悉尼盆地位于澳大利亚东部,Lachlan褶皱带和New England褶皱带之间。悉尼盆地从晚石炭世末到中三叠世经历了弧后扩张到前陆盆地的不同阶段:弧后扩张阶段(石炭纪)、被动热沉降阶段(早、中二叠世Berry组)和挤压挠曲负载阶段(中二叠世Broughton组―三叠纪)。此时位于悉尼盆地东侧的New England褶皱带为岛弧背景。因此,二叠纪处于弧后盆地的南悉尼盆地受弧后扩张和东侧弧前海沟俯冲的影响地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震有关的震积岩,形成多种类型的与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造。南悉尼盆地二叠系的软沉积物变形包括地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层、滑塌构造、角砾岩化等。其中地裂缝、震褶层是地震颤动直接引起的断裂和褶皱;枕状层是地震颤动引起的砂层脱水、下沉形成的;液化脉、沙火山为液化的砂层穿入地震形成的裂隙形成的;负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造是受地震颤动在砂、泥岩界面上由于砂层下沉、泥层上穿形成的;滑塌构造和角砾岩化是地震引起的重力滑塌或泥石流形成的。地裂缝、震褶层、液化脉、沙火山、负荷构造、火焰构造、枕状构造、球状构造、枕状层相当于原地震积岩,而滑塌构造和角砾岩化属于异地震积岩。

Earthquake event deposit has become a “hot spot” in modern sedimentary geology.By reviewing the history of domestic seismites study，the main achievements and problems about the seismites studies in China have been summed up in this paper，which focused on the earthquake-caused soft-sediment deformation，timing， distribution and sequences of earthquake event deposits etc .Earthquake-caused soft-sediment deformation is divided into syndepositional，penecontemporaneous and epigenetic deformation.The differences were also discussed respectively among earthquake-caused syndepositional veins，liquefied veins and epigenetic veins，micro-fold，liquefied convolute deformation and epigenetic folds，seismic shocks deformation and liquefied deformation，pillow structures and pillow beds.

地震事件沉积已经成为当今沉积地质学的一个热点领域。文中通过回顾国内震积岩的研究历史，总结了中国震积岩研究的成果及其存在的问题，重点讨论了地震引起的软沉积物变形、地震事件沉积的时序、地震事件沉积的空间分布和地震事件沉积序列等。按照地震对沉积物改造的时间，将软沉积物变形划分为同生、准同生、后生变形3类，并对地震同生断裂、准同生期液化沙体沿地震裂缝侵入的液化岩脉和后期断裂充填岩脉，地震形成的微褶皱、液化卷曲变形层理和后期褶皱，地震震动变形和液化变形构造，枕状构造和枕状层之间的区别分别进行了讨论。

Various and complex styles of soft-sediment deformation structures were recognized in the Upper Cretaceous of the Kugou-Longgujian-Xijiantun district at southwestern area of Zhucheng in Jiaolai Basin，which was located in Jiaodong Peninsula，eastern China.Many types of brittle，plastic and liquefied soft-sediment deformation structures were found including load structure，ball-pillow structure，injection structure(flame structure)，liquefied deformation，liquefied vein，mixed plunge structure，minor earthquake fault. These deformation structures were typically formed by coarse sediments during palaeoearthquake event.Multi-bed soft-sediment deformation interclated with non-deformed beds，which indicate the earthquakes of the Late Cretaceous in Zhucheng were frequent，multi-stage，periodic and of strong-weak changing.Large scale dinosaur(hadrosaurs)fossils were found in coarse sediments from flood plain and debris flows were mainly from the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang and Qingshan Formations in the southern margin of the basin.Dinosaur fossils buried layer among the structural deformation layers of multi-layer palaeoearthquake soft-sediment deformation may be related with the sudden，strong energetic seismic events which lead to the mud-rock flow burying large scale dinosaur skeletons.

在山东诸城库沟、龙骨涧、西见屯集群恐龙化石埋藏层——上白垩统王氏群辛格庄组与红土崖组中，发现存在脆性、塑性及液化等多种类型的软沉积物变形构造，主要包括负载构造、球—枕构造、挤入构造（火焰构造）、液化卷曲变形、液化脉状构造、混插沉积构造及地震断裂等典型的粗碎屑沉积物形成的古地震记录。多层的软沉积物变形构造及未变形沉积层间互出现，反映晚白垩世诸城地区地震活动频繁，地震活动具有多期性、间歇性及活动能量强—弱转换的脉动性。泥石流、洪泛平原沉积层中埋藏了大规模、顺层分布的恐龙（鸭嘴龙）骨骼化石，其中砂砾岩物源主要来自盆地南缘下白垩统的莱阳组和青山组。多层的古地震软沉积物变形构造层之间夹持着恐龙化石埋藏层，可能与盆地南缘诱发泥石流、埋藏大规模恐龙骨骼的突发性、强能量地震事件有关。

Basing on the new data from the detailed field work in the last few years,we conclude thegeometric and kinematic features of the seismic fault of the 1668 Tancheng earthquake( M =8(1/2))and then make a new understanding on its fracture mechanism. The 1668 seismic fault,as longas 130 km,was formed in middle of the Tanlu fault zone between Tuling,Juxian county,andYaoshang, Tancheng county.It consists of five secondary rupture segments with different modesof movement.The middle segments are dominated by strike-slipping, while the two ends bythrusting. The seismic fault was first ruptured at the centre,where the fault was strong shearing；Then the fracture propagated in two directions. The M =8(1/2) main shock was generated bythe initial rupture and during fracture propagating the aftershocks occurred.The fracture mechanism of the paleoearthquake events during the Holocene was the same.

