燕山地区冀北坳陷元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石学特征和沉积环境<sup>*</sup>

朱毅秀, 杨程宇, 王欢, 肖劲光. (2019)燕山地区冀北坳陷元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石学特征和沉积环境^* [J]. 古地理学报, 21(3): 431-440
Zhu Yi-Xiu, Yang Cheng-Yu, Wang Huan, Xiao Jin-Guang. (2019)Petrologic characteristics and sedimentary environments of bituminous sandstone in the Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation of Jibei Depression, Yanshan region[J]. Journal Of Palaeogeography, 21(3): 431-440. 复制到剪切板

Doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2019.03.026
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燕山地区冀北坳陷元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石学特征和沉积环境^*

朱毅秀^1,², 杨程宇^1,², 王欢^1,², 肖劲光^1,²

1 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京 102249

2 油气资源与探测国家重点实验室(中国石油大学(北京)),北京 102249

第一作者简介朱毅秀,男,1966年生,副教授,2005年获中国地质大学(北京)博士学位,现从事沉积学、岩石学与储层地质学教学与研究工作。E-mail: zhuyixiu@cup.edu.cn。

收稿日期:2018-05-08

基金资助:*中国石化海相油气勘探前瞻性研究项目(编号: YPH08024)资助

摘要

通过对冀北坳陷中新元古界下马岭组进行剖面实测,对下马岭组底部的沥青砂岩进行室内薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析,观察与分析了下马岭组沥青砂岩的出露分布特征,镜下研究了此砂岩的碎屑颗粒和填隙物的组分特征和磨圆、分选、粒度等结构特征,依据岩石学特征、粒度分析系列参数等研究了沥青砂岩的沉积环境。结果表明此砂岩为成分与结构成熟度均高的纯石英砂岩和石英砂岩,硅质与沥青质填隙、沥青含量达 5%~15%,细粒为主,分选好到极好。粒度分析是本段松散状沥青砂有效环境判别标志。综合分析认为下马岭沥青砂岩形成于无障壁海岸体系的滨浅海环境,形成于前滨到临滨的海相高能环境,可能的沉积位置是前滨下部到中上临滨;此砂岩主要来自临滨潮下高能带的沉积物、含部分前滨下部沉积物、也夹少量潮汐水道沉积物。不同剖面位置所处的沉积环境不同,凌源地区和平泉地区为临滨带的中上部的水下高能带沉积为主,宽城地区为临滨带上部沉积和前滨下部沉积,凌源地区和宽城地区也包含少量的潮汐水道沉积。

关键词: 沥青砂岩; 沉积环境; 岩石学特征; 中新元古界; 下马岭组; 冀北坳陷

中图分类号:P534.46;P58;P512.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-1505(2019)03-0431-10

Petrologic characteristics and sedimentary environments of bituminous sandstone in the Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation of Jibei Depression, Yanshan region

Zhu Yi-Xiu^1,², Yang Cheng-Yu^1,², Wang Huan^1,², Xiao Jin-Guang^1,²

1 College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China

2 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting,China Unikersity of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249,China

About the first author: Zhu Yi-Xiu,born in 1966,obtained his Ph.D. degree from China University of Geosciences(Beijing) in 2005 and is an associate professor at China University of Petroleum(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in sedimentology,petrology and reservoir geology. E-mail: zhuyixiu@cup.edu.cn.

Fund:[Financially supported by the Foresight Project of Marine Oil and Gas of Sinopec(No. YPH08024)]

