松辽盆地北部白垩系泉头组扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素<sup>*</sup>

黄薇, 梁江平, 赵波, 孙国昕, 杨庆杰. (2013)松辽盆地北部白垩系泉头组扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素^* [J]. 古地理学报, 15(5): 635-644
Huang Wei, Liang Jiangping, Zhao Bo, Sun Guoxin, Yang Qingjie. (2013)Main controlling factors of tight oil accumulations in the Fuyu Layer of Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin[J]. Journal Of Palaeogeography, 15(5): 635-644. DOI:10.7605/gdlxb.2013.05.051 复制到剪切板

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松辽盆地北部白垩系泉头组扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素^*

黄薇, 梁江平, 赵波, 孙国昕, 杨庆杰

中国石油大庆油田有限责任公司勘探开发研究院,黑龙江大庆 163712

第一作者简介: 黄薇,女,1964年生,教授级高级工程师,现为大庆油田勘探开发研究院总地质师,主要从事石油地质研究、勘探部署和储量评价工作。E-mail:weihuang@petroChina.com.cn;电话:0459-5590863。

收稿日期:2013-05-09

基金:*国家重大科技专项“松辽北部岩性地层油气藏富集区带、目标优选与勘探技术应用”(编号:2011ZX05001-001-04)资助

摘要

松辽盆地北部中央坳陷白垩系泉头组扶余油层发育河流—浅水三角洲环境下形成的低渗透致密砂岩储集层。在已提交的探明储量中,储集层孔隙度平均为11.8%,渗透率平均为 2.30×10^-3 μm²,以岩性油藏为主;剩余勘探目标以赋存于孔隙度小于10%、渗透率小于 1×10^-3 μm²储集层中的致密油为主。从烃源岩、构造、断裂和储集层4个方面阐述了扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素,认为成熟烃源岩控制了研究区致密油分布范围,构造高部位是油气运聚指向区,北西向断裂带控制油气富集,河道砂体控制致密油“甜点”区。采用类比法进行致密油资源潜力评价,初步估算扶余油层致密油资源潜力为 13.09×10⁸, t,是大庆油田资源接替的重要领域。

关键词: 致密油; 成藏主控因素; 资源潜力; 扶余油层; 泉头组; 白垩系; 松辽盆地

中图分类号:TE122.3⁺1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-1505(2013)05-0635-10

Main controlling factors of tight oil accumulations in the Fuyu Layer of Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin

Huang Wei, Liang Jiangping, Zhao Bo, Sun Guoxin, Yang Qingjie

Research Institute of Exploration and Development of Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd.,PetroChina, Daqing 163712,Heilongjiang

About the first author:Huang Wei,born in 1964,is a professor senior engineer. She is a chief geologist of Research Institute of Exploration and Development of Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd., and is mainly engaged in petroleum geology,oil & gas exploration deployment and reserves evaluation.

Abstract

The Fuyu Layer of Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin developed a set of low permeable tight sandstone reservoirs formed in river to shallow-water delta environments.Proven reserves in the Fuyu Layer was preserved in reservoir rocks with average porosity of 11.8% and average permeability of 2.30×10^-3 μm², lithology reservoir was the main reservoir type.The remaining exploration targets of the Fuyu Layer were tight reservoir with porosity less than 10% and permeability less than 1×10^-3 μm².The main controlling factors of the tight oil accumulations in Fuyu Layer could be listed as follows:The mature source rocks controlled the distribution range of tight oil;the structural heights were the target areas for petroleum migration and accumulation;the NW fault belts controlled the petroleum enrichment areas; the channel sand bodies controlled the tight oil “sweet spots”.Based on the analogy method,the exploration potential for tight oil accumulations in Fuyu Layer was evaluated,and the preliminary result is about 13.09×10⁸,t tight oil to be proved,which would provide an important resource support for Daqing Oilfield.

Key words: tight oil; main controlling factors of accumulations; resource potential; Fuyu Layer; Quantou Formation; Cretaceous; Songliao Basin

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致密油是致密储集层油的简称, 它以吸附或游离状态赋存于生油岩中, 或与生油岩互层、紧邻的致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩等储集岩中, 未经过大规模长距离运移的石油聚集(邹才能等, 2011, 2012; 贾承造等, 2012)。近年来, 随着北美Williston盆地、Maverick盆地、Fort Worth盆地等致密油的大规模成功勘探与开采(Hank et al., 2007; Richard, 2007; Robert and Stephen, 2007; Stephen and Aris, 2009), 此类以往被忽视的非常规石油资源已成为各国石油工业争相介入的热点领域。致密油是继页岩气之后全球非常规油气勘探开发的又一新热点(孙赞东等, 2011; 邹才能等, 2011)。实际上, 致密油资源在中国分布范围广, 目前在鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密砂岩、四川盆地侏罗系介壳灰岩和致密砂岩、准噶尔盆地二叠系粉砂质白云岩和白云质粉砂岩、松辽盆地白垩系青山口组— 泉头组砂岩等之中, 已获得了一些重要的勘探发现, 具有形成规模储量和有效开发的条件(邹才能等, 2011; 贾承造等, 2012)。目前中国致密油的勘探开发和相关研究仍处于准备阶段, 总体勘探程度与地质认识程度低, 在致密油基础地质理论、控制因素、资源潜力及勘探方向等方面仍然存在很多难题。作者根据松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区白垩系扶余油层致密油的勘探进展, 阐述了致密油成藏主控因素, 并对扶余油层致密油资源前景进行了初步评价和预测, 旨在推进致密油地质研究的不断深入, 进而指导致密油勘探和开发。

1 地质及勘探概况

中国东部松辽盆地是叠置于古生代基底上的大型中— 新生代沉积盆地, 具有明显的下断上拗的双重结构(高瑞祺和蔡希源, 1997; 侯启军等, 2009), 主要充填中、新生代碎屑岩。白垩系为主要产油气层(王志武, 1993; 林春明等, 2007), 其中, 下白垩统火石岭组、沙河子组和营城组, 岩性为火山岩和沉积岩, 厚度为250~2360 m; 下白垩统登娄库组, 岩性主要为砂岩、泥岩和砂砾岩互层, 厚度为0~1700 m; 下白垩统泉头组和上白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组和明水组, 岩性主要为砂岩和泥岩互层, 厚度为1980~4734 m(侯启军等, 2009)。研究区范围为松辽盆地中央坳陷区龙虎泡— 大安阶地、齐家— 古龙凹陷、大庆长垣和三肇凹陷(图 1), 面积为1.5× 10⁴ km²。区内自下而上发育白垩系杨大城子油层、扶余油层、高台子油层、葡萄花油层、萨尔图油层和黑帝庙油层(表1; 杨玉芳等, 2011; 赵波, 2011)。扶余油层发育的泉头组四段沉积时期盆地基准面上升, 河流作用强盛, 发育河流相、三角洲平原亚相、三角洲前缘亚相沉积(张庆国等, 2007; 赵小庆等, 2013), 砂体规模小, 错叠连片的砂岩为油气藏形成提供了储集空间, 且扶余油层大面积分布的河道砂体与青山口组一段烃源岩紧邻, 源储匹配关系好, 为致密油形成提供了良好的地质基础。

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	图1 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区构造单元Fig.1 Tectonic units of Central Depression in northern Songliao Basin

表1 松辽盆地北部白垩系地层划分表(据林春明等, 2007, 略修改) Table1 Stratigraphic division of the Cretaceous in northern Songliao Basin(modified from Lin et al., 2007)

