地层剥蚀厚度的准确恢复对正确重建沉积盆地原始沉积--构造演化史、热史及油气生、排、运、聚史和定量评价油气资源潜力至关重要.在科学界定剥蚀厚度的含义和分析影响地层剥蚀厚度因素的基础上,提出了沉积盆地中恢复地层剥蚀厚度方法新的分类方案,将现有恢复方法划归为地质分析对比法、地热指标法、测井技术法、沉积速率法及其他方法等五大类,并选择4种常用方法对比分析了其基本原理、优缺点和适用条件.认为在实际工作中,应在充分了解各种方法的特点和正确认识区域地质背景的前提下,选用合适的恢复方法,并辅之以其他方法手段,综合、定量地恢复地层剥蚀量.

Based on modern organic metamorphism theories, maturity of organic matter (often expressed as vitrinite reflectance Ro ) can be modelled as a function of geologic time and paleogeotemperatures ( i.e., the thermal history): M=F(t, T). ( 1 ) When the paleogeothermal gradient is estimated, the thermal history varies with the erroded thickness X: T = f (X, t) ( 2 ) Thus the model predicted maturity M is 8 function of the eroded thickness.If a series of vitrinhte reflectance data below the unconformity are available in a well eg. (Roi, i = 1, 2,……, m ), an object function can be setablished as: I=Σ[Rc(Mi)-Roi]2( 3 ) where Rc(Mi ) is the calculated vitrinite reflectance from predicted, maturity corresponding to each measured ROi.Therefore I is obciously a function of the eroded thickness.The computer program is deaigned to search for an optimal X which gives the smallest value of I, ie.. the best fit of the calculated maturity to the measured. Application of the method in two actuat wells is given to show the validity of the method.

传统的恢复地层剥蚀厚度的方法是利用钻井、声波和地震资料。但限于各种地质条件而不能广泛应用。本文采取最优化方法,在计算成熟度的数学模型基础上,根据剖面上实测R。值实现对热史的反演求得剥蚀厚度。

Using equilibrium concentration of natural gas diffusion and Fik's Second Law,the total gas quantity diffusing from source rock upwards,diffusion time,diffusion quantity,quantity rate from source rock to a certain bed and denuded strata thickness can be calculated.The result of modelling an area of 124 km 2 in West Sichuan sag,Sichuan Basin shows that 3673×10 8 m 3 of gas has diffused through the source rock,gas diffusion through the regional cap rocks is 672×10 8 m 3 among which 583×10 8 m 3 of gas has dissipated to the surface,that 1910×10 8 m 3 of gas is still remained under the regional cap rocks,and that the denuded strata thickness is about 870 m.This provides a new method for studying diffusion in carrier beds and evaluating the formation of gas pools in this region.

利用天然气扩散过程中的平衡浓度,根据费克第二定律除了可以计算出源岩向上的总扩散量外,还可以得出扩散到某一层的时间、扩散量、扩散速率以及地层的剥蚀厚度。用这种方法模拟四川盆地川西凹陷深洼区(124km 2 )后,得知:在125Ma中源岩的总扩散量为3673×10 8 m 3 。通过区域盖层的扩散散失量为672×10 8 m 3 。其中有583×10 8 m 3 散失到地表;尚有1910×10 8 m 3 天然气分散在区域盖层之下;地层的剥蚀厚度约为870m。为研究天然气在输导层中的扩散和评价该区天然气藏的形成提供了一种新方法。

摘　要： 应用波动过程分析方法,对松辽北部徐家围子徐深3井等14口典型井白垩纪沉积-剥蚀过程进行了系统分析和预测,恢复了地层因不整合所造成的剥蚀厚度,分解 出反映盆地内不同凹陷和同一凹陷不同构造部位沉积-剥蚀过程的18Ma、8Ma、4Ma和1Ma4个高频波动周期。定量恢复了与气藏密切相关的晚侏罗世火 石岭末期、早白垩世沙河子末期和营城末期不整合剥蚀量平面分布,再现成藏关键时期隆起剥蚀区区域分布规律。预测和定计算了研究区中、新生代构造抬升发生层 位和不整合剥蚀量,通过对比分析认为波动过程分析方法具有系统性、预测性和受资料制约小的特点,对于经历了多次构造运动和有火山活动影响的地层不整合剥蚀 量恢复最为有效.

