我国碎屑岩天然气储集层分布广泛，其储集性能多属低孔低渗、特低孔特低渗，储集物性差； 孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主。从实例出发， 论述其次生孔隙的三种形成机制：有机酸及二氧化碳酸性水的溶解，这种机制形成的次生孔隙主要分布在煤系天然气储集层中；深部地层热循环对流形成局部次生孔隙， 主要见于我国东部深层碎屑岩中；古风化壳的表生淋滤和断裂带附近的淋滤作用形成次生孔隙。研究结果为天然气储集层有利孔隙段及有利孔隙带的预测打下了基础。图１ 参３（ 邹冬平摘）

By analysis of the characteristics of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, this paper assesses the potential for unconventional hydrocarbons in China, summarizes the key technical progress in exploration and development, and discusses the prospects and developing strategies of unconventional hydrocarbons. The resources of unconventional oil and gas in China are abundant. The recoverable tight gas is 8.8×1012-12.1×1012 m3, the recoverable shale gas is 15×1012-25×1012 m3, the recoverable coalbed methane is 10.9×1012 m3, the recoverable tight oil is 13×108-14×108 t, and the recoverable shale oil is 160×108 t. There is also some resource potential for oil sand. Such key techniques as the full-digital seismic exploration technique, low permeability and low resistivity reservoir identification technique have been developed and their applications in oil and gas fields obtained good results. Tight gas and tight oil are the most realistic to develop in China, and the development and utilization of coalbed methane and shale gas just begins. In the next ten or twenty years, the production of unconventional hydrocarbons in China will increase remarkably and play an important role in national hydrocarbon resources.

结合非常规油气特点，评价中国非常规油气资源潜力，总结中国非常规油气勘探开发技术进展，阐述中国非常规油气勘探开发前景与未来的发展战略。研究表明，中国非常规油气资源丰富，发展潜力大，其中致密气可采资源量为8.8×1012～12.1×1012 m3，页岩气可采资源量为15×1012～25×1012 m3，煤层气可采资源量为10.9×1012 m3，致密油可采资源量为13×108～14×108 t，可回收页岩油资源量为160×108 t，油砂也具有一定资源潜力。目前已形成了全数字地震勘探技术、低渗低阻气层识别技术等一系列关键技术，且应用效果显著。致密气和致密油是中国目前最为现实的待开发非常规油气资源，煤层气与页岩气的开发利用正在起步。未来10～20年，中国非常规油气产量将显著增长，在弥补常规油气产量短缺中扮演日益重要的角色。图2表5参21

Tight oil and gas is one of unconventional hydrocarbon resources and is widely distributed all over the world. Although it is also in wide distribution and with a great exploration prospect in China, its exploration degree is rather low at present. In view of this, this paper discusses and summarizes the main characteristics of Chinese tight oil and gas reservoirs in such compacted rocks as sandstone, marl, mudstone, etc. (1) Under the condition of low porosity and low permeability, the compacted rocks and source rocks are mostly interbeded and gas pools were formed in a large area and overlaid by rocks with multiple time periods and multiple layers. (2) Such tight hydrocarbon reservoir combinations have many different types which are dominated by selfgenerating and selfpreserving reservoirs. (3) Such tight hydrocarbon reservoirs with complex relationship between oil, gas and water often coexisted with shale gas or coalbed methane gas, and the hydrocarbon charging and expulsion occurred at different beds and different points. It is concluded that among those unconventional hydrocarbon resources, the tight oil and gas has the greatest potential for exploration because its recovery is less difficult than dark shale gas or coalbed methane gas, thus it can be one of the most important and most practical alternative energy resources for present and future hydrocarbon resource exploration and development.