松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层勘探始于1959年, 经历了区域勘探(1959— 1988年)、大规模岩性油藏勘探(1989— 2004年)和一体化加快勘探(2005年至现今)3个阶段。目前, 扶余油层勘探面临的主要问题是资源品位低, 已探明未动用储量有效动用难, 剩余勘探目标也以低品位、致密储集层为主, 为此, 大庆油田针对河道砂岩储集层开展了水平井钻探加体积压裂技术攻关, 成功地探索了低品位储量有效动用的新途径, 表明松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层已进入了致密油勘探阶段。

2 致密油成藏主控因素分析

一些已发现的国内外致密油(Stephen and Aris, 2009; 冯志强等, 2011; 赵靖舟, 2012; 赵政璋和杜金虎, 2012; 杨华等, 2013)充分证实, 致密油气在储集层和成藏特点方面介于典型的常规油气藏和非常规油气藏之间, 属于准连续型聚集(邹才能等, 2011; 贾承造等, 2012)。这类油气的储集层尤其是致密砂岩, 由于在沉积时通常紧随烃源岩沉积之后或烃源岩沉积之前, 空间分布上常常与烃源岩相邻。这种空间分布特点, 决定了致密油以近源成藏为主, 正是由于近源、储集层致密的特点, 决定了致密砂岩储集层往往易形成大面积油气分布、局部富集。下面通过烃源岩、构造、断裂、储集层4个方面综合研究, 探讨松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素, 认识致密油富集规律。

2.1 青山口组成熟烃源岩广覆式分布, 控制油藏分布范围

青山口组沉积时期发生了规模较大的湖侵事件, 形成了大面积厚层的深湖相黑色泥岩夹油页岩; 其有机质丰度高, 母质类型存在差异, 青山口组一段为Ⅰ 型至Ⅱ ₁型、青山口组二、三段为Ⅰ 型至Ⅱ ₂型, 有机质处于成熟— 高成熟阶段, 为盆地最主要烃源岩(高瑞祺和蔡希源, 1997; 侯启军等, 2009; 霍秋立等, 2012)。

表2 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区白垩系青山口组烃源岩参数(据侯启军等, 2009, 略修改) Table2 Parameters of hydrocarbon source rocks of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Central Depression of northern Songliao Basin(modified from Hou Qijun et al., 2009)

构造带	层位	面积 /km²	暗色泥岩厚度 /m	有机碳 /%	氯仿沥青“ A” /%	S₁+S₂ /mg· g^-1	R_O /%	评价结果
齐家— 古龙凹陷	青一段	5200	40~90	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.22 ~ 6.67}{2.13 (87)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.016 ~ 1.150}{0.429 (69)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.06 ~ 697}{18.49 (190)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.51 ~ 2.02}{1.19 (33)} \end{matrix}$	最好
齐家— 古龙凹陷	青二、三段	5300	100~500	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.12 ~ 6.56}{1.32 (536)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.006 ~ 0.904}{0.164 (146)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.01 ~ 719.51}{10.47 (427)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.50 ~ 1.85}{1.12 (29)} \end{matrix}$	好
三肇凹陷	青一段	5740	50~60	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.11 ~ 7.92}{3.14 (87)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.006 ~ 1.752}{0.626 (51)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.01 ~ 484}{29.27 (108)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.47 ~ 1.26}{0.91 (53)} \end{matrix}$	最好
三肇凹陷	青二、三段	5700	150~250	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.10 ~ 2.73}{0.83 (89)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.002 ~ 0.108}{0.040 (10)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.01 ~ 35.38}{6.49 (85)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.60 ~ 0.83}{0.76 (8)} \end{matrix}$	中等
大庆长垣	青一段	2450	50~90	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.73 ~ 8.68}{3.64 (60)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.077 ~ 0.853}{0.389 (15)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{1.94 ~ 39.22}{20.75 (17)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.51 ~ 1.08}{0.68 (21)} \end{matrix}$	最好
大庆长垣	青二、三段	2470	150~400	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.72 ~ 2.42}{1.19 (16)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.035 ~ 0.217}{0.059 (8)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{3.00 ~ 23.83}{9.18 (9)} \end{matrix}$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{0.47 ~ 1.28}{0.66 (8)} \end{matrix}$	中等

注: $\begin{matrix} \frac{0.22 ~ 6.67}{2.13 (87)} \end{matrix}$ 表示 $\begin{matrix} \frac{最小值 ~ 最大值}{平均值 (样品数)} \end{matrix}$ 。

松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区青山口组暗色泥岩厚度为100~500 m, 青山口组一段暗色泥岩在中央坳陷区内厚度一般在40~90 m(表2), 其中在大庆长垣、齐家— 古龙凹陷厚度一般大于60 m, 三肇凹陷一般小于60 m; 青山口组二、三段暗色泥岩在厚度上明显大于青山口组一段, 在中央坳陷区内厚度一般大于150 m, 其中在齐家— 古龙凹陷南部厚度大, 一般大于300 m, 最大厚度超过500 m, 三肇凹陷暗色泥岩厚度一般小于250 m^①(① 霍秋立等. 2009. 松辽盆地北部青山口组有效源岩评价研究[R]．大庆油田科技报告)。中央坳陷区青山口组烃源岩有机质丰度高, 为中等— 最好的烃源岩。青山口组一段成熟烃源岩分布面积为1.3× 10⁴ km², 青山口组二、三段为1.2× 10⁴ km², 青山口组成熟烃源岩垂向叠合面积为1.3× 10⁴ km²。通过扶余油层已发现的储量与青山口组一段烃源岩叠合对比分析表明,

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	图2 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区白垩系扶余油层储量区与青山口组一段烃源岩R_O叠合图Fig.2 Overlay map of the Cretaceous Fuyu Layer reserves area and R_O of source rocks of the Member 1 of Qingshankou Formation in Central Depression of northern Songliao Basin

已发现的储量大多数分布在烃源岩 R_O> 0.7%范围内(图 2), 说明成熟烃源岩控制致密油的分布范围。青山口组烃源岩在生油高峰阶段, 发生了强烈的生、排烃作用, 其中青山口组一段平均生烃强度为705× 10⁴ t/km², 排烃强度为420× 10⁴ t/km²; 青山口组二、三段平均生烃强度为560× 10⁴ t/km², 排烃强度为180× 10⁴ t/km²。青山口组烃源岩条件优越, 为下伏扶余油层致密油成藏提供重要物质基础。

2.2 构造高部位是油气运聚指向区

通过板块构造环境和基底结构分析(高瑞祺和蔡希源, 1997; 侯启军等, 2009), 嫩江组沉积末期, 松辽盆地受近EW向挤压应力作用, 较刚性的古中央隆起带向西推挤, 致使位于古中央隆起带西翼的大庆长垣泉头组以上地层反转; 明水组沉积末期最大主应力近NW向, 形成了一系列NE向雁列式的挤压构造带; 明水组沉积末期以后整体反转形成NNE向大庆长垣构造, 三肇凹陷西侧继承古中央隆起形态(图 3)。

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	图3 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区白垩系扶余油层顶面构造与储量区叠合图Fig.3 Overlap map of reserves area and top structure of the Cretaceous Fuyu Layer in Central Depression of northern Songliao Basin

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	图4 松辽盆地北部古18— 同1井油藏剖面(剖面位置见图1)Fig.4 Reservoirs profile of Wells Gu 18-Tong 1 in northern Songliao Basin(profile location in Fig.1)