恢复地层剥蚀厚度是对盆地进行定量研究的重要基础工作。本文综述、评价了目前常用的恢复剥蚀厚度的方法,并对作者曾提出的天然气平衡浓度法作了进一步的阐述。

考虑到剥蚀面同时也为层序界面,在传统地层趋势法的基础上,引入了层序地层学观点,从认识剥蚀面的形态、剥蚀范围及剥蚀厚度计算三个方面对传统的地层趋势法进行了完善,提出了层序地层及地层趋势综合分析法,并将该方法在准噶尔盆地东部白家海凸起应用,取得了较好的效果.

油气源对比结果表明,准噶尔盆地中拐凸起侏罗系原油分为三类:第一类原油来源于沙湾凹陷和盆1井西凹陷二叠系风城组烃源岩;第二类原油来源于沙湾凹陷和盆1井西凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩;第三类原油来源于风城组烃源岩和乌尔禾组烃源岩的混源;研究区域中的天然气为腐殖型天然气,并与第二类原油同源;侏罗系原油遭受生物降解在平面上和纵向上呈规律性分布.

Generally speaking,gealogical section has undergone structural deformation for several million years to several hundred million years.But the area,bed thickness and marker bed length remain unchanged;that is to say,the geological section keeps balanced before and after deformation.The balanced section platted according to the principle can serve as the standard by which we can verify whether the interpretation of geological structure is reasonable.We sketch out balanced section technique and its development.We also describe the forward and backward methods caf balaneed section technique,and their applications in geological interpretation.

地质剖面形成至今,一般都经历了数千百万年乃至数亿年的构造形变过程.但其面积(体积)、地层厚度、各标志层的长度在变形前后保持相等,即变形前后的剖面是平衡的.根据这些原则制作的平衡剖面可以作为检验地质构造解释是否正确合理的标准.本文简要介绍了平衡剖面技术及其发展,并论述了平衡剖面技术的正演法和复原法及其在地质解释中的应用.

The authors established a new method for the quantitative study of the depositional and erosional processes of sedimentary basins by the analysis method of wave process in basin evolution combining with the case study of the Huanghua Depression directed by Prof. Vladimir Shpilman. Prof. Zhang Yiwei and Prof. Vladimir Shpilman pointed out in 1982-1983 that the interference of a series of identical cyclic processes may result in a non-cyclic process, i. e., the observed spacious cyclic process called as sedimentary cycle or rhythm is the interference result of a number of wave processes with a cerium cycle and amplitude. Astronomy has proven that the cycle of solar system's revolution around the Galaxy is 200Ma, and geoscience shows that 60-70Ma, 30Ma are the important cycles to the earth evolution, mantle' s convection and organic evolution. These cycles control the evolution of a sedimentary basin, and there are still other cycles, such as 10, 7, 5, 3, 1, 0.65Ma which affect the evolution of the basin. During the revolution and rotation of the earth, the obliquity of the ecliptic and precession change regularly with cycles of 10×10 4 , 4×10 4 , 2×10 4 years. This is the famous Milankovitch theory which supports to study the high frequency wave processes and to predict the distribution of source rocks, reservoirs and cover beds.If Function F(t) that can describe the depositional and erosional processes of a basin has been obtained by the Study of strata data, including outcrop, drilling and well logging, the primarythickness of the observed strata is F(t), here t. and t refer to the starting and ending times of basin evolution, respectively, whereas the erosed thickness of a hiatus is, F (t), here t1 and t2 refer to the stuning and ending times of the hiatus, respectively.In order to complete the studies mentioned above, the following steps are prerequisite, (1)the selection of areas for study, (2)the statistics of raw data for every area, (3)the trasformation from lithology thichness section to Lithology- time section, (4) restoring the primary thickness and calculating the depeitonal rate, (5)drawing the curve of depositional rate, (6)establishing the wave equation. The reliability of raw data is the key to success. The restoration of primary thickness and calculation of depeitional rate require the study of subsidence history and the determination of strata age. And the use of sliding window is the effective means to separate cyclic waves. The analysis and calculation have proven that the erosion quantity of O2 in the Huanghua area of the Huabei platform is 220m, whether or not there is a depositional process in the Triassic in the Huabei platform is still an arguement. It is made out by us that there is a 15.5m of the Triassic deposit and erosional quantity of the platform in the Cretaceous is 128m. Another obvious advantage of this method is that it can tell you whether or not there is a depositional process during the period of hiatus, for example, three small scale dePOsitional processes from O3 to C1 may be seen from Fig. 3.