Abstract

We detail measured the Xiamaling Formation outcrops in Jibei Depression and carried thin section analysis and SEM observation on the bottom section of massive bituminous sandstone. A sedimentary environment analysis was carried by studying the distribution of bituminous sandstone,composition of the rock such as ratio of the clastic grain and interstitial materials,structure such as sorting, rounding, grain size,and petrological features. The outcome indicates the bituminous sandstone was composed mainly by high maturity quartz sandstone with 5%~15% bitumen filled within the intergranular pores. The sandstone was mainly fine grain sandstone and was well or extremely well sorted. The comprehensive analysis shows that the sedimentary environment of the bituminous sandstone in the Xiamaling formation was high energy foreshore to shoreface with no barriers. The probably depositional position of the bituminous sandstone was located between the lower foreshore to middle-upper shoreface. Besides,tidal channels also contribute sediments to the bituminous sandstone. The sedimentary environments in each measured outcrop profile was varies. The Lingyuan and Pingquan profiles mainly are high energy middle-up shoreface environments,while the Kuangcheng profile mainly are upper shoreface and lower foreshore environments. The Lingyuan and Kuangcheng profiles contain a few tidal channel deposits.

Key words: bituminous sandstone; sedimentary environment; petrologic characteristics; Meso-Neoproterozoic; Xiamaling Formation; Jibei Depression

文章图片

冀北坳陷位于华北克拉通北部的燕山地区, 是中国北方中、新元古界最发育的地区之一。近几十年在燕山地区发现中新元古界大量原生液体油苗和固体沥青(王铁冠, 1980, 1990; 郝石生等, 1990; 高耀斌等, 1991; Wang, 1991; Wang and Simoneit, 1995; 欧光习和李林强, 2006), 在中国是一个值得关注的重要能源资源领域(王铁冠和韩克猷, 2011), 是中国海相油气勘探的远景层位之一, 中、新元古界在世界范围内也是一个重要的沉积层序(赵澄林等, 1997)。

冀北坳陷内的中、新元古界, 已发现98处油苗和沥青点(刘岩等, 2011), 下马岭组底部存在稳定分布的沥青砂岩, 在平泉和宽城均发现多处油苗和沥青点。此沥青砂岩是一个在元古代晚期被辉长辉绿岩体破坏了的古油藏遗迹(刘岩等, 2011; 王铁冠等, 2016), 也是目前中国发现最古老的砂岩油藏(刘岩等, 2011)。针对这套零星分布沥青砂岩岩性与沉积相前人也作过一定研究(王铁冠等, 1988, 2016; 范文博, 2015), 依据沉积演化历史与下马岭组沉积序列定性推测沉积环境与相, 多推测其形成于海相前滨环境(王丽云等, 2009), 但就在岩石中寻找有效相标志(证据)与沉积特征而定性与定量确定沉积环境与相特征方面研究较少。沥青砂岩岩石学特征及形成环境深入分析有助于研究华北地区中新元古界古地理特征、进一步认识中新元古界海相砂岩储集层特征, 对揭示中国海相砂岩储集层形成条件与完善中国前寒武纪海相沉积理论、指导相邻区域相应层位油气勘探都具有重要的理论与现实意义。对这套缺少宏观沉积构造、弱变质到变质、遭受强烈物理化学风化、多在探槽中零星出露的松散状沥青砂, 按常规思路进行系列沉积环境分析与研究是一种挑战, 也是一次非常有实际应用意义的实验, 同时出露沥青砂岩不同地区的沉积环境是否一致也值得探讨。

1 区域地质特征

冀北坳陷东接辽西坳陷, 西邻密怀隆起, 南到山海关隆起, 北抵内蒙地轴, 面积8733km²(王铁冠等, 2016)(图1-a)。构造上位于中、新元古界的燕辽裂陷带的中北部, 是辽西、冀北、宣龙、冀东、京西5个坳陷和山海关和密怀2个隆起的“ 五坳两隆” 构造格局的一个单元。其可分为郭杖子单斜带、党坝向斜带、平泉背斜带、卸甲营向斜带4个隆坳相间的次级构造单元(图 1-b), 进一步可细分多个背斜和向斜。

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	图 1 燕山地区冀北坳陷地质构造略图(a)与沥青砂岩出露及油苗点分布(b)(据王铁冠和韩克猷, 2011; 有修改)Fig.1 Geological framework(a) and oil seepage points(b) of Jibei Depressionin the Yanshan region(modified from Wang and Han, 2011)