超压系统的形成、分布与演化在油气成藏动力系统中起着重要的作用(Bradley, 1975; Gleadow et al., 1986; Powley, 1990; 李明诚, 2004; 王允诚等, 2004), 异常超压体系一般形成于沉积盆地的富泥段, 通常也是烃源岩段(Hunt, 1990; 解习农等, 1999)。前人已证实, 青山口组一段泥岩超压形成于嫩江组和明水组沉积末期(向才富等, 2006; 付广和王有功, 2008; 付晓飞等, 2009), 此时正是青山口组成熟烃源岩大量排烃时期(侯启军等, 2009)。松辽盆地明水组沉积末期以后的构造反转, 使得地层收缩, 导致已处于超压状态的青山口组一段烃源岩过剩压力进一步增加, 最终超过岩石破裂极限, 在扶余油层顶面诱发形成断裂, 青山口组一段高压流体(油、气、水)沿断裂向下注入到扶余油层, 有利于正向构造部位聚集成藏。目前, 松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层已发现的储量和获得工业油流的探井多位于二级构造单元内构造高部位和凹中隆(图 3), 因此, 构造高部位是油气运聚指向区。

2.3 北西向断裂带控制油气富集

在含油气盆地中, 流体运移通道主要包括渗透性储集层、不整合面、断层和裂缝体系(李思田等, 2004; 解习农等, 2006)。当一个方向没有好的输导体, 另一个方向有好的输导体时, 油气会更多地向有好输导体的一方流动, 烃源岩周围的输导体对流体输导能力的相对好坏, 控制油气运移方向和运移量。松辽盆地油气勘探证实, 油气既可以向烃源岩层上方运移, 如青山口组一段烃源岩上覆的萨尔图油层、葡萄花油层和高台子油层; 也可以向下运移, 如青山口组烃源岩下伏的扶余、杨大城子油层, 发育的断裂带是上覆烃源岩生成的油气向下运移的良好输导体(付广和王有功, 2008)。在油气运聚过程中, 扶余油层的NW向断层受NW向区域挤压应力场作用, 主要表现为张扭性, 油气可沿断裂垂向运移至储集层中聚集成藏, 同时扶余油层断裂均为正断层(图 4), 上覆青山口组烃源岩厚度大, 断层使上盘青山口组一段烃源岩与下盘扶余油层砂体对接, 油气可侧向运移至储集层中聚集成藏(图 4)。扶余油层河道砂体与NW向断层相互切割构成了油气优势运移通道, 因此NW向反向断裂控制了油气富集, 如大庆长垣杏树岗构造以NW向断裂带为主, 油气在构造高部位明显沿NW向反向断裂带富集(图 4), 储量丰度(30~80)× 10⁴ t/km², 杏69井单井日产量可达18.6 t。总之, 扶余油层NW向的断裂带控制了油气富集程度。

2.4 河道砂体控制致密油“ 甜点” 区

松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层沉积时期为一大型坳陷湖盆, 地形平坦, 讷河— 依安水系、拜泉— 青岗水系和怀德— 长春3大水系, 控制其沉积作用, 发育曲流河、网状河、浅水三角洲及浅水湖泊4种沉积类型, 形成满盆含砂沉积充填特征。中央坳陷区扶余油层砂体累积厚度为10~50 m(图 5), 砂岩含量一般为15%~45%(图 6), 砂岩含量小于35%区域形成了大面积岩性油藏, 其中, 大庆长垣和三肇凹陷砂岩厚度为20~30, m、砂岩含量为15%~35%, 齐家— 古龙凹陷砂岩厚度为20~40, m、砂岩含量在25%~45%之间。榆树林油田开发区块主要砂体类型为曲流河点坝、三角洲平原分流河道和三角洲前缘水下河道沉积砂体, 砂体平面展布具有不规则条带状, 宽度一般为450~650 m, 平面砂泥呈交互不规则分布, 单砂体最大厚度达6 m, 一般为2~4 m(图7), 砂体间连通性较差。800多口探井岩心物性统计分析表明, 曲流河点坝砂体物性最好, 孔隙度为10%~18%, 平均为14.3%, 渗透率为(0.03~10)× 10^-3 μ m², 平均为5.5× 10^-3 μ m²; 其次是网状河砂体, 孔隙度为9%~16%, 平均为11%, 渗透率为(0.04~3)× 10^-3 μ m², 平均为0.7× 10^-3 μ m²; 分流河道砂体孔隙度为8%~15%, 平均为10%, 渗透率为(0.05~2)× 10^-3 μ m², 平均为0.5× 10^-3μ m²; 决口河道砂体孔隙度为5%~12%, 渗透率为(0.05~2)× 10^-3 μ m²; 决口扇砂体孔隙度一般小于10%, 渗透率小于0.1× 10^-3 μ m²。目前松辽盆地白垩系扶余油层提交储量的物性下限标准孔隙度为9%, 渗透率为0.1× 10^-3 μ m², 已提交的储量砂岩孔隙度平均为11.8%, 渗透率平均为2.30× 10^-3 μ m²。将扶余油层孔隙度与已发现的储量和探井成果叠合分析(图 8), 发现储量区外孔隙度小于9%的地区工业、低产油流井占54%, 勘探也证实了中央坳陷区孔隙度3%~5%的泥质粉砂岩中含油饱和度可达70%(冯志强等, 2011)。按照国内外致密砂岩油藏的划分标准

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	图5 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区扶余油层砂岩厚度分布Fig.5 Distribution of sandstone thickness of the Fuyu Layer of Central Depression in Northern Songliao Basin

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	图6 松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区扶余油层砂岩含量等值线图Fig.6 Isoline map of sandstone ratio of the Fuyu Layer of Central Depression in northern Songliao Basin

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	图7 榆树林油田扶余油层FI1(A)和FII1(B)油层砂体分布(位置见图2)Fig.7 Sand-body distribution of FI1(A)and FII1(B) intervals in the Fuyu Layer of Yushulin Oilfield(location in Fig.2)

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	图8 松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层储量区与孔隙度叠合图Fig.8 Overlap map of porosity and reserves area of the Cretaceous Fuyu Layer in northern Songliao Basin

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	图9 松辽盆地北部扶余油层孔隙度和含油性与埋藏深度关系图Fig.9 Scatter diagram showing relationship between porosity, oiliness and depth of the Fuyu Layer in northern Songliao Basin

(孔隙度小于10%, 渗透率小于0.1× 10^-3 μ m²)(张哨楠, 2008; Feng et al., 2010; 贾承造等, 2012), 扶余油层发育大量的致密砂岩型油藏。通过河道砂体的储集层物性和含油性与埋藏深度统计分析, 认为随着埋藏深度加大, 孔隙度降低、含油性变差(图 9), 埋藏深度小于1800, m的河道砂体发育地区含油性好。总之, 在有效烃源岩范围内的有利构造位置、断裂发育地区, 河道砂体控制致密油的“ 甜点” 区。

