摘　要： 北京石花洞地质公园区内地貌类型属典型的中低山构造剥蚀地貌,在碳酸盐岩沉积分布区经长期风化剥蚀和地表水的切割溶蚀,形成了较典型的岩溶地貌形态。在全国范围内,北京石花洞的层数最多,洞穴钟乳石种类齐全,毛细渗透水沉积的石花美丽,裂隙渗透水沉积的石盾最多、体积最大,滴水沉积的石笋叠置关系最明显,流水沉积的石旗发育奇特,池水沉积的月奶石发育最好,全新世石笋微层理发育最清晰。本文主要讨论石花洞岩溶景观成因,是本小组对石花洞进行的一次大体沉积类型研究。

This paper deals with the conspicuous climatic changes in the Quarternary time,an alternaton of relative warm and cold periods related to transgression and regrssion of the sea. In addtion, the terrestrial influence of the Monsoon climatic circulation caused the seasonal change of landscape in the areal differenciaion at various ages. In China,three major zones can be divided: Ⅰ. East China, (North, Central, and South)with prevailing monsoon circulation, 1. Early Pleiostocene The Climate here became colder than previous age. This is indicated by plant fossils which show a gradual decline of thermo-phalic elements. It should be noted that the cold spell produced a taiga forest, with a permafrost formation in the northern portion of the Da Hinggan Mts. The northern part of China Could be divided into two zones:a) The nor-theast provinces, characterized by a moderate, warm climatet, with a mixed forest Composed of Coniferous and broad-leafed deciduous trees; and, b) North China, with a summer-green forest and grassland. Central China involves a broad belt of subtropical climate. The area was influenced by the summer monsoon rain and continental Cyclonic storms which mitigated the effects of the dry subtropical high pressure cells of the northern hemisphere. Thus, a landscape of subtropical evergreen and deciduous mixed forest formed which Can be identified by pollen analysis from the "Qutagtang" peat beds near Dongting Lake and some other localities. In south China, sediments Containing pollens of subtropical evergreen trees as well as some deciduous trees are still found in fossil assemblages. In the most southern part, the fossil remains of the basin deposits reveal the prese-nce of a tropical rain forest and tropical animals, 2. Middle and Lare Pleiostocene In North China, the well known "Peking Man" and the animal associates represent the warm stage of the early middle pleiostocene, In the cold stages, plateaus, hills were covered by a veneer of loess and sediments of different origin., In the late Pleiostocene, the polar air mass pushed southward to the northern side of the Lake Taihu where is the southern limit of the loess deposits. Owing to insufficient moisture in the Cold air mass, no glaciation existed in East China except a few high peaks in the Ice Age. 3. Holocene After the last Quarternary Glaciation,the polar ice caps diminished causing a climatic change and a rise in the level of the sea, Higher temperatures shifted the natural zones to ward the northern pole which resulted in the migration of subtropical plants and animals to the north. This climatic change is mostly determined from the changes observable in the peat beds. Ⅱ.The arid region of North-West China. This arid region stretches from Nei Monggol to Xinjiang.Humidity decreased gradually westward, along with changes of landscape, as one moves across the steppe into a desolate desert. Ancient and present glaciation occurred on high mauntains.there were about 4～5 oceurances of glaciation of which the earliest were the largest. The extention of glaciation was gradually reduced. Ⅲ.The Qinghai-Xizang High Platiau and Affiliated Areas. The vast expanse of this high area became much Colder and drier during the Quarternary time.the marginal high mountains prevented oceanic air from pene-treting the interior. Thus ia areas where glaciation had aiminished, the lakes shrank quickly as it is indicated by many shore reraces that rise above present water surface. According to the pollen data and ages of moraines, four periods of glaciation developed. The plateau has been Covered with scanty grass and rosette plants, the herbivorous animals of the region adjusted to the severe environment by developing thick fur and strong jaws and teeth in order to adapt to such a severe climate and the consequent shortage of food. It is worth noting that the upheaval of the plateau and the radical change in the unfavorable environment to human habitat on the plateau are like to. day seems to have occurred in the very late stage of the Quarternary.

第四纪自然界的最大特点是具有轮回现象的变化,即冰期和间冰期,海侵和海退,剥蚀作用和堆积作用等交替现象,有机界也是适用于这种自然环境韵律变化而变化的。我国处于欧亚大陆的东南部,一方面受到世界共性第四纪气候变化的影响,而另方面也受到地区性的季风环流和寒暖海流变迁的控制,所以形成了我国自然界特有的个性,而有别于同纬位置的中欧和北美。我国第四纪气候变化和波动,在各种沉积类型中,地貌发育过程中,水系和水体变动中以及重大生物生态转变中,都有相当的反映。