致密岩油气是非常规油气资源的一种，在全球广泛分布，在中国分布也十分广泛，具有广阔的开发潜力，但目前我国对其的勘探程度还比较低。为此，研究并总结了中国致密岩(砂质岩、泥质岩、泥质灰岩等)油气的主要特征：具有特低的孔隙度、渗透率条件，致密岩与烃源岩多呈互层状，多时代、多层段叠置并大面积成藏，该类油气藏组合类型多样、以自生自储组合为主，具有多层、多点、全方位排烃和充注的特点，油、气、水关系复杂，常与泥页岩油气及煤层气共存。结论认为，在中国非常规油气资源类型中，致密岩油气资源潜力最大，而且致密岩油气比暗色泥页岩油气或煤层气开采技术难度相对要小，是我国当前和今后油气勘探开发最重要和现实的接替领域之一。

文章对准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区侏罗系和白垩系油气地球化学特征、成因及其成藏条件、期次和时间进行了分析，油气源对比表明该区原油分为两类，第一类原油来源于盆1井西凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩，第二类原油来源于盆1井西凹陷二叠系风城组烃源岩，天然气与第一类原油同源。成藏条件分析表明莫索湾凸起位于盆1井西凹陷和昌吉凹陷之间的隆起带，具有优越的烃源条件，白垩系和侏罗系的砂岩储集层发育，构造形成时间早于油气形成期。包裹体组分及均一温度研究表明该区侏罗系三工河组和白垩系吐谷鲁群油气为两期成藏，三工河组油气成藏时间为晚侏罗纪—早白垩纪，吐谷鲁群油气成藏时间晚白垩纪—早第三纪。

摘　要： 准噶尔盆地莫索湾莫北地区八道湾组油气藏储层埋深大于4000m，属典型深部致密储层。利用岩石物性、铸体薄片和扫描电镜等数据和资料，对八道湾组深部储层基本发育特征及演化模式进行了研究。八道湾组储层普遍发育粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔为主的溶蚀型次生孔隙，有效改善和提高了储层质量；储层垂向上以4100m和4500m为界，从浅至深划分为原生孔隙带、混合孔隙带和次生孔隙带，八道湾组储层为混合孔隙带和次生孔隙带；储层孔隙经历了由原生孔隙到混合孔隙再到次生孔隙的演化过程，八道湾组深部储层以发育次生孔隙带为主要特征。

Since the elevenfifth plan,tight sand gas got vigorous development in China.Its production is only lower than that of the US and Canada.Aiming at the special geological condition of china,geologists have made new progresses in the theory of tight sand gas.With the indepth exploration,the accumulation theory was constantly improved.Through the analysis of early tight gas reservoir theory,anatomy of typical gas reservoir and experiments simulation etc.,it is thought that there are three main accumulation mechanisms,including the largescale tight sandstone type,the anticline structure compact sandstone type and the block tight sandstone type.Their similarities are the tight sands contacting closely with source rocks,the tight sand and the enriched sweet spot.Their differences are shown in the conducting conditions,capping mechanism,migration and accumulation characteristics etc.The characteristics of largescale tight sandstone are near distance seam hole mesh conducting,reservoir and seal double block and large scale gathered.The latter two are with fracture aperture conducting,high quality sealing cover,block or anticline tectonic control play.China's geological resource of tight sandstone gas is 36.54 trillion cubic meters.The study of the theory,exploration and development technology of largescale of tight sandstone gas are more mature,with geological resource of 30.4 trillion cubic meters.It has the basis and potential for accelerating development.Sichuan Xujiahe Formation and Upper Palaeozoic of Ordos Basin are the realistic key exploration zones.Jurassic of Kuqa northern section,Taibei sag of TurpanHami Basin and the south of Junggar Basin are the next favorable exploration zones.

