期为降温期，气候属北亚热带型。晚第三纪气温下降，但仍较温暖，上段沉积时期气候属北亚热带型、馆 上段沉积时期气温上升，为中亚热带型；明化组沉积时期气温再度下降。研究区第三纪有一个潮湿期即孔二段沉积时期两个湿润期即沙三段、沙一段中部致馆陶组沉 积时期三个干旱期即孔一段至