冀北坳陷内广泛分布太古界变质地层, 零星出露下元古界和层序清晰的中上元古界。传统上认为元古界自下而上发育巨厚的古元古界长城系、中元古界蓟县系与新元古界青白口系。上覆为古生界与中生界沉积盖层。

铁岭末期发生的“ 芹峪运动” 使地壳上升, 铁岭组上部地层遭受风化剥蚀, 与上覆下马岭组砂泥岩呈不整合接触。下马岭组沉积初期, 海水由东北方向侵入裂陷带, 形成面积不大的内陆海湾。下马岭组沉积早期, 海水较浅, 海底处于弱还原— 弱氧化条件, 在冀北发育一套底部含砾的石英砂岩。之后海平面开始上升, 发育薄层页岩夹砂岩条带, 向上过渡为灰绿、深灰色页岩。下马岭组沉积中期及沉积后期经历不均匀的地壳升降和海平面升降, 在区域上发生了广泛的风化夷平作用, 在冀北坳陷抬升幅度很大, 下马岭组遭受剥蚀并与上覆龙山组呈假整合接触; 在剖面上表现为缺失下马岭组二段至四段沉积, 仅保留下马岭组一段碎屑岩地层(王铁冠, 2009)。

下马岭组曾作为青白口系下部P ${t_{3}}^{1}$ 的地层组, 近10来年划归中元古界P ${t_{2}}^{3}$ “ 待建系” (高林志等, 2008, 2010, 2011; 王泽九等, 2014; 翟明国等, 2014)。下马岭组底部为一套灰黑、灰绿色粉砂质页岩夹海绿石石英砂岩(图 2)及菱铁矿粉晶白云岩透镜体, 砂岩具有交错层理, 上部为大套黑色伊利石页岩和碳质页岩, 总厚度达540m。岩性变化不大、以页岩为主, 常夹不稳定的泥灰岩、灰质白云岩和砂岩透镜体以及铁质结核。底部铁锰质较高, 偶尔形成由其胶结的砾岩或含铁石英砂岩。由于后期中、基性岩浆的顺层侵入, 使这套碎屑岩层系经受热接触交代变质作用而变质。

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	图 2 燕山地区冀北坳陷下马岭组代表性岩性剖面 a— 宽城冀浅2井岩性剖面; b— 宽城芦家庄东山顶剖面岩性剖面Fig.2 Geological profiles of the Xiamaling Formation in Jibei Depression, Yanshan region

2 下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石学特征

2.1 下马岭组沥青砂岩露头岩性特征

野外调查发现, 冀北坳陷下马岭组底部砂岩含沥青层位非常稳定, 出露沥青点和油苗在平面上主要集中于双洞、龙潭沟、芦家庄和塌山4处(图 1-b)。本处出露的沥青砂或沥青砂岩多为探槽中发现, 难见完整的沉积序列, 因年代老、变质及富含黑色沥青, 在剖面和平面上都难见完好的砂岩沉积构造。

平泉双洞出露点位于平泉县城东南方向双洞子村双洞背斜构造带。此背斜由核部至外围出露地层依次为雾迷山组、洪水庄组、铁岭组、下马岭组和古生界, 圈闭面积估约50km²。在下马岭组底部发育沥青砂岩、出露好, 此底部沥青砂岩呈环带状分布于双洞背斜周缘。剖面野外实测沥青砂岩厚4.4m。

凌源龙潭沟出露点位于凌源大河北乡地层向西北倾没的单斜构造中。下马岭组以灰黑、深灰和灰绿色页岩、泥岩为主, 偶夹泥灰岩、泥云岩和砂岩, 在多个探槽下马岭组底部见含丰富沥青的石英砂岩, 沥青含量高达8%~15%。沥青砂岩风化呈黄褐色, 断面呈黄绿色, 而探槽新鲜露头则为黑色中薄层砂岩, 层理清楚, 胶结程度不均, 较疏松, 局部呈分散状的沥青砂。在砂岩粒间可见黑色、发油脂光泽的沥青充填孔隙, 此沥青在荧光显微镜下无荧光显示, 为古油层的标志, 砂岩中实测的沥青含量应接近或低于砂岩的古有效孔隙度。下马岭组底砂岩沥青含量有以龙潭沟为中心向东北和西南2个方向递减, 剖面最厚处实测3.8m。