中国自“十一五”以来大力发展致密砂岩气，目前已成为仅次于美国、加拿大的致密砂岩气生产大国，同时众多地质学者对中国复杂地质条件下致密砂岩气成藏机理不断创新研究取得了重要进展，进入建立新类型致密砂岩气成藏理论阶段。通过对早期致密气相关成藏理论解析、典型气藏解剖及实验模拟等综合研究，认为中国现今发现的致密砂岩气具有克拉通大面积致密砂岩气、前陆背斜构造致密砂岩气和断陷深层致密砂砾岩气3种成藏机制。克拉通大面积致密砂岩气以近距离孔缝网状输导、储盖双重阻挡、大面积聚集为主，而后两者以断裂孔缝输导、优质盖层封盖、断块—岩性或背斜构造控藏为主。三者相同点为致密砂岩储层与烃源岩层紧密接触、储层致密、甜点富集；差异点主要为输导条件、封盖机制、运聚特征等。中国致密砂岩气地质资源量达36.54×10 16 m 3 ，其中克拉通大面积致密砂岩气地质资源量占83.2%，为30.4×10 16 m 3 ，四川盆地须家河组、鄂尔多斯上古生界是该类型现实的重点勘探区带；前陆背斜构造致密砂岩气和断陷深层致密砂砾岩气资源相对较少，库车白垩系深层、吐哈台北侏罗系、准南侏罗系与松辽盆地深层是有利勘探区带。  

综合利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光分析、扫描电镜观察、流体 包裹体分析、碳氧同位素组成分析、压汞分析及孔渗测试等技术方法,结合埋藏演化史、有机质热演化史和油气充注史,研究准噶尔盆地中部1区侏罗系三工河组低 渗透储集层成岩作用与孔渗演化,并分析孔渗演化史与油气成藏史的匹配关系.该区低渗透储集层成岩环境经历了早期碱性、中期酸性和晚期碱性的演化过程,主要 的胶结溶解序列为:绿泥石膜沉淀,早期方解石胶结,长石溶蚀、石英次生加大、自生高岭石充填,硬石膏胶结,晚期铁方解石胶结、晚期铁白云石胶结,少量黄铁 矿胶结,其中压实作用贯穿于整个埋藏演化过程.孔渗演化史与成藏史匹配关系表明,三工河组存在3种成因类型的低渗透储集层:“先成藏后致密”型,勘探潜力 最大;“边成藏边致密”型,勘探潜力中等;“先致密后成藏”型,勘探潜力较差.

Recently, dolomiticrock exploration of Junggar Basin has made a sustained breakthrough and opened a completely new exploration field. Definition of dolomiticrock is concluded, and the effective reservoir type, characteristics of occurrence and formation mechanism of dolomite are determined based on previous research conclusions, core observation, thin section, and so on. The dolomiticrock with special lithology and limited distribution mainly develops in Permian Fengcheng Formation of Wuxia district of the northwest margin. The dolomite has seven types of occurrence，including lameltate, uniform distribution, snow shape, irregular layered shape, crumb shape, fracture filling shape and exotic dolomite clastics. Corresponding, dolomite has five types of formation mechanism, including parasyngenetic dolomitization, mixed dolomitization, buried dolomitization, diagenetic dolomitization and weatheringtransportation of external dolostone. The effective dolomiticrock reservoirs whose space is microfissure, include dolomiticsiltstone, dolomiticmudstone, muddy dolomite, and so on. Development degree and dispositional relationship of fissure and karst cave have an important impact on the level of capacity. Overall, the microand macrodistribution characteristics of different types of dolomite are different, and their superimposed effect controls the whole features of the present dolomite.