根据近年来野外考察所获新资料,总结了1668年郯城8(1/2)级地震断层的几何学、运动学特征,并对地震断层的破裂机制提出了新见解。1668年郯城8(1/2)级地震断层北起莒县土岭南至郯城窑上,全长130km,由5条运动性质不同的断层段组成。中部以走滑运动为主,两端部以逆冲性质为主。断裂首先在强走滑的中部产生破裂点,并向南北两个方向传播,造成了主震及强余震序列的发生。全新世以来多次主地震事件有着相同的破裂机制。

Ancient earthquake are determined by various sediment deformation structures contained in the strata. The systematic induction and summarization of the sediment deformation produced by earthquakes will provide the theoretical basis for ancient seismite researches， and is helpful for recognizing those signs in the field. The classification of sediment deformation brought by earthquakes introduced here is a draft to be discussed， supplemented and revised. The genesis mechanism is the bedrock of classification. Though these special sediment deformation structures are mainly related with earthquakes， many other factors may also be included. Therefore， detailed researches of regional geological setting shall be performed for determining the deformation structures.

古地震是依据地层中保留的沉积物变形记录而确定的。系统归纳总结地震诱发沉积物变形将为古地震研究提供理论基础，也有助于野外调查辨认这些记录。作者提出了一个初步的、供讨论与补充修正的地震触发沉积物变形分类的方案。变形的成因机制是分类的基础。这些特殊沉积物变形主要与地震有关，但其中一些变形往往也受其他多种因素的影响，因此要确定地震成因变形必须详尽研究相关的区域地质背景构造。

Seismites of the Shidian Member of the Cambrian Mantou Formation have been found in different areas of the central Shandong Province in recent years. They were formed in a dry tidal flat lagoon environment, and developed in the upper part of the Lower Cambrian. They have the characteristics of intra-layer structures recording strong seismic events, such as the escaped structure of water (seismogenic micrite vein) , liquefied fold deformation, micro-fault-graded and net-like cracks etc. Through a comprehensive correlation of the strata, the isochroneity of seiemites in different areas is proved in the paper. It is considered that there was a seismic active period at the end of the Early Cambrian in the central Shandong area. The seismic sequence belongs to the original position system of the vibrational liquefaction seismic sequence in carbonate rocks put forward by Qiao Xiufu(1994, 2001a), and the distribution of the seismites was in a region of earthquake intensity of 7-11 degree caused by some strong palaeo-earthquakes about 510 Ma ago, with the palaeo-Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone as the seismic center. In order to be distinguished from the seismic event bed of the Neoproterozoic Shiwangzhuang Period in the central Shandong area, this earthquake-genetic stratum is temporarily named the seismic event bed of the Mantou Period.

近几年在鲁中不同地区发现馒头组石店段中均有震积岩产出。震积岩形成于干燥的潮坪泻湖环境，发育在下寒武统的上部。它们具有记录强地震事件的泄水构造（地震成因泥晶脉）、液化卷曲变形、阶梯状小断裂、层内错断和液化网状裂纹等层内构造的特征。本文通过地层综合对比，论证了不同地区震积岩的等时性。认为：鲁中早寒武世末有一个地震活跃期；地震序列属乔秀夫（1994，2001a)提出的碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列的原地系统；震积岩分布范围是约在510Ma前，以古郯庐带为震中的强地震之7－11度烈度区。为区别于张增奇（1996）提出的鲁中新元古代石旺庄期地震事件层，将此地震成因地层名之为馒头期地震事件层。

In the Yishu fault zone and its surrounding area, seismites have been discovered in four horizons, i.e. Sinian Shiwangzhuang Formation, Cambrian Mantou Formation, Paleogene Zhubidian Formation and Shahejie Formation. All of Seismites are seismo-depositional layers with the liquefied vein structure and other seismogenesis intra-layer structures. Through some correlation and analysis in many ways, it is confirmed that liquefied vein structures of different horizons possess some alike or common features, which reflects that the origin of liquefied vein structures is identical in different geological periods. It is considered that Precambrian“molar tooth structure” with common features of liquefied vein structures is called “liquefied vein structure of micrite-sparry limestone”best.