宽城塌山出露点和芦家庄出露点位于宽城县西南方向, 在剖面与探槽的下马岭组出露处均发现下马岭组沥青砂岩, 芦家庄东部下马岭组砂岩沥青含量低, 但镜下仍可看到有固体沥青存在。芦家庄出露点沥青在平面上呈线状分布, 以芦家庄为中心, 处于单斜构造高部位上。芦家庄剖面的沥青砂岩颜色呈灰黑、黑色, 沥青含量较高部位岩性比较疏松, 呈现沥青砂; 向东西两侧沥青逐渐减少; 沥青砂岩东西分布范围近10km, 沥青含量最高达25%。芦家庄东山顶剖面底部砂岩野外实测厚4.4m, 其中沥青砂岩厚1.97m; 塌山剖面野外实测厚2~3m, 相对宽城地区砂岩略薄, 但沥青砂岩厚度较为稳定, 基本在2m以上。

冀北坳陷下马岭组底部砂岩的含沥青层位稳定, 综合分析从党坝向斜西南的塌山地区沿向斜轴向至东北双洞构造和龙潭沟构造的相同层位均有沥青砂岩存在, 沥青砂岩分布具有稳定性和广泛性。刘岩等(2011)推算下马岭组沥青砂岩可能油藏的初始规模为7.6× 10⁸~10× 10⁸t, 是一个规模相当大的古油藏。由于含沥青之故, 野外露头观察此沥青砂岩难见沉积构造, 但在不含沥青同层位且基本未变质的砂岩中, 可见平行层理和交错层理, 也可在层面上见多种波痕。在此次研究所钻的3口浅井均钻遇此层, 沥青含量较高的砂岩层段未见明显层理, 不含、含沥青较少的石英砂岩岩心层段有各种平行层理、波状层理及脉状层理。

这套底砂岩— 沥青砂或沥青砂岩利用宏观为主、微观为辅的沉积环境研究方法进行研究是有一定难度的, 此次借助实验室系列分析测试, 探索对这种特殊沉积物沉积环境分析的有效方法, 为本层位和类似层位研究提供一些探讨与借鉴。

2.2 下马岭组沥青砂岩组分特征

冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩的岩石类型主要为含沥青或沥青质石英砂岩(图 3); 粒度分为中砂岩、细砂岩以及少量的粗砂岩, 个别的薄片中出现细砾级颗粒。同层位不含沥青的砂岩主为含铁或铁质海绿石石英砂岩、纯石英砂岩或弱变质石英砂岩。

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	图 3 冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石类型三角图Fig.3 Petrology triangular chart of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone in Jibei Depression

2.2.1 碎屑组分

沥青砂岩样品碎屑组分主要为石英(图 3, 图 4), 含量在95%以上; 长石罕见, 为0%~2%; 岩屑含量1%~8%, 且几乎全部为硅质岩屑。沥青砂岩中几乎全为单晶石英颗粒, 近圆形(图 4-a, 4-b), 具明显的波状消光, 其母岩可能为深成岩浆岩。岩屑多为燧石颗粒、脉石英等硅质组分, 似来源于火山岩, 并经历长期成岩变化、组分硅化乃至变质而成。另见少量云母及钛铁矿、锆石等重矿物(含量小于1%)。其成分相对单一, 成分成熟度极高。