3 资源潜力分析

中央坳陷区扶余油层除齐家— 古龙凹陷埋深大于2400, m区域外均含油, 已提交储量区外工业油流井123口、低产油流井242口、见油显示井228口, 展现出整体含油局面(图 3)。考虑扶余油层勘探开发实际, 根据烃源岩、构造、断裂和储集层“ 四位一体” 控藏认识, 依据储集层物性和有效厚度展布情况, 划分2类勘探区分别评价资源潜力和可动性:一类区, 储集层孔隙度为9%~12%、局部大于12%, 渗透率为(0.3~1.5)× 10^-3 μ m², 有效厚度为3~8 m; 二类区, 储集层孔隙度小于10%、渗透率小于0.3× 10^-3 μ m²、有效厚度为1~5, m。其中, 一类区分布在构造高部位和斜坡区, 储集层物性较好、有效厚度相对较大, 单井产量低, 部分已提交石油控制和预测储量; 二类区分布在构造翼部和构造低部位, 储集层物性差、有效厚度小, 以低产井为主。为此, 大庆油田按照“ 先浅后深、先易后难” 的原则, 采取“ 多学科设计、一体化组织、高精度预测、全面优化井筒配套技术” 的做法, 攻关大位移水平井配套技术, 探索低品位储量有效动用的新途径。首先在一类区的局部“ 甜点” 区钻探了垣平1井, 进行超长水平井多段大规模压裂试油获得71.26 t/d的高产工业油流, 该井2012年3月28日进行试采初期产油20 m³/d, 6月19日投产, 截至2013年6月底累计产油10, 219.8 m³, 现日产油18.62 m³, 展现了水平井有效开发动用的前景; 其次在二类区钻探了葡平1井, 进行水平井密集切割体积压裂试油获得40.8 m³/d的高产工业油流, 该井2012年12月23日投产, 截至2013年6月底累计产油2497.1 m³, 现日产油9.23 m³, 此外, 与葡平1井相距330, m、钻探同一砂体的葡平2井, 采用缝网体积压裂试油获得96 m³/d的高产工业油流, 成功探索了不同压裂工艺提产技术, 展示了一类区有效开发动用的前景; 目前在二类区已优选勘探目标, 正进行水平井钻探, 攻关更致密储集层水平井提产技术。一类区钻探取得可喜效果, 为低品位储量有效动用和致密油勘探带来坚定信心。为此, 在沉积体系、沉积相带、砂体预测和烃源岩评价研究基础上, 通过系统分析致密油分布规律, 采用类比法(郭秋麟等, 2011)进行致密油资源潜力评价, 一类区资源潜力为7.09× 10⁸ t, 二类区资源潜力为6× 10⁸ t, 合计资源潜力为13.09× 10⁸ t。

4 结论

1)松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层是河流— 浅水三角洲环境下形成的低渗透致密砂岩储集层, 上覆的青山口组深湖泥岩为良好的烃源岩和区域盖层, 剩余勘探目标以储集层孔隙度小于10%、渗透率小于1× 10^-3 μ m²为主, 为典型的源下致密砂岩油藏。

2)通过烃源岩、构造、断裂和储集层4个方面综合研究, 阐述了松辽盆地北部白垩系扶余油层致密油成藏主控因素, 认为成熟烃源岩控制致密油分布范围、构造高部位是油气运聚指向区、北西向断裂带控制油气富集、河道砂体控制致密油“ 甜点” 区。

3)在沉积体系、沉积相带、砂体预测和烃源岩评价研究基础上, 通过系统分析致密油分布规律, 采用类比法进行致密油资源潜力评价, 认为中央坳陷区白垩系扶余油层致密油资源潜力为13.09× 10⁸, t, 是大庆油田实现“ 原油4000× 10⁴, t硬稳产” 和“ 油气当量重上5000× 10⁴ t” 资源接替的重要领域。

致谢感谢审稿专家提出的宝贵意见及大庆油田勘探开发研究院张顺、陈卫军、薛涛和霍丽明等同志参与数据、图件整理工作, 在此表示衷心感谢。

作者声明没有竞争性利益冲突.

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[35]	Robert G L, Stephen C R. 2007. Mississippian Barnett Shale: Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 91(4): 579-601. [文内引用:2]
[36]	Stephen A S, Aris P. 2009. Petroleum geology of the giant Elm Coulee field, Williston Basin[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 93(9): 1127-1153. [文内引用:1]

2011

0.0

... 冯志强等,2011 ...

... 将扶余油层孔隙度与已发现的储量和探井成果叠合分析(图 8),发现储量区外孔隙度小于9%的地区工业、低产油流井占54%,勘探也证实了中央坳陷区孔隙度3%~5%的泥质粉砂岩中含油饱和度可达70%(冯志强等,2011) ...

2008

0.0

付广, 王有功. 2008. 三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成油向下“倒灌”运移层位及其研究意义[J]. 沉积学报, 26(2): 355-360.

To study migration horizons downward of oil from K1qn source rock in Sanzhao depression The mechanism and condition of oil migration downward was studied. It was considered that two conditions in F,Y oil lagers, they are ①enough high overpressure and ②T2 faults connected k1qn source rock and F,Y oil lagers. Oil from k1qn source rock can migrate downward into F,Y oil layer in the end of K1n, K2m, and E sedimentary period under the action of overpressure. The migration distance downward of oil from k1qn source rock in Sanzhao depression was studied by the principle of pressure seal. The migration distance downward of oil from k1qn source rock is generally more than 500 m, the maximum thickness of F,Y oil lagers is only 500 m, it indicates that oil from K1qn source rock can migrate downward into all F,Y oil layers. There is oil from top of F oil layer to bottom of Y oil layer now, and oil reservoirs found in F,Y oil layers of Sanzhao sag distribute in the migration areas downward of oil from K1qn source rock. It indicates that the migration horizon downward of oil from K1qn source rock controls the oil accumulation horizons, the migration areas downward of oil from K1qn source rock controls oil accumulation areas. The migration areas downward of oil from K1qn source rock and its around should be favorable areas for oil exploration in F,Y oil lagers of Sanzhao depression.

Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing Heilongjiang163318

为了研究三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移层位，对油向下“倒灌”运移机制及条件进行了研究，得到三肇凹陷扶杨油层同时具备①青山口组源岩目前应具有足够大的超压；②存在连通青山口组源岩和扶杨油层的T2断裂2个条件，青山口组源岩生成的油能够在超压的作用下在嫩江组沉积末期、明水组沉积末期和古近系沉积末期通过T2断裂向下伏扶杨油层中“倒灌”运移。利用压力封闭原理，对三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移距离进行了研究，得到三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移距离一般大于500 m，而三肇凹陷扶杨油层地层厚度最大只有500 m，表明三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油可以向下“倒灌”运移至整个扶杨油层的任何部位。目前三肇凹陷扶杨油层从上至下均含油，且已找到的油藏均分布于青山口组源岩生成的油能够向下“倒灌”运移分布范围内或附近，这表明青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移层位控制着油气富集层位，青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移分布范围控制着三肇凹陷扶杨油层油藏形成与分布范围。青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移分布范围及其附近应是三肇凹陷扶杨油层油下一步勘探的有利地区。

... 付广和王有功,2008 ...

... 也可以向下运移,如青山口组烃源岩下伏的扶余、杨大城子油层,发育的断裂带是上覆烃源岩生成的油气向下运移的良好输导体(付广和王有功,2008) ...

2009

0.0

付晓飞, 平贵东, 范瑞东, 等. 2009. 三肇凹陷扶杨油层油气“倒灌”运聚成藏规律研究[J]. 沉积学报, 27(3): 558-566.