准噶尔盆地云质岩勘探近年来持续获得重大突破，打开了全新的勘探领域。通过岩心观察、薄片观察和分析等方法，结合前人研究成果，初步归纳了盆地云质岩的定义，明确有效储集岩类型及其产出特征和成因机理。云质岩具有岩性独特和分布局限的特点，主要产出于西北缘乌夏地区二叠系风城组。研究表明，盆地白云岩有纹层状、均匀分布状和雪花状等7种产出类型，共有准同生白云化作用、混合白云化作用和埋藏白云化作用等5种成因机理。风城组有效云质岩类储层包括白云质粉砂岩、白云质泥岩、泥质白云岩等多种岩性，最主要的储集空间为微裂缝。裂缝和溶孔的发育程度及配置关系优劣对产能高低有重要影响。不同类型白云岩的微观和宏观分布特征存在差异，多种白云岩化作用的叠加效应共同控制了现今白云岩的整体面貌。

摘　要： 1主题内容与适用范围 本标准规定了盐湖碎屑岩成岩阶段的划分、命名、依据和方法。本标准适用于江汉盆地下第三系潜江组和新沟明组盐湖碎屑岩成岩阶段划分及特征研究。

The subject reservoir were deep buried reservoir rocks in the larger depth of the hinterland of Junggar Basin, with the depth from 5 500 to 6 000 m. A lot of thin sections were analyzed by standard petrographic microscope, Xray diffraction, scanning electron microscope coupled energydispersive analysis and cathodoluminescence were used to analyze the types and mechanism of secondary pores. The result shows that the secondary pores are main types in deepburied reservoirs. The CheMo ancient uplift was growing in Middle Jurassic. The result was that diagenesis was nonpersistent and the stratum was uplifted. Graintograin calcite cement had dissolution action by acidic atmospheric water and it had a lot of secondary porosity. The stratum was embedded after Cretaceous system and had dissolution action by organic acid. Diagenesis was delayed because the stratum was uplifted. The object reservoir was in A1 of late diagenetic stage that had caused secondary porosity remained.

准噶尔盆地腹部勘探目的层埋深大，一般在5 500～6 000 m左右，属于深埋储层。在对大量薄片分析鉴定的基础上，运用扫描电镜、阴极发光和X衍射粘土分析等手段，对研究目的层的孔隙类型和成因机理进行了研究。研究发现孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙为主。中晚侏罗世发育的车莫古隆起导致非持续埋藏的成岩背景，由于中途开启地层抬升暴露，酸性大气淡水对粒间方解石胶结物淋滤溶蚀，产生次生溶孔；白垩系之后再度埋藏发生有机酸内幕溶蚀作用。由于地层抬升剥蚀导致成岩阶段滞后，勘探目的层现今处于晚成岩A1亚期是次生孔隙保存的重要条件。