在沂沭断裂带及其近区,已发现震旦纪石旺庄组、寒武纪馒头组、古近纪朱壁店组和沙河街组四个层位发育震积岩,它们均是具有地震液化脉构造和其它地震成因层内构造的震积岩层。通过对比与分析,确认不同地层层位的液化脉构造具有某些共同特征,这反映了不同层位的液化脉构造的成因具同一性。笔者认为将具有地震液化脉构造共同特征的前寒武纪“molar tooth构造”,称作“泥亮晶灰岩液化脉构造”为宜。

In the earlier Early Cambrian，with the proceeding of the marine invasion from the Paleo-Yishu Strait to west，uneven thick deposits of sandstone，mudstone and carbonate rock of littoral，lagoon and neritic facies were deposited in western Shandong Province.The horizon of these layers belongs to the bottom part of Lower Cambrian consisting of the Liguan and Zhushadong Formations.Together with the depositional and formation processes，tectonic rift-depression was taking place in the Yishu Fault Zone，characterized by frequent submarine earthquakes with different seismic effects within 200km range from the Yishu Fault Zone to west.Various seismogenetic syndepositional deformation structures are formed in the seismicrecords.Seismic effect records developed in the Zhushadong Formation are mainly soft-sediment deformations such as diapir structure，carbonate lime-mud volcano，liquefied vein，liquefied breccia，seismic fold，graded-fault，siliceous vein etc .，besides a few brittle deformation of semi-consolidated sediments.Those preserved in the Liguan Formation are not only slump fold，load structure and ball-and-pillow structure，but also some seismo-turbidite.Magnitude reflected by submarine seismic effects might be Richater magnitude of 5.0～8.9.These evidences indicate that strong tectonic activities occurred along the Yishu Fault Zone in the Early Cambrian.Analyses from the viewpoint of marine engineering geology show that seismic effects mentioned above are destructive forms of sediment layers caused by earthquake at the sea-bottom.This paper has provided intuitive materials for understanding earthquake destruction to rock-soil layers of seafloor-engineering foundation.

早寒武世初期，随着从古沂沭海峡向西海侵的发展，鲁西地区沉积了厚度不等的主要由砂岩、泥岩和碳酸盐岩组成的滨海、潟湖及浅海相沉积，其层位属下寒武统底部的李官组和朱砂洞组。在它们沉积过程中，沂沭断裂带正发生着伴有频繁海底地震的构造裂陷活动，使海底沉积物在自沂沭断裂带向西200km范围内产生了不同的地震效应，形成了各种地震成因的同沉积变形构造。发育在朱砂洞组中的地震效应记录除有少量半固结沉积物的脆性变形外，主要是液化底劈、碳酸盐灰泥火山、液化脉、液化角砾岩、震褶曲、粒序断层和硅质脉等软沉积物变形；李官组中既有含滑塌褶曲、负载构造、球—枕构造等震滑塌堆积，也有震浊积岩。由海底地震效应记录所反映的震级为5～8.9级。这些证据表明沂沭断裂带在早寒武世初期发生了强构造活动。从海底工程地质的角度来分析，上述地震效应是地震对海底沉积层的破坏形式，这为认识海底工程地基岩土层的地震破坏提供了直观的资料。

In southern Jinan area,some soft sediment deformation structures triggered by earthquake developed in siliceous dolostone layers of the Dingjiazhuang Member of the Lower Cambrian Zhushadong Formation,such as siliceous thixotropic veins,siliceous thixotropic subsidence and wedge, etc. A set of gray black cherts were sampled from the same soft-siliceous subsidence structure. Using the VG354 isotopic mass spectrometer(made in Britain)and the method of isotope mass spectrometry, the 147 Sm/ 144 Nd and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd isotope ratios of each samples were measured. By means of the Sm-Nd isochron,the cherts have been dating. The diagenetic ages of the 530.8±6.1 Ma were obtained for the set of gray black cherts,belonging to the early stage of the Early Cambrian.As the minimum time for a soft flint (colloidal silica) to form a lithified rock is 0.1 Ma, it can be inferred that the seismic sedimentary events occurred at 530.7±6.1 Ma.Since the dating result is close to the lower bound age of the Canglangpuan Stage,and there is exists no fossil in the Dingjiazhuang Member of the Zhushadong Formation of Shandong Province,and the whole Zhushadong Formation belongs to the Canglangpuan Stage in the key profile of the Zhushadong Formation of Henan Province. So it is implied that the Dingjiazhuang Member of the Zhushadong Formation belongs to the Canglangpuan Stage. Through dating,the first isotopic age of the Lower Cambrian of the western Shandong is got,which is possessed of some reference value and significance to define the time of seismic depositional events in the Early Cambrian,and also provides a new datum for the further study of the Cambrian strata in the area.

在济南南部下寒武统朱砂洞组丁家庄段硅质白云岩中,发育地震引起的硅质触变脉、硅质触变沉陷构造和触变楔等软沉积变形构造。从同一地震触变沉陷构造中,采得一组灰黑色燧石样品。使用英国VG354同位素质谱仪和同位素质谱分析方法,测得每个样品的 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 和 143 Nd/ 144 Nd 同位素值。采用Sm-Nd 等时线法,对燧石进行了测年。获得燧石的成岩年龄为530.8±6.1 Ma,由于软燧石(硅胶体)成岩至少经历了0.1 Ma的时间,所以,地震沉积事件发生在530.7±6.1 Ma,属早寒武世早期。由于测年结果与沧浪铺阶的下界年龄接近,山东朱砂洞组丁家庄段无化石且河南省标准地层剖面中的整个朱砂洞组属沧浪铺阶,这暗示济南地区朱砂洞组丁家庄段属沧浪铺阶。本次测年得到了鲁西地区第1个下寒武统的同位素年龄值,这对确定该地区早寒武世地震沉积事件发生的时间具有参考价值和意义,也为深入研究鲁西地区寒武纪地层提供了新资料。