There is abundant oil and gas in F,Y Formation of Sanzhao depression in Songliao Basin, how to further enlarge reservoir area and how to exploit proven territory are two problem puzzling explorer because of the complexity of reversed migration. The distinctiveness of accumulation of F,Y Formation are manifested in two aspects: first, higher density fault, smaller scale and concentrated in zone; second, it's difficult to forecast distribution of the fluvial channel sand since F,Y Formation located in convergence of provenance. This paper based on the correlation of oil and gas, centering on the formation and evolution of fault, oil source fault is calibrated, the allocation of fault and sand body and regulation of controlling oil has been analyzed and the accumulation model is established. It's considered that the oil of F, Y Formation mainly comes from the hydrocarbon source rock of K1qn, the key period of accumulation is last sediment stage of K2m, consequently, the main oil source faults are those among the periods of fault depression to depression and depression to inversion, reversed migration happened along the oil source fault under the action of overpressure, the depth downward is usually 200m, so the favorable formation of interest is the top of F,Y Formation. Faults in F,Y Formation is featured by concentration in zone, oil source faults , the ones controlling accumulation, are mainly the boundary faults. The force condition of "reversed migration", namely, oil along oil source faults, multiple phases of deformation of faults and transportation of horizontal fracture caused by the decoupling of mudstone of K1qn in reversed period determined the concentration of oil in footwall channel sand of fault, oil in horst controlled by oil source fault is highly concentrated, whereas the concentration zone of fault which is the lower tectonic place is not concentration area of oil.

Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing Heilongjiang 163318

松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶杨油层有着丰富的油气资源，但由于油“倒灌”运聚成藏的复杂性，使得如何进一步扩大储量区和已探明区块如何开发成为困扰勘探家的两大难题。扶杨油层油成藏的特殊性体现在两个方面：一是断层密度大、规模小且密集成带；二是三肇凹陷扶杨油层处于物源交汇区，主要的储集体河道砂展布规律难以预测。本研究在系统油源对比的基础上，以断裂形成演化为核心，标定油源断层，分析断裂与砂体的配置关系及其控油规律，建立了成藏模式。油源对比表明，三肇凹陷扶杨油层油主要来自青山口组烃源岩，成藏关键时刻为明水组沉积末期，因此断陷期形成坳陷期和反转期活动的断层以及坳陷期形成反转期活动的断层为主要的油源断层，油在超压作用下沿着油源断层“倒灌”运移，下排的深度一般为200 m，因此只有扶杨油层的顶部才是有利的目的层。扶杨油层断裂具有密集成带的特征，油源断层多为断裂密集带的边界断层，是主要的控藏断裂。油沿油源断层“倒灌”运移动力条件、断裂多期变形机制以及反转期青山口组泥岩水平拆离作用形成的水平裂缝的输导作用决定油主要富集在油源断层下盘河道砂中，在油源断层控制的地垒型断块中油最富集，断裂密集带处于构造低部位，不是主要的富集区。

... 付晓飞等,2009),此时正是青山口组成熟烃源岩大量排烃时期(侯启军等,2009) ...

1997

0.0

... 新生代沉积盆地,具有明显的下断上拗的双重结构(高瑞祺和蔡希源,1997 ...

... 高成熟阶段,为盆地最主要烃源岩(高瑞祺和蔡希源,1997 ...

... 2 构造高部位是油气运聚指向区通过板块构造环境和基底结构分析(高瑞祺和蔡希源,1997 ...

2011

0.0

郭秋麟, 周长迁, 陈宁生, 等. 2011. 非常规油气资源评价方法研究[J]. 岩性油气藏, 23(4): 12-19.

The unconventional hydrocarbon resources are different fromthe conventional hydrocarbon resources in the aspects of accumulation mechanism, occurrence, distribution, exploration and development method, etc. As the strategic supplements of conventional resources, the unconventional hydrocarbon resources are becoming highly valued. But now, an effective evaluation systemis not yet built up for the evaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in our country. Based on the accumulation mechanism and distribution characteristics of the unconventional hydrocarbon resources, five evaluation methods for unconventional hydrocarbon resources are introduced, including: analogy method, the major method of USGS; stochastic simulation method, the new developed method of USGS; reserve estimation method for single well, the typical statistical method; prediction method of hydrocarbon spatial distribution, the special statistical method; prediction method of continuous tight sandstone gas reservoirs, the special genetic method. These evaluation methods provide theoretical basis for the evaluation of the unconventional hydrocarbon resources and the newnational hydrocarbon resource.

1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development， PetroChina， Beijing 100083， China； 2. China University of Geosciences， Beijing 100083， China

非常规油气资源是指在成藏机理、赋存状态、分布规律以及勘探开发方式等方面有别于常规油气藏的油气资源。现在非常规油气资源的开发利用日益受到重视，且已成为常规油气资源的战略性补充。目前，国内对于非常规油气资源的评价，还未形成一个较为明确和有针对性的评价体系。基于非常规油气聚集的成藏机制和分布特征，本文详细介绍了国内外5 种非常规油气资源的评价方法：美国地质勘探局的主流方法———类比法和新推出的随机模拟法，以单井储量估算法为代表的典型统计法，以油气资源空间分布预测法为代表的特殊统计法，以连续型致密砂岩气藏预测法为代表的特殊成因法。上述方法为我国非常规油气资源评价及新一轮的全国油气资源评价提供了理论基础。

... 为此,在沉积体系、沉积相带、砂体预测和烃源岩评价研究基础上,通过系统分析致密油分布规律,采用类比法(郭秋麟等,2011)进行致密油资源潜力评价,一类区资源潜力为7 ...

2009

0.0

... 侯启军等,2009),主要充填中、新生代碎屑岩 ...

... 下白垩统泉头组和上白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组和明水组,岩性主要为砂岩和泥岩互层,厚度为1980~4734 m(侯启军等,2009) ...

... 侯启军等,2009 ...

... 侯启军等,2009),嫩江组沉积末期,松辽盆地受近EW向挤压应力作用,较刚性的古中央隆起带向西推挤,致使位于古中央隆起带西翼的大庆长垣泉头组以上地层反转 ...

... 付晓飞等,2009),此时正是青山口组成熟烃源岩大量排烃时期(侯启军等,2009) ...

2012

0.0

... 霍秋立等,2012) ...

2012

0.0

... 贾承造等,2012) ...

... 贾承造等,2012),扶余油层发育大量的致密砂岩型油藏 ...

1999

0.0

... 解习农等,1999) ...

2006

0.0

... 解习农等,2006) ...

2004

0.0

... 李明诚,2004 ...

2004

0.0

... 3 北西向断裂带控制油气富集在含油气盆地中,流体运移通道主要包括渗透性储集层、不整合面、断层和裂缝体系(李思田等,2004 ...

2007

0.0

林春明, 冯志强, 张顺, 等. 2007. 松辽盆地北部白垩纪超层序特征[J]. 古地理学报, 9(6): 619-634.

The Cretaceous in northern Songliao Basin can be divided into three supersequence sets,eight supersequences and twentyeight sequences. Volcanic and coarse clastic successions formed during faulting stage contain three supersequences and six sequences. Mediumcoarse grained clastics formed in the interim stage from faulting stage to depression stage contain one supersequence and four sequences. During the depression stage the lithology is dominated by lacustrine and deltaic mediumfine grained clastics and can be divided into three supersequences and fifteen sequences. During the deposition of transgressive systems tract(TST)and highstand systems tract(HST)semideep and deep lacustrine dark mudstone were widely deposited. One supersequence and three sequences were identified during the shrinkage phase of lake basin when the lacustrine and deltaic mediumcoarse grained clastics were dominant.Supersequence set boundaries that were controlled by tectogenesis, include the top boundaries of Cretaceous bedrock, Yingcheng Formation and Nenjiang Formation, which correspond to regional unconformities formed by major tectonic phases of Yanshan Movement. Supersequence boundaries can be either supersequence set boundaries disconformities or erosional surfaces levels. At the supersequence boundaries, the depositional hiatus is quite long, so that channel downcutting, stratigraphic gap and exposure etc. widely exist. Supersequence boundaries are in accord with lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. Compared to supersequence boundaries, the depositional hiatus at sequence boundaries is shorter and sequence boundaries are not compatible with lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. Supersequence boundaries are characterized by truncation, onlap and toplap etc. on the seismic sections and sudden change of lithology and logging curve.