This paper analyses the type and evolution of primary pores, the genesis of secondary pores and the factors of controlling their distribution in the Paleogene clastic reservoirs in Dongying sag. Study of various data,including thin section analysis,SEM,cathodoluminescense,poroperm characteristics,carbonate content and other data,shows that the pores in Paleogene clastic reservoirs in Dongying sag experienced the evolutionary process from primary to secondary pores,i.e.those occur at a depth less than 1 650 m are mainly primary pores;those occur between 1 650m and 1 900 m are the combination or coexistence of solution and primary pores,due to the relatively weak solution action; while at a depth of over 1 900 m, solution and cementation would play the main role,which result in to be mainly of secondary pores. In different areas and buried depths, secondary pores appear to have been developed differently: secondary pores mainly develop at a depth of 1 650～2 450 m on the steep slope zone in the north, especially best develop at 2 100 m in central uplift zone,secondary pores have a relatively good development at a depth of over 1 600 m,with the best development in the interval of 1 850～2 500 m on the gentle slop in the south,secondary pores are generally developed at a depth of 1 900～2 600 m.As a whole,the development of secondary pores tends to be deeper and deeper from north to south,but the extent is apparently become weaker and weaker.All these have mainly been affected by the different reservoir facies, paleo-geothermal gradient and organic maturation in different areas,as well as by the distances of the areas from the oil-generating sag and fault zone. The formation of secondary pores has mainly been related with the solution of carbonate and feldspar, and the dehydration of clay minerals; in other words,it is the result of inorganic diagenesis and the soluble constituents to be dissolved by the carbon dioxide and organic acid during the organic maturation. According to thin section observation, most secondary pores have been formed from the dissolution of intergranular carbonate cement, which has been proved by the negative correlation between porosity & permeability and carbonate content. The dissolved carbonate materials consist of calcites formed in early diagenesis and ferrocalcite & ferrodolomite formed in late diagenesis. Part of secondary pores has been created by the dissolution of feldspars (including plagioclase and potash feldspar) and lithoclasts of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks. In addition, the main depth that montmorillonite to be dehydrated its interlayer water and to be transformed into mixed-layer illite& montmorillonite and chlorite is consistent with the depth interval of secondary pores. The low salinity of interlayer water dehydrated from clay minerals contributes to the further solution of carbonate and feldspar. Secondary pores of clastic reservoirs in the study area have the following distribution characteristics. (1) Secondary pores have been controlled vertically by the time of source rock maturation,i.e.have been controlled by the burial depth(or geotemperature) of sandstones. (2)Secondary pores have been controlled horizontally by the location of sources acidic water. Secondary pores are less developed in the areas far from the oil-generating center. The oil-generating center has been located in Lijin depression in the northern part of Dongying sag, so secondary pores have better development in Binnan, Lijin and Shengtuo areas on the steep slope zone in the north than those on gentle slope zone in the south. (3)Secondary pores are closely related to the sedimentary facies zone, i.e. sandstones deposited in subaqueous environment (strong hydrodynamic condition) have better development of secondary pores than those deposited in terrestrial environment (weak hydrodynamic condition).(4) Secondary pores are more developed in the sandstones near the fault zone. Strong movement of fault would not only produce fissures in the sandstones, but would also become good pathways of acidic water.The sandstones near the pathways have long been affected by acidic water, so there have been more opportunities to be dissolved into secondary pores. For example, the steep slop zone in the north has better development of secondary pores than the gentle slope zone in the south has, because there are more faults on the steep slope zone.

通过对铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、物性、碳酸盐含量等大量资料研究,认为东营凹陷下第三系储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程。在浅于1650m的深度,以原生孔隙为主;在1650～1900m的深度,溶蚀作用相对较弱,形成了溶蚀与原生孔隙并存的混合孔隙段;超过1900m深度以后,溶蚀和胶结作用占主导地位,以次生孔隙为主。在不同地区、不同深度次生孔隙的发育程度不同:北部陡坡带的次生孔隙主要发育于1650～2450m,特别是在2100m次生孔隙的发育程度最高;中央隆起带次生孔隙均从1600m深度以下比较发育,而在1850～2500m深度段最为发育;在南部缓坡带,次生孔隙总体上主要发育于1900～2600m深度段。因此,由北向南次生孔隙发育的深度有增大趋势,但发育程度则明显减弱。次生孔隙的形成主要与碳酸盐、长石的溶蚀以及粘土矿物的脱水作用密切相关,是无机成岩作用和有机热成熟演化产生的CO 2 和有机酸溶蚀可溶组分的结果。东营凹陷碎屑岩次生孔隙的分布具有以下规律:在纵向上受控于烃源岩的成熟时间,平面上则受酸性水源区平面位置的控制;次生孔隙的发育程度与砂体所处的沉积相带密切相关,即水下沉积砂体的次生孔隙要比水上沉积砂体的发育;位于断裂带附近砂层中的次生孔隙比较发育。