By means of seism investigation, soil test and 14 C dating, disaster phenomena about seismic subsidence of soft soils and some earthquake-induced association structures of soil layers are identified in soft soils of limnetic facies during the Mid-late Holocene in the Anqiu area of Yishu fault-seismic zone, including subsidence synform folds of soft soils, small scale co-seismic faults, pinch-and-swell structures and seismic fissures, in which subsidence synforms are vertical deformations that directly reflect the seismic subsidence disaster. Small scale co-seismic faults are some little faults caused by earthquakes, with vertical lengths of 0.5~1.8 m under the subsidence synform. A subsidence synform comes at first along with producing of co-seismic faults and developes downward treading on the heels of these faults extending to the even deeper place. The earthquake vibration causes the thixotropic deformation of saturated soft soils, and soil particles flow from the hinge zone to two wings of the synform, in which the seismic additional stresses act continually, resulting in formation of the narrow and deep-seated subsidence synform. The deepest seismic subsidence of soft soils is 1.08 m, and the average depth is 0.68 m. It is estimated that the seismic intensity is VIII degree, and the earthquake magnitude is over M6.0. The formation age of the mucky soils for 3901±33a B.P. is obtained by the 14 C dating, so the seismic event occurred in about 19th Century B.C.. The co-seismic fault is an important factor for forming the seismic subsidence of soft soils, which provides the new information for understanding the formation mechanism of the seismic subsidence of soft soils and the new revelation for preventing or mitigating the harm of the seismic subsidence. Therefore, attention should be paid to possible hidden troubles of co-seismic faults to be produced in the underlying layer of soft soils.

通过地震调查、土工试验和 14 C测年,从沂沭断裂地震带安丘地区的全新世中—晚期湖沼相软土中,识别出了软土震陷灾害现象和地震产生的软土沉陷向斜褶曲、小尺度同震断层、狭缩-膨胀构造和震裂缝等共生土层变形构造,其中,软土沉陷向斜是直接反应震陷灾害的纵向土层变形。小尺度同震断层是地震产生的小断层,发育在沉陷向斜之下,其垂向延长0.5~1.8 m。沉陷向斜随着同震断层的产生而初现;又紧随断层向深部延伸而向下发展。地震振动使饱和软土发生触变,土质点从沉陷向斜的转折端向两翼发生流动,在此过程中,附加地震应力不断作用,结果形成了窄而深的沉陷向斜。软土震陷最大深度为1.08 m,平均震陷深度为0.68 m。推断当时的地震烈度达到Ⅷ度、震级超过M6。测得淤泥质土的 14 C年龄为 3901±33a B.P.,该地震事件约发生公元前19世纪。同震断层是形成震陷的重要诱导因素,这为认识软土震陷的形成机理提供了新资料;也为防治或减轻软土震陷的危害提出了新启示。因此,应重视软土下伏土层可能产生同震断层的隐患。

To analyze the distribution characteristics and formation stages of soft-sediment deformation structures in slump folds in Lingshan Island, field outcrops, thin sections, geological statistics and some other methods was utilized to do comprehensive research on Laohuzui section and Chuanchang section. Giant slump folds, load structures, ladder faults, boudinages, ball-pillow structures and other deformation structures developed on the Chuanchang section. And intrafolial folds, micro-ladder faults and intra-formational breccias, distributed on Laohuzui section. According to the forming time, development position and morphological characteristics, deformations on the Chuanchang section were classified into pre-slump deformations and syn-slump deformations, and the pre-slump deformations were subdivided into infra-slump fold deformations and intra-slump fold deformations. Slump folds showed multi-order and multi-scale. The main slump folds were composed of thick layers of turbidite in meter-scale. The secondary slump folds were composed of laminaes in|milimeter-scale. There were different stresses in the different parts of rocks in the slumping process, with some other deformation structures concomitant, such as boudins formed by tensile stress and shear folds formed by extrusion stress. Load structures formed before the slump kept the original shapes in the slumping process, and didnt deform in the following rock deformation process. The study on soft-sediment deformation structures of Lingshan Island proved that the palaeoearthquake activities were frequent in the Early Cretaceous.

利用野外露头和镜下薄片等资料、地质统计等方法, 对山东省灵山岛老虎嘴剖面和船厂滑塌剖面软沉积物变形构造分布特征和形成期次进行了研究。船厂剖面发育滑塌褶皱、负载构造、阶梯断层、布丁构造、球—枕构造等典型的软沉积物变形构造；老虎嘴剖面发育层内褶皱、微阶梯断层、层内角砾岩等。根据形成时间、发育部位和形态特征, 将船厂剖面变形划分为滑塌前变形和滑塌中变形, 滑塌前变形又可以细分滑塌体下部变形和滑塌体内部变形。滑塌褶皱具有多级别、多尺度的特点；以厚岩层组成的滑塌褶皱为主, 尺寸为米级；岩层内部纹层形成的次级褶皱为辅, 尺寸为毫米级。滑塌过程中岩层不同部位应力不同, 伴生其他变形构造, 如拉张形成的布丁构造和挤压形成剪切褶皱等。滑塌前已经形成的负载构造等在滑塌过程中保持原来形态, 不因地层变形而变形。这些古地震触发形成的软沉积变形构造证明灵山岛在早白垩世古地震活动频繁。