本文在概述了确定剥蚀厚度方法基础上，提出了沉积盆地沉积－剥蚀过程定量研究的一种新方法──盆地波动过程分析法。该方法从钻井地层厚度资料入手，通过沉降史的研究，恢复地层的原始沉积厚度，结合各组段地层年代框架的标定，计算出各组段的沉积速率，引入数理方法建立盆地演化的波动方程。并进行剖面和平面上的分析对比，实现对沉积－剥蚀过程的定量预测。

准噶尔盆地西北缘二叠系是重要的产油层和储集层,通过岩心观察、 薄片分析,结合测井和录井资料,对西北缘克百断裂下盘二叠系砂砾岩的沉积环境和沉积特征进行了深入研究.研究表明,该区砂砾岩既有水上冲积扇沉积环境沉积 的,也有水下扇三角洲前缘沉积环境形成的.前者主要为棕褐色、泥质杂基含量高、分选和磨圆差,储层物性相对较差;后者经过了稳定水流的淘洗,杂基含量少, 钙质或沸石类胶结发育,分选性和磨圆度也较高,其物性条件也明显较好.并据此建立了研究区冲积扇与扇三角洲有机结合的沉积模式,该模式突出了湖岸线的重要 性,同时模糊冲积扇与扇三角洲之间的界限.并对冲积扇与扇三角洲各亚相的岩性特征、沉积结构和沉积序列进行了归纳和总结,为该区寻找二叠系优质储层提供借 鉴和思路.

正一、引言编制准确的构造剖面对于地质工作来说是至关重要的。在区调阶段编制的剖面,常带有相当大的推测性,有的甚至只是说明作者本人思维的一种图解表示,经不起实践的检验。但对于矿产勘探,尤其是油气田地质和工程地质等,一个准确的符合实际的剖面对于指导进一步工作(如布置钻孔、评价储量等)有很大的现实意义。因此,在开始钻孔之前应当用某种方法来检验剖面的正确性。所以,近年来主要是在油田地质勘探中发展起来了一种平衡剖面

 The Apatite fission track analysis, the deposition-erosion process analysis and the cosmogenic nuclide analysis are introduced as the three new advancing methods on the recovery of the thickness of eroded strata in basin in this paper. The three new methods have the common advantage, that is: not only the general thickness of eroded strata can be obtained, but also the whole erosion process be obtained. So the thickness of eroded strata occurring in every tectonic elevated erosion period can be easily recovered by means of the new methods.

主要介绍了磷灰石裂变径迹分析法、沉积波动过程分析法和宇宙成因核素分析法等3种恢复和计算地层剥蚀量的新方法。它们的优点是不但给出一个剥蚀面造成的地层总的剥蚀量,还能详细刻画整个剥蚀过程,从而能计算出每一期构造抬升引起的地层剥蚀量。

Sublacustrine fans were identified firstly in the Junggar Basin through integrated methodology of geology and geophysics.Data gathered from core sampling,testing,logging,and 3D seismic analysis of the Wuba block in Karamay Oilfield of Juggar Basin,show that the fans develop well in the lower Urho Formation of the Permian in the area.Study on the sedimentary facies,petrology and texture reveals that the fans have Bouma sequence and grain size distribution typical of turbidite deposits.Forward seismic modeling confirms the sensitive responses of the fans.The spatial distribution of fans was finely described with several seismic technologies including seismic multi-attributes,spectrum decomposition and seismic slices.The sandbodies in the fans occur as chaotic reflection,oblique reflection and lenticular reflection on seismic profiles.On plane view,they are widely distributed in clusters with good sandstone and mudstone combinations,while in space,they show lens shapes.These sandstone reservoirs and source rocks are close and in good combination,favorable for forming litholohic traps.These fans bear great significance to the exploration of lithologic reservoirs in the region.

以准噶尔盆地克拉玛依油田五八区为例,综合利用岩心分析、薄片鉴定、分析化验和测井等资料,通过对二叠系下乌尔禾组湖底扇砂岩体岩石学、结构特征等方面的研究,认为下乌尔禾组湖底扇较发育,具有典型浊流沉积所形成的鲍马序列,沉积结构上也具有典型浊流沉积的粒度分布特征。地震正演模拟结果证实湖底扇具有敏感的地震响应。通过平均瞬时相位属性、相位调谐体频率切片、层拉平切片等地震多属性的刻画与储层反演,精细刻画砂体空间分布特征。湖底扇砂岩体地震剖面上具有典型的楔状杂乱反射、斜交反射以及透镜状反射特征。平面上南北向成群展布,分布范围广,砂泥岩配置关系良好,空间上呈透镜状展布。湖底扇砂岩体毗邻烃源岩,储盖组合良好,易形成岩性圈闭,油气成藏条件优越,对岩性油气勘探具有重要意义。