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图 4 冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩显微照片
a, b— 含沥青石英砂岩, 石英次生加大与恢复自形, 沥青含量6%, 其中a为单偏光, b为正交光; c— 沥青砂, 岩石疏松, 单偏光; d— 石英砂岩, 硅质镶嵌状胶结, 单偏光; e— 粒间沥青, SEM; f— 粒表黏士矿物(有序伊蒙混层)与粒间硅质胶结物, SEMFig.4 Petrology character photos of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone in Jibei Depression

2.2.2 填隙物

沥青砂岩粒间填隙物为硅质胶结物、沥青和少量黏土杂基(图 4)。杂基含量极低, 普遍不到1%。沥青含量不等(图 4-a, 4-c, 4-d), 介于1%~25%之间, 镜下沥青含量为5%~15%。胶结物有硅质、铁质和少量方解石与自生伊利石、蚀变的海绿石, 主要为硅质组分; 硅质含量0~9%, 平均3%~5%。

硅质胶结是沥青砂岩主要的胶结形式, 多呈加大边状, 并呈多期加大的特征(图 4-a, 4-b), 可以观察到2期石英次生加大; 在显微照片中可以看到石英加大作用形成的自形颗粒(图 4-a)。

铁质为早期的同生作用形成的含铁矿物蚀变为铁的氧化物, 如海绿石蚀变产物。

样品中存在少量的自生黏土矿物胶结物和碳酸盐胶结物(< 1%), 在沥青含量相对较高的样品中, 黏土胶结物和细粒碳酸盐胶结物在手标本和普通显微镜不易区分, 而在沥青含量相对比较低的样品中可见黏土胶结物充填粒间孔隙, 多为有序伊蒙混层(图 4-f)。

沥青多呈分散状或者条带状充填在粒间(图 4-a, 4-c, 4-e), 颜色从黑色到棕红色变化, 含量1%~25%, 总体上样品中的沥青含量与胶结物成反比。在本组同层段伴生不含沥青或少含沥青的纯石英砂岩和石英砂岩中(图 4-d), 粒间主要充填铁质和硅质, 铁质高达6%, 平均含量1%~3%, 硅质平均含量达3%~7%, 石英加大多以3期和自形为主, 大部分达到自形特征; 强烈胶结, 致密坚硬。

2.3 下马岭组沥青砂岩结构特征

露头上的沥青砂岩呈固结状砂岩和分散颗粒状沥青砂(图 4-c), 颗粒大小相等, 中粒和细粒为主, 在浅钻孔下马岭组底砂岩呈现细砂岩与粉砂岩。沥青砂岩因沥青缘故砂岩结构特征不明显。显微镜下可见其粒径、磨圆、分选、胶结等特征。

2.3.1 粒度

粒度分析在20世纪40— 70年代得到广泛应用, 人们将各种方法测定的系数尝试与沉积环境相联系(宋天锐和高键, 1987; 宋天锐和朱筱敏, 2013), 后期发现这些系数不是固定的和有规律的, 甚至在应用中出现相互矛盾的现象。1980年在第一届全国碎屑岩学术讨论会上对之进行了专门讨论, 并认为作为综合性标志之一, 粒度分析资料是可以用的, 但不能以粒度曲线特征作为判别沉积相的唯一标志; 粒度系数对于一定范围、一定层位的对比或应用, 仍不失为一项重要的依据(宋天锐和高键, 1987)。宋天锐和高键(1987)及宋天锐(2007)曾用粒度分析资料较好地解释了十三陵地区中上元古界碎屑岩沉积环境与沉积相。因而粒度分析是判别研究区沉积环境和水动力的良好标志, 并得到广泛应用(彭冰霞和杜远生, 2002; 何志刚等, 2007; 翟秋敏等, 2012; 宋天锐和朱筱敏, 2013; 邹妞妞等, 2016)。也有人用粒度分析研究砂岩物性(孟元林等, 2016)。

宋天锐和高键(1987)曾对比过薄片法与筛分析法, 认为薄片粒度测量结果无需校正为筛分析结果。相对中上元古界碎屑岩样品很难得到完整的单一碎屑个体, 一定程度上说薄片法比筛分析法测量结果更好。因而此次采用薄片法进行粒度分析测定, 对研究区不同剖面35块薄片样品进行了分析, 测量颗粒数近万粒, 每块薄片取样300粒到500粒。系列分析测试得到样品多种粒度统计数据图表(表 1, 图 5, 图 6)。