1 State Key Laboratory of Ore Genesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093，Jiangsu  2 Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd， Daqing163712，Heilongjiang  3 China Academy of Land and Resource Economics, Mail Box 259, Beijing101149

松辽盆地北部白垩系由3个超层序组、8个超层序、28个沉积层序组成。断陷湖盆期发育3个超层序和6个沉积层序,以火山岩与粗碎屑岩组合为特征。断拗转化期形成1个超层序和4个沉积层序,以中粗碎屑岩为特征。典型的大型拗陷湖盆期,可识别出3个超层序和15个沉积层序,以湖泊、三角洲相中细碎屑岩沉积为主,水进体系域和高水位体系域沉积时期半深湖—深湖相暗色泥岩广为发育。湖盆萎缩期,可识别出1个超层序和3个沉积层序,以湖泊、三角洲相中粗碎屑岩沉积为主。超层序组界面包括白垩系基岩顶面、营城组顶界面和嫩江组顶界面,与燕山运动各主要幕次形成的区域不整合面相对应,区域构造运动对其起着重要的控制作用。超层序界面可以是上述超层序组界面,也可由平行不整合面和剥蚀界面构成。超层序界面处沉积间断的时间较长,河道下切、地层缺失、暴露等沉积现象发育,与岩石地层单位界面一致。沉积层序界面处沉积间断的时间相对超层序界面要短,与岩石地层单位界面往往不一致。超层序界面在地震剖面上最明显的特征是出现削截、上超和顶超等反射终止现象,岩性、测井曲线也发生剧烈变化。

... 林春明等,2007),其中,下白垩统火石岭组、沙河子组和营城组,岩性为火山岩和沉积岩,厚度为250~2360 m ...

2011

0.0

... 致密油是继页岩气之后全球非常规油气勘探开发的又一新热点(孙赞东等,2011 ...

2004

0.0

... 王允诚等,2004),异常超压体系一般形成于沉积盆地的富泥段,通常也是烃源岩段(Hunt,1990 ...

1993

0.0

... 白垩系为主要产油气层(王志武,1993 ...

... 前人已证实,青山口组一段泥岩超压形成于嫩江组和明水组沉积末期(向才富等,2006 ...

2006

0.0

向才富, 冯志强, 吴河勇, 等. 2006. 松辽盆地异常压力系统及其形成原因探讨[J]. 地质学报, 80(11): 1752-1759.

松辽盆地泥岩声波时差反映盆地纵向上存在四套欠压实泥岩,即嫩江组一、二段泥岩,青山口组一段泥岩,泉头组一、二段泥岩和登楼库组一、二段泥岩.泥岩欠压实顶界面位于1000m左右,向盆地东部有逐渐抬高的趋势,局部地区位于800m附近.钻杆测试数据(DST)、重复地层测试数据(RFT)反映盆地储层压力系统以龙虎泡阶地和大庆长垣为界,分为西部斜坡带常压-低压系统(压力系数 1.06)和三肇凹陷及其以东的低压-异常低压系统(压力系数<0.96).分析这种特殊压力结构的原因及其对油气运移聚集的影响,认为晚期构造活动是形成松辽盆地特殊流体动力场空间分布特征的触发器,嫩江组沉积末期以来东部斜坡带和西部斜坡带的抬升剥蚀作用与水热效应结合是形成松辽盆地异常低压的主要原因,而泥岩生烃作用是形成齐家古龙凹陷异常高压系统的主要原因.

... 杨华等,2013)充分证实,致密油气在储集层和成藏特点方面介于典型的常规油气藏和非常规油气藏之间,属于准连续型聚集(邹才能等,2011 ...

2013

0.0

... 杨玉芳等,2011 ...

2011

0.0

杨玉芳, 韩云洁, 钟建华, 等. 2011. 松辽盆地长垣以西高台子油层沉积特征与油气分布规律[J]. 地质学报, 85(8): 1377-1388.

By using the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy theory,through depositional dynamic analysis,the cores of 25 wells and 596 well logging data, Gaotaizi reservoir of the Western Area of Placanticline in Songliao basin is divided as 1 long-term base level cycle,5 medium-term base level cycles,13 short-term base level cycle,proposed bottom flaw non-base flaw sequence formation new framework with the sedimentary structure lifting control in the north and west of Gaotaizi reservoir. Fine study of sedimentary characteristics identifies two types of special high-quality sandstone reservoir,beach bar of shore-shallow lacustrine and fluxoturbidite fan,reveals that the most favorable facies sandbody is thin channel-mouth bar、sheet sanbody、beach bar and fluxoturbidite fan,in the northern half of the study area a large number of broad thick favorable submarine river sandbody is not oily, water-bearing zone for a large area.Though the study and summary,it is realized that a variety of types of lithologic reservoirs developed in this area, for example: sand lens reservoir, dumping pinch-out reservoir, fault - lithologic reservoirs and integrated reservoirs,sandbody development and distribution of lithologic reservoirs are controlled obviously by sedimentary facies.This shows that “facies controlling” theory has once again been an excellent application and deepening in the study area.

应用高分辨率层序地层学理论，通过对各级基准面旋回的沉积动力学分析，依据25口井岩心和596口井测井、录井及分析化验资料，把松辽盆地长垣以西地区高台子油层划分为1个长期基准面旋回、5个中期基准面旋回、13个短期基准面旋回，提出了高台子油层北、西部为同沉积构造抬升控制的顶部缺失的层序地层新格架。对储层沉积特征进行精细研究，识别出两类特殊优质储集砂体，滨浅湖滩坝与滑塌浊积扇。证实区内最有利相带砂体为薄层的河口坝、席状砂、滩坝及浊积扇砂体，而研究区北半部大量宽泛的厚层优质河道砂却不含油，为大面积含水区。总结发现，研究区内发育多种类型岩性油气藏：砂岩透镜体油气藏、上倾尖灭油气藏、断层-岩性油气藏及不整合遮挡油气藏，且岩性油气藏的分布明显受控于沉积相带，可见，坳陷型盆地 “相式控油”的理论在本研究区又一次得到极好地应用与深化。

... 扶余油层发育的泉头组四段沉积时期盆地基准面上升,河流作用强盛,发育河流相、三角洲平原亚相、三角洲前缘亚相沉积(张庆国等,2007 ...

2007

0.0

张庆国, 鲍志东, 那未红. 2007. 松辽盆地中央坳陷南部下白垩统泉头组四段沉积相[J]. 古地理学报, 9(3): 267-276.