准噶尔盆地乌夏地区二叠纪处于前陆盆地的早、中期,受断层活动、火山作用和物源等不同因素影响,早二叠世发育了一套由火山岩向火山碎屑岩、正常碎屑岩过渡的岩性组合,火山作用总体向上逐渐减弱.中、晚二叠世前陆盆地逐渐向坳陷盆地过渡,其中风城组沉积期为二叠纪最大湖侵期,沉积中心向南迁移;夏子街组沉积期和下乌尔禾组沉积期广泛发育扇三角洲-湖泊相沉积组合,自下而上为基准面上升-下降-上升的旋回.岩性和构造控制了火山岩储集层的发育,沉积相则控制了碎屑岩储集层的发育.水下分流主河道砂体的粒内溶孔、构造活动带火山碎屑岩的裂缝、深层火山岩中的气孔是最为有利的储集空间.

摘　要：

沉积盆地不整合面上地层剥蚀量恢复方法很多,按学科可分为4大类:基于古温标的地热学方法、基于地层学或沉积学原理的地质学方法、基于测井或地震数据的地球物理学方法和基于物质扩散或累积原理的地球化学方法.每类方法都有其自身的适用条件和局限性,实际应用中,必须根据盆地的发育、沉积构造演化以及不整合面分布等特征,选择最有效的方法或方法组合.分析认为:在数据质量可靠的情况下、并且同时满足地层构造层序中的下构造层较上构造层经历了更高的古地温这一基本条件,古温标镜质体反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹古地温梯度法是首选方法;对于中新生代沉积盆地,可以选择孔隙度法和或声波时差法与古地温梯度法相结合进行地层剥蚀量恢复;对于显生宙以来的多旋回叠合盆地,首先应该对盆地的沉积、构造演化历史进行仔细分析,利用地层对比法定性约束剥蚀量的范围,然后再应用地热学方法和或沉积波动分析法进行定量计算.

The Chemo palaeouplift is located in the interior of the Junggar Basin. It is oriented in SWNE direction which was formed in the Yanshanian Orogeny. Now it is a monocline with a north to south inclination. The Jurassic of the study area experienced a multistage tectonic movements. Many truncations and onlap unconformity surfaces were developed, thus the study area is profitable for exploration of lithologic petroleum accumulations. By analyses on the eroded stratigraphic thickness and according to the seismic profiles characters, the eroded thickness of the Toutunhe, the Xishanyao and the Sangonghe formations of the Jurassic in the Chemo palaeouplift are reconstructed using the direct seismic profile indexing method combined with the thickness viriation ratio method and the neighboring thickness ratio method. The most intensive erosion occurred in the KuitunMosuowan area, and the largest eroded thickness is 260 m, 340 m, and 140 m respectively for the three formations. The eroded thickness of the Xishanyao Formation in the high palaeouplift was probably formed by twostage tectonic movements, while the eroded thickness of the Sangonghe Formation in the higher palaeouplift was probably from the tectonic movement in the later period. The relationship between the planar distribution characters of the eroded thickness and the formation and evolution of the palaeouplift indicate the late Early Jurassic is the initial forming period of the Chemo palaeouplift, the sedimentary period of Xishanyao Formation is its developing period, and the Late Jurassic is its extensively developing period. The transportation of a great deal of eroded sediment provided the conditions for the lithologic trap formation on the slope area of the palaeouplift. The southern slope area of the Chemo palaeouplift is the profitable petroleum accumulation area.

车莫古隆起位于准噶尔盆地腹部，为一个南西—北东走向的燕山期古隆起，现今构造为由北向南倾斜的单斜。该区侏罗纪经历了多期构造运动，发育多个削蚀和上超不整合面，是地层岩性油气藏勘探的有利地区。通过地层剥蚀厚度恢复主要方法与相关条件的分析,根据研究区实际地震资料特征，采用地震剖面直接追踪法、参考层厚度变化率法和邻层厚度比值法，对车莫古隆起区侏罗系头屯河组、西山窑组、三工河组的剥蚀厚度进行了恢复，其最大剥蚀量均分布在奎屯—莫索湾一带，各层最大剥蚀厚度为260 m、340 m和140 m。其中古隆起高部位的西山窑组剥蚀量可能是由两期构造运动造成的，三工河组剥蚀量的产生可能来自后期构造运动。通过分析剥蚀厚度平面分布特征与古隆起形成、演化之间的关系,指出早侏罗世末期是车莫古隆起的雏形期，西山窑组沉积期是车莫古隆起的逐渐发育时期，侏罗纪末期是车莫古隆起快速发育时期。大量剥蚀产物的搬运为古隆起翼部斜坡区地层岩性圈闭的形成创造了条件，车莫古隆起南部斜坡区是油气聚集的有利地区。