表 1 冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩粒度分析数据结果统计 Table1 Grading analysis data statistic of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone in Jibei Depression

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	图 5 冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩样品频率分布Fig.5 Frequency histogram of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone in Jibei Depression

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	图 6 冀北坳陷下马岭组沥青砂岩样品粒度分析结果图 a— 粒度概率累积曲线; b— C-M图Fig.6 Grading analysis results of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone in Jibei Depression

从图5可看出, 粒径0.5~1.0mm的粗粒组分含量较低, 0.25~0.5mm的中砂粒度的颗粒急剧增加, 粒径0.1~0.25mm的细砂含量最高。可见砂岩粒度以细粒为主, 分选较好。各个地区粒度组分各有差异, 总体上来看, 宽城地区粒度偏粗, 平泉地区粒度偏细, 凌源地区粒度主要集中在中粒。

根据测得的粒度数据, 进行了福克和沃克粒度参数的计算, 全部样品平均粒度中值为2.71Φ (0.152mm), 平均粒径为2.83Φ (0.140mm), 均为细粒; 分选系数平均为-0.089, 分选很好, 与海滩的情况较为符合; 平均偏度为-0.189, 负偏态, 表现出细粒组分的优势数量; 峰度0.89, 平坦, 近乎正态分布。这些参数均值体现出较强的指向性, 展示了高能、强水动力条件和海滩沉积的特征。

各个剖面粒度分析的粒度参数特征各不相同(表 1, 图 5, 图 6), 宽城地区的样品粒度较粗, 平泉地区表现最细, 凌源为中砂到细砂; 3个地区分选均为好到极好, 偏度近于对称, 峰度基本为中等(正态)。

2.3.2 结构成熟度

镜下碎屑石英颗粒表面多呈磨光面、多形态海蚀显微槽沟状, 分选好, 不同剖面粒度不一样, 以细粒、中粒为主、少量达细砾级, 其结构成熟度高。砂岩的主要结构系数凌源地区为196.20~925.27, 均值为475.87; 宽城地区114.8~317.7, 均值为238.37; 平泉地区314.44~468.68, 均值为382.70, 均为超成熟。

3 沉积环境分析

沉积环境通常多用宏观的沉积序列与沉积构造特征再加微观的实验室岩性特征等, 进行定性与定量分析与确定相态。鉴于本区沥青砂岩的特殊性, 仅能从岩性和粒度2方面进行环境分析, 以便探索对此类组分环境分析较有效的方法, 对前人区域性定性环境分析进行补充, 以期做到半定量分析探寻。

在岩性上样品的特点十分明显, 矿物成分单一、成熟度很高, 体现出长距离搬运和较强水动力反复淘洗的特征, 样品中发现的海绿石进一步证明了海相沉积背景。高能量、强水动力特征, 显示此砂岩形成于海相滨岸体系。部分样品分选中等, 粗细粒共同发育, 而磨圆好, 显示形成于沟道沉积特征。这些特征显示此砂岩形成于海相无障壁滨岸沉积体系, 为潮下高能带的沉积物, 主要形成于前滨海滩, 部分为潮汐水道沉积。相对应无沥青、未变质的砂岩段具明显的前滨砂岩层理、波痕特征。

粒度分析显示样品以细砂岩、粉砂岩和中砂岩为主, 中砂含量变化较大0.51%~83.9%, 细砂含量相对稳定, 在大多数薄片中含量都超过了60%。总体上沉积物的粒度表现为极少量的粗砂, 粒度多集中在细砂、粗粉砂和中砂, 不是全部中细砂为主的海滩, 基本同于海滩颗粒, 并且不同层位粒度不一样。