Chishan is located in the northeastern Sixian county, Anhui Province. The western branch fault of Tangcheng-Lujiang Fault zone passes through this area. According to the previous researches, the Chishan segment of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault zone is obviously active since Quaternary. Trenches excavated perpendicular to the Chishan segment of Thancheng-Lujiang Fault zone for this study have revealed many prehistoric earthquake remains-the multi-phase reverse faulting colluvial wedges, represented as the western brick-red sandstone of the late Cretaceous or maize gravel stratum of the mid Pleistocene of the hanging wall of the fault overlapping eastward the mid-late Pleistocene brown clay. In the base of the wedges, steep NW-dipping faults were found, and upward, the steep fault planes turned to gently dipping collapse planes. As revealed by the trenches, the connection line of the breaking points strikes NNE in general, heaving landforms are preserved at most part of the tailing edge of the hanging wall in the places the fault passes through, and some EW-trending gullies were offset by right-lateral faulting. Evidences of collapse under west-to-east extrusion are revealed unanimously in several trenches. Among them, Tc1-Tc4 show that the brick-red limestone (K 2 ) overthrust and collapsed on the yellow-brown clay containing ferro-manganese nodules (Q p 2-3 ); Tc5 reveals that the yellowish-white gravel (Q p 2 ) and the limestone (K 2 ) overthrust and collapsed on the aforementioned clay. Reverse faulting colluvial wedges are found on both walls of each of the 8 trenches, but the number of wedges revealed in different trenches is different: there is 1 wedge in some trenches, and 2 wedges in Tc1 and Tc3, 3 wedges in Tc2, Tc4 and Tc5, and in individual trenches, few wedges are revealed, this may be related to the trench's location, depth and height of the remaining denudation. From the analysis of the trenches and the thermoluminescence dating results, we can conclude preliminarily that multiple large-scale reverse faulting stick-slip events took place on the Chishan segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang Fault zone during mid-late Pleistocene, that is to say, many pre-historic strong earthquakes occurred.

赤山地处安徽省泗县东北部,为郯庐断裂带西支断裂通过处。以往研究认为,郯庐断裂带赤山段第四纪以来有较为明显的活动。此次在垂直于赤山段开挖的多个探槽中均揭露出史前地震遗迹(多期逆断型崩积楔),具体表现为断层上盘砖红色上白垩统砂岩或黄白色中更新统砾石层向东叠置于褐黄色中、上更新统黏土之上。在楔状体根部均发现向NW陡倾的断裂,陡立的断面向上转变为缓倾的上翻垮落面。多条探槽揭示的断裂点的连线总体呈NNE走向,断裂通过处的上盘后缘大部分残留了凸起地貌,部分EW向冲沟被断裂右旋扭错。多条探槽两壁都一致显示出从西向东的推挤垮塌痕迹。其中Tc1～Tc4表现为砖红色砂岩(K 2 )逆冲垮落于黄褐色含铁锰结核黏土(Q p 2-3 )之上,Tc5则表现为红砂岩(K 2 )和黄白色砾石层(Q p 2 )逆冲垮塌于上述的黏土之上。在几个探槽的逆断型崩积楔上均揭示出此段曾有多次逆断型崩积事件发生,个别探槽揭露楔体较少,可能与其所处的位置、揭露深度和剥蚀残存的高度有关。对开挖探槽及光释光测年结果的详细分析初步得出,郯庐断裂带赤山段在中、晚更新世之交曾多次发生大规模逆断型黏滑事件,即曾多次发生史前大地震。

The seismism can reform the formed sediments and develop seismites in lacstrine basin, as well as induce surging wave, turbidity current and debris flow and then form seismic surge wave deposits and seismoturbidite rocks. Based on core observation and image logging analysis, the author points out for the first time that the clastic rocks harving hummocky cross-straitification and typical seismites (shattered rocks, seismic corrugated rocks and autoclastic breccia) coexist in the third member of Shahejie Formation of central uplift belt in Huimin depression, therefore they belong to the result of surge wave deposits. Many sedimentary structures develop in the seismic surge wave deposits of this area, such as hummocky cross-stratifyication(HCS) and swaley cross-stratifyication(SCS) convolute bedding, parallel bedding, massive bedding, ripple and scouring and truncated surface, etc. According to the sedimentary characteristics and distribution,the seismic surge wave deposits are classified into two types, that is, the stirring type seismic surge wave deposits with mud gravel having plastic feature near the surge base and the undertow type seismic surge wave deposits between surge wave base and normal wave base. Vertically, the seismic surge wave deposits are usually above seismite and under seismoturbidite rocks. They compose a integrated sequence of seismite-seismic surge wave deposits-seismoturbidite rock or a sequence of seismite-seismic surge wave deposits. The discovery and research of seismic surge wave deposits caused by seismism can provide geologists with one of correlation standards for identifying the seismic event deposition of lacstrine basin.