The Songliao Basin is located in the Northeast China, where Daqing and Jilin oilfields were developed. At the period of the Member 4 of Quantou Formation of Lower Cretaceous in the southern Central Depression of the Songliao Basian, the basement subsided uniformly and slowly, and the topography of the basin was very flat, leading to the development of a delta at the setting of shallow water and a rapid rise in lake level. Base on studies of core, main facies markers and welllog facies,the reservoirs are mainly composed of lithic arkoses and feldspar litharenites. Three subfacies and nine microfacies were identified. The subfacies are delta plain, delta front and prodelta. The microfacies are distributary channels, levees, crevasse splays, interdistributary bays, subaqueous distributary channels, subaqueous crevasse splays, mouth bars, distal bars and subaqueous interdistributary bays. Delta plain and delta front were well developed, and prodelta was less developed. The distributary channel advanced toward the center of the lake over a long distance through filling deposition and branching channel frequently, and developed an obvious subaqueous distributary channel at the wide shallowwater delta front. The most oilrich reservoirs are compased of channel sand bodies which had cut and oversfacked each other. The average width of single sand body is 200 to 600 meters and its thickness is 3 to 8 meters. This study is an important foundation for further oilfield production adjustment and development.

1 Faculty of Resource and Information Technology, China University of Petroleum（Beijing), Beijing102249 2 College of Earth Sciences, Daqing Petroleum Institute, Daqing163318，Heilongjiang 3 The National Laboratory for Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing102249 4 Welllogging Company, CNPC Jilin Petroleum, Songyuan138000, Jilin 

松辽盆地中央坳陷南部下白垩统泉头组四段沉积时期，松辽盆地地形平缓，基底沉降缓慢，在湖平面整体扩张及浅水背景下河流入湖成三角洲沉积。通过岩心观察、相标志与测井相研究，该区储层主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩，识别出三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、前角洲3种亚相，以及分支河道、天然堤、决口扇、分支河道间湾、水下分支河道、水下决口扇、河口坝、远沙坝、水下分支河道间湾9种微相三角洲平原、三角洲前缘广泛发育，前三角洲不发育。三角洲平原分支河道通过填积和频繁的分叉改道，向湖盆中心方向长距离推进，在三角前缘的浅水区域发育了大量水下分支河道，分支河道与水下分支河道砂体相互切割、叠加，形成了平均宽度200~600 m、平均厚度3~8 m的道单砂体，（水下）分支河道砂体构成了油气富集的主要储集体。该区沉积相的精细研究，为进一步调整开发井网奠定了基础。

... m²)(张哨楠,2008 ...

2008

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张哨楠. 2008. 致密天然气砂岩储集层: 成因和探讨[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 29(1): 1-10.

Tight gas reservoir sandstones are generally defined as gas-bearing and-yielding sandstones with porosity of less than 10% and permeability to gas less than 0.1md.Tight gas reservoir sandstones are characterized by high capillary entry pressures,high irreducible water saturations and predominance of secondary pores.This paper suggests that tight reservoir sandstones be classified into four types in terms of the origin:1)tight sand formed by sedimentation of large amount of authigenic clay minerals;2)tight sand resulted from crystallization and precipitation of cements altering primary pores;3)tight sand caused by compaction of large amount of ductile clasts;4)tight sand formed by filling of intergranular pores by detrital clay matrix.To explain the origin of se-condary pores in these sandstones,researchers have developed many theories.However,none of the theories are capable of clearing all the doubts due to the complexity of this kind of reservoirs.As a result,the issue is still in debate.Despite their complex burial history of tight reservoir sandstones and diagenesis being determinant in tightening of sandstones,original depositional environment is still a basic factor controlling the formation of tight sandstone reservoir.Deeper understanding of their depositional environment and the diagenetic history is critical to the prediction and evaluation of tight reservoir sandstones.

State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China

致密天然气砂岩储层具有高的毛管压力和束缚水饱和度,孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主.根据致密成因可以将致密砂岩储层划分为4种类型:1)由自生粘土矿物的大量沉淀所形成的致密砂岩储层;2)由胶结物的晶出改变原生孔隙形成的致密砂岩储层;3)高含量塑性碎屑因压实作用形成的致密砂岩储层;4)粒间孔隙被碎屑沉积时的泥质充填形成的致密砂岩储层.有关致密砂岩储层次生孔隙的成因有多种理论,但是由于致密砂岩储层的复杂性,没有一种理论可以将所有的孔隙成因完全解释清楚,因此次生孔隙的成因机制仍然存在争议.尽管致密砂岩储层经历了复杂的成岩演化历史,成岩作用对储层的致密化起决定作用,然而沉积环境依然是控制致密砂岩储层形成的基本因素.深入了解沉积环境和成岩作用对致密砂岩储层的共同作用,有助于对致密天然气砂岩储层的预测和评价.

... 赵波,2011) ...

2011

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赵波. 2011. 松辽盆地安达地区石油地质特征及勘探方向分析[J]. 石油实验地质, 33(2): 165-170.

Based on geologic, drilling, seismic and geochemical data, it was analyzed in this paper the tectonic evolution, source rock, sediment, reservoir-cap combination, oil-water relationship as well as accumulation type and characteristics in Anda region. Petroleum geologic features in the region were concluded as follows. Organic matter abundance of source rock is high, favorable for hydrocarbon generation and migration. Physical properties of sandbody reservoir in distributary channel are good, providing room for hydrocarbon accumulation. The favorable combination of reservoir and cap rock helps hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. Fracture which leads to source rock works as pathway for hydrocarbon migration. Overpressure in mudstone in the 1st member of the Qingshankou Formation drives hydrocarbon to migrate. In the study area, water locates at the bottom and oil locates at the top. Reservoirs are mainly fault-lithology and lithology-tectonic ones. The Fuyu oil layer in the region is controlled by mature source rock, overpressure in the 1st member of the Qingshankou Formation, favorable migration pathway and reserve condition. Further exploration target in the region was pointed out.

Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Production, SINOPEC Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163712, China

综合应用地质、钻井、地震和地球化学资料,系统分析了安达地区构造演化、烃源岩、沉积、储盖组合、油水关系及油藏类型和油气成藏特征,研究了本区的石油地质特征,认为烃源岩有机质丰度高,具有较好的生、排烃能力;分流河道砂体储层物性好,为油气聚集提供较好的储集空间;良好的储盖组合有利于油气的聚集与保存;油源断裂为油气的运移提供了重要的通道;青山口组一段泥岩超压为油气的运移提供了动力。研究区总体呈下水、上油的油水分布特征,以断层—岩性和岩性—构造油藏为主。区内扶余油层油气成藏受成熟烃源岩、青山口组一段超压、优势运移通道和储集条件控制。根据上述认识明确了研究区下一步的勘探方向,有效地指导了该区的油气勘探。

... 赵靖舟,2012 ...

2012

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赵靖舟. 2012. 非常规油气有关概念、分类及资源潜力[J]. 天然气地球科学, 23(3): 393-406.