Tight gas reservoir sandstones are generally defined as gas-bearing and-yielding sandstones with porosity of less than 10% and permeability to gas less than 0.1md.Tight gas reservoir sandstones are characterized by high capillary entry pressures,high irreducible water saturations and predominance of secondary pores.This paper suggests that tight reservoir sandstones be classified into four types in terms of the origin:1)tight sand formed by sedimentation of large amount of authigenic clay minerals;2)tight sand resulted from crystallization and precipitation of cements altering primary pores;3)tight sand caused by compaction of large amount of ductile clasts;4)tight sand formed by filling of intergranular pores by detrital clay matrix.To explain the origin of se-condary pores in these sandstones,researchers have developed many theories.However,none of the theories are capable of clearing all the doubts due to the complexity of this kind of reservoirs.As a result,the issue is still in debate.Despite their complex burial history of tight reservoir sandstones and diagenesis being determinant in tightening of sandstones,original depositional environment is still a basic factor controlling the formation of tight sandstone reservoir.Deeper understanding of their depositional environment and the diagenetic history is critical to the prediction and evaluation of tight reservoir sandstones.

致密天然气砂岩储层具有高的毛管压力和束缚水饱和度,孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主.根据致密成因可以将致密砂岩储层划分为4种类型:1)由自生粘土矿物的大量沉淀所形成的致密砂岩储层;2)由胶结物的晶出改变原生孔隙形成的致密砂岩储层;3)高含量塑性碎屑因压实作用形成的致密砂岩储层;4)粒间孔隙被碎屑沉积时的泥质充填形成的致密砂岩储层.有关致密砂岩储层次生孔隙的成因有多种理论,但是由于致密砂岩储层的复杂性,没有一种理论可以将所有的孔隙成因完全解释清楚,因此次生孔隙的成因机制仍然存在争议.尽管致密砂岩储层经历了复杂的成岩演化历史,成岩作用对储层的致密化起决定作用,然而沉积环境依然是控制致密砂岩储层形成的基本因素.深入了解沉积环境和成岩作用对致密砂岩储层的共同作用,有助于对致密天然气砂岩储层的预测和评价.

摘　要： 东营凹陷古近系沙四上亚段地层大规模发育典型的湖相滩坝砂体,并获得大量油气发现。作者从固体与流体相互作用的产物——胶结物和次生孔隙入手,结合盆地的演化和断层的演化阶段,来定量半定量地恢复储集层中流体性质的变化以及对储集层物性的影响。根据流体来源和持续时间,可以把固体—流体作用过程划分为5个阶段：初始流体作用阶段、围岩流体作用阶段、外来流体作用阶段、排烃流体作用阶段和排烃后流体作用阶段。根据滩坝砂体的分带性和次生孔隙形成机理,总体可分为砾质滩坝酸性流体主控次生孔隙发育带、近岸滩坝酸碱流体共同作用次生孔隙发育带和远岸滩坝—中央共振带滩坝碱性流体主控次生孔隙发育带,并进行了平面上次生孔隙成因的推测。

随着油气钻探技术的提高和勘探工作的不断深入,深层油气勘探愈来愈被重视,深层将可能成为未来储量增长的重要接替领域.对中国7000m以下深井的钻探资料和深层油气地质资料分析表明,烃源岩的生烃深度下限范围可能较大,高过熟阶段的烃源岩生烃潜力依然存在.深部各类有效储集体的保存深度下限可能下移,以发育裂缝型储集体为主,油气藏类型主要包括早期成藏-后期深埋型、储层深埋后晚期成藏型和多期充注成藏型.早期成藏可以抑制深埋过程中岩石孔隙的萎缩,埋深大于6000m的油藏以裂缝型储集体占优势,断裂带附近裂缝型储集体更为发育,断裂通常是晚期成藏型油气藏的重要输导通道.断裂带附近油气富集程度较高,油气多期充注作用和强烈充注作用往往能提高油气藏的储量丰度.因此,中国中、西部盆地7000m以下层系成藏条件较好,油气资源潜力可观. Abstract： With the development of drilling techniques and oil-gas exploration, deep hydrocarbon exploration has gained more and more attention and may become an important fungible field for rising reserves. Analysis on the data of drilling and oil-gas geology of deep wells over 7000m in depth shows that the low limit of depth range for generation of deep hydrocarbon is possibly large, and there still exists the hydrocarbon-generation potential for the high mature source rocks. The low limit of preservation depth for the effective reservoir can shift downward, and the fractured reservoir is predominant. The oil-gas pools mainly include the earlier accu-mulation-later deep burying pattern, the later accumulation pattern after deeply burying and the multi-stage charging pattern. The earlier accumulation pattern can restrain the shrink of rock porosity during the deep burying process. The fractured reservoir is pre-dominant and more developed near the fault belts, when the burial depth is more than 6000m. Faults connected with the deep source rocks are usually the important migration pathways for the later oil accumulation. The hydrocarbon enrichment degree near the fault belts is very high. The multi-stage hydrocarbon charging and strong charging processes can often improve the reserve abundance. The hydrocarbon resource in the strata beyond 7000 m in depth is of considerable potential in the basins in central and western China.