在陆相湖盆中,地震引起的各种作用力可以对各种先成沉积物进行改造而形成原地震积岩,同样地震可引发涌浪、浊流及碎屑流而形成地震涌浪沉积及震浊积岩.通过大量岩心观察描述和成像测井资料分析,首次提出惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙河街组含有丘状交错层理的碎屑岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密共生,当属于地震作用引发涌浪的沉积产物.本区地震涌浪沉积中发育丘状及洼状层理、包卷层理、平行层理、块状层理、波痕、冲刷及截切面等沉积构造.根据沉积特征和分布位置,本区地震涌浪沉积划分为两种类型,即位于涌浪基面附近的含塑性泥砾的搅动型和涌浪基面与正常浪基面之间的回流型.垂向上地震涌浪沉积一般位于原地震积岩之上,震浊积岩之下,组成完整的原地震积岩―地震涌浪沉积―地震浊积岩序列或原地震积岩―地震涌浪沉积序列.本区地震涌浪沉积的发现和研究,将为地质学家识别陆相湖盆地震事件沉积提供对比标准.

Based upon observations in the field and on drilling cores，this paper documents the sedimentary features and variations of the Cretaceous System in the Jiaozhou- Laiyang Basin，Shandong province．Several kinds of seismites，including vibrational liquefied sandstone veins， vibrational fractures．vibrational folds and sandy― pillow structure in the lower part of the Laiyang Group，are identified and described in detail． Taking the geological setting of the basin into account，the authors believe that the formation of the Jiaozhou- Laiyang Basin is coeval with the uplifting- extension of the Sulu ultrahigh―pressure terrane．The intensive syn― sedimentary tectonic activity has resulted in the widespread seism ites in the Laiyang Group.

通过对胶州-莱阳盆地沉积层的野外考察和岩心观察，系统分析了莱阳群的沉积特征及其变化规律，鉴别出一些较典型的震积岩类型；较详细描述了其中的粉砂质液化脉、震裂液化角砾岩、震褶岩和砂枕构造等地震液化特征。最后从盆地的区域地质背景出发，初步认为白垩纪早期胶州-莱阳盆地的形成与其南部苏鲁造山带的后期隆升同时，造成研究区总体处于伸展-裂解的构造环境之中。强烈的同沉积构造活动伴随频繁的地震发生，致使盆地内早期沉积的莱阳群以普遍发育震积岩为特征。

This paper discussed the sedimentary property, vertical sequence and geological significance of seismites of Paleogene in Huimin sag, Shandong Province. Seismite is a kind of catastrophic event rock, being the terrane with ancient earthquake records. Huimin sag was a fault lake in Paleogenein Bohaiwan basin. The sandstones and mudstones were the main sedimentary rocks with in the sag. Many typical deformation structures were caused by widespread earthquake in the sag. They were syn sedimentary microfactures (includingfault graded), seismic fissure bed, sandstone vein, water escape structure, "pillow structure", ball structure, convolute lamination, load structure and flame structure, etc. The vertical sequence of seismite of petroclastic rock in Paleogene in Huimin sag, from bottom to top, included 6 units: underlying unshocked layer, fissure layer, microfold layer, pillow structure and partner structure layer, liquefied homogeneous layer and overlying unshocked layer. Thecompletenessof the vertical sequence dependsonthe location of section, seismic level, especially the lithology. It is of important geologicalsignificance to study seismite. Most seismites in Paleogene in Huimin sag developed near the peripheral faults and central fault zone of the sag. The mass appearanceof seismites reflected the intensively active period of basin-controlling boundary faults, andcan be used to interpret the tectonic evolvement of fault basin. The seismites in fault basin can be likely reservoir for their specialtectonic location and structures.

震积岩是具有古地震事件记录的岩层,讨论了在山东惠民凹陷古近纪陆源碎屑断陷湖盆砂泥质沉积中发现地震灾变事件的典型变形构造,包括微同沉积断裂和震裂缝、卷曲变形构造、水下岩脉和泄水构造、震积枕状及伴生构造等。在此基础上,建立了该区古近系碎屑岩震积岩垂向序列 :A段下伏未震层,B段微同沉积断裂层,C段微褶皱变形层,D段枕状构造及伴生构造层,E段液化均一层和F段上覆未震层。层序的完整性取决于剖面位置,地震震级,特别是发生地震处的岩性。根据震积岩的分布规律和沉积特征讨论了其地质意义 :震积岩集中发育在凹陷边界断层和中央断裂带附近,代表凹陷边界断裂和中央断裂强烈活动时期,有助于断陷盆地构造演化的动力学解释;可能是一种潜在的油气储层。

The characteristics and formation of loop bedding of Paleogene in Jiyang sub-basin were studied through cores observation and rock slices identification mainly. There are 6kinks of loop bedding, such as smooth polliwog shape, horsetail or pinch-and-swell loop, associated with syn-sedimentary microfracture, catenarian loop bedding group, spindle loop bedding group and loop bedding with a slungshot as core in the studied area. Four main formations of loop bedding in Jiyang sub-basin were upper layers fall down in the process of earthquake, tautening distortion due to earthquake, the frication of earthquake-related surface of fault and the effect of redox and diffuse other formations of loop bedding comprise the effect of earthquake wave, the effect coming from circumrotate of globosity rotation, "snowball" function,  cementation intermittent, the effect of biology, and so on. The tectonic location, stress condition, sedimentary environment, sediment characteristic and wall rock condition are the elementary factors considered in loop bedding study.