Despite of the wide attention that the exploration and development of unconventional hydrocarbons has attracted, neither a distinct and consistent definition nor a systematic classification of the unconventional hydrocarbons can be found in the literature. Based on a comprehensive investigation and analysis, this paper defines the unconventional hydrocarbons as such a kind of hydrocarbon resources that is distinguished from conventional hydrocarbons by reservoir features and accumulation mechanism, and cannot produce economically with traditional measures of exploitation. Comparison between unconventional hydrocarbons and continuous accumulation shows that the former is broader than the latter in connotation, notwithstanding the continuous accumulation is a dominant part of the unconventional resources. Unconventional hydrocarbons can be divided into (1) gaseous, liquid, and solid types according to the state of hydrocarbon phases; (2) tight reservoired oil/gas, shale oil-gas, and coalbed methane in terms of the reservoir types; (3) continuous, quasi-continuous, and discontinuous types based on the characteristics of petroleum distribution or trapping; (4) self-sourced and outer-sourced types according to the source\|reservoir relationship; and (5) the primary and secondary types in terms of the genesis of accumulation. Investigation of resource assessment in China indicates that the original in\|place resource of unconventional oil is roughly 720×10 8 t, and recoverable resource is about 210×10 8 t(excluding tight oil and shale oil); the original in-place resource of unconventional gas is some 320×10 12 m 3 , of which the sum of tight gas, coalbed methane, and shale gas resources is possibly 175×10 12 m 3 , and their recoverable resource is about 70×10 12 m 3 , approximately 3 to 4 times that of conventional gas. Based on the analyses of the condition and characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation, we suggest a new resource triangle concept that petroleum resources are divided into three grades, namely the discontinuous (conventional), quasi\|continuous (tight), and continuous (self-sourced unconventional) accumulations, respectively. From this concept, we forecast that in petroleum basins where tight reservoirs are developed the amount of petroleum resources from the tight reservoirs is presumably in between that of the conventional accumulation and that of continuous unconventional accumulation from the source rocks. Because tight hydrocarbons are of better quality of reservoirs than coalbed methane and shale gas and are predicted to be of greater resource potential than assumed previously, they should be given top priority in the exploration of unconventional resources in China. 

School of Earth Science and Engineering, Xi′an Shiyou University, Xi′an 710065, China

尽管非常规油气的勘探开发已引起广泛重视，但对其概念的理解目前还存在一定差异，对其分类也未见有系统讨论。根据对非常规油气地质及开采特征的分析，将非常规油气定义为在油气藏特征与成藏机理方面有别于常规油气藏、采用传统开采技术通常不能获得经济产量的油气矿藏。非常规油气的内涵比连续油气聚集的含义广，后者是非常规油气资源中重要的组成部分，但不是全部。系统的分类研究表明，非常规油气可按其赋存相态分为气、液、固3类；按储层类型分为致密油气、页岩油气和煤层气；按油气分布特点或圈闭特征分为连续型、准连续型和不连续型；按源—储关系分为源内型和源外型；按成因分为原生型和次生型。初步分析认为，我国非常规石油原地资源量估计在720×10 8 t左右，可采资源量约为210×10 8 t（不包括致密油和页岩油），与常规石油资源量大体相当；非常规天然气原地资源量可能在320×10 12 m 3 左右，其中仅致密气、煤层气和页岩气3种主要非常规天然气的原地资源量可能高达175×10 12 m 3 左右，可采资源量估计在70×10 12 m 3 左右，相当于常规天然气可采资源量的3~4倍。另外，根据油气资源形成条件与成藏特征，提出了新的资源三角图的概念，将油气资源分为不连续的常规油气、准连续的致密油气和连续型聚集的源内油气3级，据此预测在致密储层发育的含油气盆地，致密油气的资源量虽可能小于页岩油气和煤层气等烃源岩层内聚集的油气资源数量，但可能大于常规油气的资源量。由于致密油气资源潜力大，储层条件相对好于其他非常规油气，因此建议我国非常规油气的勘探开发首先应以致密油气为主攻目标，其次应加强煤层气的勘探开发，同时积极开展页岩气资源潜力评价与先导试验研究。

... 赵小庆等,2013),砂体规模小,错叠连片的砂岩为油气藏形成提供了储集空间,且扶余油层大面积分布的河道砂体与青山口组一段烃源岩紧邻,源储匹配关系好,为致密油形成提供了良好的地质基础 ...

2013

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赵小庆, 鲍志东, 孟元林, 等. 2013. 松辽盆地北部下白垩统泉头组三、四段碳酸盐胶结物分布及其主控因素[J]. 古地理学报, 15(1): 125-134.

In order to study the distribution characteristics of carbonate cement and the controling factors in clastic reservoir of the Members 3 and 4 of Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin. The theories of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, and the methods of microscopically slice observation, electron microprobe analysis, fluid inclusion testing and physical properties analysis were used. The results showed that the strata of Members 3 and 4 of Quantou Formation in northern Songliao Basin were gentle, and they were buried at depths of small span, diagenesis of them was weak, and carbonate cement was mainly affected by sedimentary microfacies and cycle of base level. In the direction of provenance area to the basin, values of the content of carbonate cements in different sedimentary facies of meandering river, distributary channel and submerged distributary channel were different. At the same time, influenced by factors such as lithological character, sorting and rounding of grains, shale content, etc, the content of carbonate cement increased gradually. Values of content of carbonate cement were different in different medium cycles of the same sedimentary microfacies types of reservoir, and with the long-term base level rising, they showed a decreasing trend. The regular change of content of carbonate cement due to the difference in sedimentary environments controled by microfacies and base-level cycles is one of the important factors which influence the heterogeneity of fluvial reservoirs.

1 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum（Beijing）, Beijing 102249; 2 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum（Beijing）, Beijing 102249; 3 College of Geosciences, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, Heilongjiang

在高分辨率层序地层学研究的基础上，结合镜下薄片观察、电子探针分析、包裹体测试和物性分析数据，对松辽盆地北部地区下白垩统泉头组三、四段碎屑岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物的分布及其主控因素进行分析。结果表明：泉头组三、泉四段地层平缓、埋深跨度小、成岩作用变化弱，碳酸盐胶结物主要受沉积微相和基准面旋回控制；由物源向盆地方向依次发育的曲流河水上分流河道和水下分流河道中，碳酸盐胶结物含量在岩性特征、分选磨圆和泥质含量等因素的影响下呈逐渐增加的趋势；不同中期旋回相同沉积微相的储集层中，碳酸盐胶结物含量不同，并随着长期基准面上升而表现为逐渐减小的趋势；由沉积微相和基准面旋回共同引起的沉积环境差异，而导致碳酸盐胶结物含量的规律性变化，是影响河流相储集层非均质性的重要因素之一。

... 赵政璋和杜金虎,2012 ...

2012

0.0

... 致密油是致密储集层油的简称,它以吸附或游离状态赋存于生油岩中,或与生油岩互层、紧邻的致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩等储集岩中,未经过大规模长距离运移的石油聚集(邹才能等,2011,2012 ...

... 邹才能等,2011) ...

... 泉头组砂岩等之中,已获得了一些重要的勘探发现,具有形成规模储量和有效开发的条件(邹才能等,2011 ...

... 杨华等,2013)充分证实,致密油气在储集层和成藏特点方面介于典型的常规油气藏和非常规油气藏之间,属于准连续型聚集(邹才能等,2011 ...

2011

0.0

2012

0.0

... 超压系统的形成、分布与演化在油气成藏动力系统中起着重要的作用(Bradley,1975 ...

1975

0.0

... Feng et al ...

2010

0.0

... Gleadow et al ...

1986

0.0

... 近年来,随着北美Williston盆地、Maverick盆地、Fort Worth盆地等致密油的大规模成功勘探与开采(Hank et al ...

2007

0.0

... 王允诚等,2004),异常超压体系一般形成于沉积盆地的富泥段,通常也是烃源岩段(Hunt,1990 ...

1990

0.0

... Powley,1990 ...

1990

0.0

... Richard,2007 ...

2007

0.0

... Robert and Stephen,2007 ...

2007

0.0

... Stephen and Aris,2009),此类以往被忽视的非常规石油资源已成为各国石油工业争相介入的热点领域 ...

... 2 致密油成藏主控因素分析一些已发现的国内外致密油(Stephen and Aris,2009 ...

2009

0.0