摘　要： 大量地质和地球物理资料分析表明,下白垩统泉头组沉积时期,松辽盆地三肇凹陷的物源主要来自凹陷北部和西南方向,具备了发育大型浅水三角洲的有利地质条件,即盆地基底稳定沉降,盆广坡缓;古气候干热,古温度可达37℃;母源区物理风化作用强烈,形成大量碎屑物质;古水体浅,小于10m,湖平面波动频繁,湖泊水位发生旋回变化等。大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲具有以下典型沉积特征：岩性细,成熟度中等,粒度概率曲线具有牵引流沉积特征;砂岩中发育有丰富的强水动力沉积构造;紫红色泥岩大面积展布,生物扰动强烈;垂向上多个间断正韵律相互叠置;具有叠瓦状前积反射地震相;三角洲大面积稳定展布,砂地比值低;发育分流河道、水下分流河道以及席状砂,不发育河口坝。气候是浅水三角洲展布形态的主要控制因素。在干旱气候条件下,湖泊收缩,河流携带碎屑物质长距离搬运,形成枝状三角洲,分流河道在凹陷内的延伸距离一般超过20km,宽度为800～1 800m。在湿润气候条件下,湖泊扩张,受湖泊的阻碍作用,河道频繁分叉改道,形成网状三角洲,分流河道在凹陷内的延伸距离一般不超过15km,宽度为500～1 600m。浅水三角洲分流河道砂体分布广,纵横叠置,利于构成岩性油气藏。

摘　要： 油气勘探开发领域从常规油气向非常规油气跨越，是石油工业发展的必然趋势，二者在油气类型、地质特征及聚集机理等方面明显不同。常规油气研究的灵魂是成藏，目标是回答圈闭是否有油气；非常规油气研究的灵魂是储层，目标是回答储集有多少油气。非常规油气主要表现在连续分布、无自然工业产量。目前，常规油气面临非常规的问题，非常规需要发展成新的“常规”。伴随技术的进步，非常规可向常规转化。常规油气聚集包括构造油气藏、岩性一地层油气藏，油气以孤立的单体式或较大范围的集群式展布，圈闭界限明显，储集体发育毫米级一微米级孔喉系统，浮力成藏。非常规油气聚集包括致密砂岩油和气、致密碳酸盐岩油和气、页岩油和气等，一般源储共生，大面积连续或准连续分布于盆地斜坡或中心，圈闭界限不明显，页岩系统储集体广泛发育纳米级孔喉，浮力作用受限，油气以原位滞留或短距离运移为主。以中国重点盆地致密油和致密气为例，系统分析了其地质特征与勘探潜力。非常规油气储集空间主体为纳米级孔喉系统，局部发育微米一毫米级孔隙，其中页岩气储层孔径为5～200nm，致密灰岩油储层孔径为40～500nm，致密砂岩油储层孔径为50～900nm，致密砂岩气储层孔径为40～700nm。针对全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展，提出了“纳米油气”的概念，指出“纳米油气”是未来石油工业的发展方向，需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术，油气智能化时代将随之到来。