主要通过钻井岩心观察和岩石薄片鉴定等手段对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近纪环状层理进行研究。研究结果表明,济阳坳陷古近纪软沉积物变形层中的环状层理类型多样,形态复杂,计有光滑圆环状及蝌蚪状带“小尾巴”的环状层理、马尾丝或串珠状不规则环圈的环状层理、与阶梯状微断裂伴生的环状层理、链条状环状层理群、纺锤型环状层理群和中心为“飞石”环圈较光滑的环状层理等6种。综合分析认为震动塌落、震动拉伸变形、地震断裂面的摩擦作用、氧化还原反应和扩散作用是环状层理的主要成因,前三种成因的环状层理往往与其他震成构造伴生,可作为震积岩的良好标志。环状层理的其他成因还包括:地震波传播方式的影响、地球自转产生的涡旋的影响、“滚雪球”效应、间歇胶结作用以及生物成因等。研究环状层理必须综合考虑构造位置、应力条件、沉积环境,沉积特征、围岩条件等因素的影响和控制作用。

The well known geological mountainMantoushan is located in the mountain area of southern Jinan city. The standard (stratotype) profile from the Longwangmiao Stage to the Zhangxia Stage of the Lower middle Cambrian of the North China is established here. Here, geological traces are so rich and research history is so long that Mantoushan mount is famous at home and abroad. The Jinan area lies in the west side of  the Tanlu fault and seismic zone. During the early Cambrian, a set of terrigenous clastic sediments consisted of sand and mud intercalated with carbonate were deposited in the western Shandong region including Jinan city where was littoral, sabkha and epicontinental sea, which stratigraphic sequence, from bottom to top, was the Liguan Formation (∈ 1 l), the Zhushadong Formation((∈ 1 l) and the Mantou Formation(∈ 1-2 m).   By means of field observation and labexammination, various synsedimentary deformation structures caused by earthquakes, namely seismites, were identified in the Lower Cambrian of Mantoushan mount, eastern hill to the Qingyang village, Hongyegu valley and Gunqiushan mount, and so on. The synsedimentary deformation structures discovered by the study include convolute deformation (seismic fold), graded microfault, gliding structure, slump fold, load structure, pillow mass, mixed insertion sediment, soft siliceous vein, diapir structures of soft siliceous layers, deformation of diatoms stramatolitic, settlement structure, thixotropic wedge, boudinage, seismic crack or fissure, shattered breccia and seismic breccia, and so on. Most of them belong to plastic deformation structures of softsediments, but shattered breccia, seismic breccia and seismic crack or fissure are brittle deformation structures of semiconsolidated to uncompletely consolidated sediments. Their characteristics and formation mechanism are detailed in this paper.   The thixotropic wedge has been reported firstly in China. Some thixotropic wedge and settlement structures developed in dolomite with siliceous layers, and their original sediment was dolomitic limemud with soft siliceous layers. By triggering of strong earthquake, soft siliceous layers became more soft because viscosity of siliceous sediment (SiO 2 · n H 2 O) get diminished, meanwhile dolomitic limemud was liquefied.   Under vertical shock force, soft siliceous layers were cut off, and subsequently sinkage of disconnected siliceous layers formed settlement structure, which extended down so that disconnected siliceous layers converged to result in the formation of thixotropic wedge.   Differences of thixotropic wedge, seismic crack and filling structure of seismic crack are as follows: (1) Thixotropic wedge are one of plastic deformations which are formed for viscosity of soft nonliquefied sediments is diminished and their rheological property is enhanced (thixotropy) by earthquake triggering. With settlement structure  going on to deep, thixotropic wedge was formed. Formations of wedge body and it's host rock are synchronous; (2) Seismic crack is a tensile fissure of the "V" shape，which belongs to brittle deformation of semiconsolidated or incompletely consolidated sediment formed by the earthquake action; (3)The filling structure of seismic crack is usually wedge yet, but its filling is soft sediment or brittle seismic breccia. In general, the formation process of wedge body is out of synch with that of the crack.   On the basis of the distribution of palaeotectonic plates and seismic zones in the early Cambrian, it is considered that these seismic sedimentary traces are records of the intraplate ancient earthquakes during the early Cambrian, and it is can be deduced that they are response to tectonic activities of the PaleoTanlu fault zone. The discovery of paleoseismic event records and the interpretation of this paper enrich the geological sciences connotation of the southern Jinan area, especially the Mantoushan mount. 

蜚声中外的地质名山馒头山处在济南南部山区。通过野外调查和室内研究，从馒头山及其附近的青杨村东山、红叶谷、滚球山等地的下寒武统中，鉴别出了许多地震引起的同沉积变形构造（震积岩），主要有卷曲变形（震褶岩）、粒序微断层、滑移构造、滑塌褶曲、负载构造、枕状体、混插沉积、软硅质脉、软硅质层底辟构造、硅藻叠层石变形、沉陷构造、触变楔、布丁、震裂缝、震裂角砾岩及震碎角砾岩等。本文较详细地阐述了它们的特征和形成机理。触变楔属国内首次发现。触变楔和沉陷构造发育在夹软硅质层的白云岩中，其原始沉积物是含软硅质层的白云质灰泥。受强震触动，因软硅质沉积物(SiO2·nH2O)的粘度变小，软硅质层的粘度变小而变得更软，灰泥同时发生液化；在竖向震动力作用下，软硅质层被断开、继而沉陷形成了沉陷构造；沉陷构造向下延伸，结果使断开的硅质层汇聚，形成了触变楔。根据早寒武世古构造板块与地震带的分布，认为这些地震沉积遗迹是早寒武世板内地震记录，推测由古郯庐带的构造活动的响应。这些古地震事件记录的发现，丰富了济南南部山区、尤其是馒头山的地质科学内涵。 

Thrusting time of the Tan Lu fault zone has been a controversial issue for long. Recently, many lines of evidence has proved that wide spread compression initiated on the fault zone between Eogene and Neogene, which has given rise to the uplift and consumption of many previous large faulted basins. Since Neogene period the fault zone has continued to suffer from compression, which resulted in many times of thrusting on the fault. The fault zone is currently the largest seismically active belt in eastern China. The compressive activities on the fault zone were dominated by thrusting with small amount of right lateral displacement sometimes and were often associated with the development of NW striking left lateral wrench faults. Margins of basins on the fault zone were intensely involved in the thrusting which caused the formation of shuttered zone and folds. Measurements of paleostress and present stress fields show that the fault zone has suffered nearly E W compression since Neogene due to the back arc spreading of the west Pacific Ocean and tectonic extrusion produced by the northward collision of the Indian Plate. Basalt eruption extensively occurred along the fault zone in Cenozoic, indicating that the fault zone cuts deeply into the upper mantle. Lithological character of the Cenozoic basalts demonstrates that the cutting depth of the fault increased from Paleogene to Quaternary gradually. Geoscience transects reveal obvious intensification of asthenoshperic upwelling beneath the Tan Lu fault zone, which demonstrates that the fault zone cut through the entire lithosphere. Deformed mantle derived xenoliths, such as mylonitic peridotite xenolith, in the basalts reflect that mantle shearing appeared in mantle involved by the fault. Metasomatic minerals in the xenoliths as well as geochemical features of the basalts and xenoliths all suggest that the involved mantle experienced extensive metasomatism. The mantle shearing and metasomatism are related closely and help each other. They also help partial melting in the involved mantle. Under these backgrounds, large scale partial melting appeared in the upper mantle involved by the fault zone. At last, large scale basalt eruption took place along the intracontinental fault zone under the compressive setting. Therefore, integrate active processes of the fault zone since Neogene consist of the thrusting, basin inversion and basalt eruption near the surface as well as the upper mantle shearing, metasomatism and partial melting at deeps.

郯庐断裂带晚第三纪以来持续遭受着挤压,使前期大规模的断陷盆地抬升、消亡,近代还是中国东部最大的地震活动带.断裂带所遭受的近WE向的挤压,是西太平洋弧后扩张和印度板块向北碰撞中的构造挤出作用产生的区域动力.断裂带在新生代挤压活动中切入上地幔,出现了地幔剪切、地幔交代、部分熔融等深部过程,最终形成了挤压背景下的陆内断裂带大规模的玄武岩喷发.

The Jiaolai Basin is a Mesozoic residual basin.The southern and northeastern parts of the basin were intensively affected by Tanlu and Mou-Ji Faults in the Cretaceous，and several types of deformational structures that are interpreted as seismites were formed.Based on core and outcrop observation，two types of sedimentary structures formed by seismic events were observed，including deformation structures of soft-sediments(liquefied deformation structure，stretch deformation structure，stress deformation structure)and hard rock.These sedimentary structures can be subdivided into 9 subclasses，and their genetic mechanisms were analyzed.The Mou-Ji Fault is a main fault which controlled the formation of the Jiaolai Basin，and stretched with NW-SE direction in Laiyang Formation depositional period，which caused frequent earthquake in the northeastern Jiaolai Basin.As a result，seismites were formed and were dominated by liquefied deformation of soft-sediments，which demonstrated the earthquake intensity was 5 Ms <8.A large number of micro-fractures in rocks were formed due to the earthquake，and the pores were connected by micro-fractures，which finally increased the permeability of rocks.The trigger mechanism of turbidite of the Shuinan Member can be explained as earthquake according to the discovery of seismites.Seismo-turbidites can be preserved as diagenetic traps because of dissolution caused by organic acids，which provides a new perspective and field for oil and gas exploration.

胶莱盆地为中生代残留盆地，受郯庐断裂带、牟—即断裂带活动的影响，盆地南部、东北部地震活动强烈，发育一系列与地震作用有关的地震事件沉积构造。利用大量的岩心、野外露头资料，在胶莱盆地东北部下白垩统莱阳组砂泥质沉积物中可识别出两大类地震事件沉积构造：软沉积物变形构造（液化变形构造、拉伸变形构造、挤压变形构造）和硬岩层脆性变形构造，共计9小类，并对其成因机制进行了分析。盆地东部的牟—即断裂带是一条重要的控盆边界断裂带，在莱阳组沉积时期以NW-SE向伸展构造活动为主，致使盆地东北部地震活动频发，盆地内早期沉积的莱阳组以普遍发育震积岩为特征，且以软沉积物液化变形为主，反映地震强度为5 M s<8。地震活动使岩层产生大量的微裂缝，裂缝沟通了原有的孔隙，使渗透率大幅度增加。震积岩的发现可以合理解释研究区水南段泥岩中浊积岩的触发机制为地震作用，地震活动诱发形成的震浊积体易形成岩性圈闭，为油气勘探提供了新的视角和领域。