C-M图(图 6)体现出了明显的牵引流特征, 主要发育OP、PQ、NO段。其中PQ段最为发育, RS段几乎不发育。这体现了牵引流机制下, 滚动为主并存在悬浮搬运的水动力状态。其中平泉剖面砂岩主要为滚动加悬浮搬运, 宽城剖面主要为滚动搬运, 而凌源剖面的砂岩具有滚动及悬浮搬运双重影响的特征。

根据萨胡(Sahu)公式判定计算本区粒度参数, 凌源地区风成与滨海的环境判别中多为风成, 滨海与浅海的环境判别中多为滨海, 浅海与河流(冲积)的判别中均为浅海; 宽城地区风成与滨海的环境判别中多为滨海, 滨海与浅海的环境判别中多为滨海, 浅海与河流(冲积)的判别中均为浅海; 平泉地区风成与滨海的环境判别中均为风成, 滨海与浅海的环境判别中多为浅海, 浅海与河流(冲积)的判别中均为浅海。全体样品各种参数取平均值利用萨胡判别函数计算出沉积环境为平均低潮线以下的滨海位置。

平泉剖面和宽城剖面砂岩都体现了粒度总体的分异作用, 尤其是宽城剖面砂岩粗粒组分到细粒组分的过渡更加突然, 而平泉剖面砂岩粒度总体单一, 以中细粒的跳跃组为主, 缺乏滚动和悬浮组的粒度总体。概率累积曲线为总体多段式, 总体上反映了3个粒度总体, 其中主要的部分是滚动总体和跳跃总体, 悬浮总体较少(图 6-a)。跳跃组分成3段, 随着粒度变细分选逐渐变好, 粗粒的滚动组分分选很好, 这与滨浅海沉积物的粒度特征是相吻合的。但是与现代的浅海沉积样品相比跳跃组分总体粒度偏粗, 而且分为3个粒度次总体, 冲刷— 回流界面位于2Φ 力度对应的位置, 但是在1Φ 处又有一个分界点。这种异常现象的出现可能与沉积物沉积的原始环境和沉积物在埋藏成岩过程中的经历有关。滚动组分的分选性很好, 表现了较强的水动力特征, 可能是前滨滩脊沉积所致; 跳跃组分底部分选很差并且力度含量较低, 在1Φ 处与更细粒的跳跃组第2次总体分界, 这可能是潮汐水道沉积混杂所致, 随后跳跃组的第2和第3次总体分选逐渐变好, 并十分符合滨浅海砂岩沉积的特征。概率累积曲线同样随着不同剖面产生了一定变化。

本区沥青砂岩填隙物含泥质较少甚至基本没有, 成分和结构成熟度都极高, 显示无障壁海岸沉积特征。结合对粒度参数的分析和萨胡函数的判别, 样品的沉积环境为滨岸相沉积中的前滨亚相和临滨亚相, 不同剖面沉积微相稍有不同, 以临滨亚相沉积为主, 多位于潮下高能带沉积, 夹潮汐水道沉积。沉积位置从前滨带下部到临滨带中上部, 处于波浪、潮汐共同作用的强水动力区。不同地区沉积环境有差异, 凌源地区和平泉地区为水下高能带沉积为主, 位于临滨带的中上部沉积; 宽城地区较复杂, 细粒为主、分选好到极好的沉积也为临滨带中上部沉积, 颗粒为中砂和中粗砂、分选好到极好的为前滨沉积; 凌源地区和宽城地区细粒到粗粒、分选中等、次圆状到浑圆状沉积物为潮汐水道沉积。下马岭期宽城、凌源到平泉相对水深由浅到深。

总之, 下马岭组沥青砂岩的沉积环境是前滨到临滨的海相高能环境, 主要为临滨潮下高能带, 含部分前滨, 也夹少量潮汐水道。样品的粒度特征与现代滨岸沉积略有不同, 这可能是古代特殊的海相环境及受后期特殊的成岩作用影响。

4 结论

鉴于冀北坳陷元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩沉积构造与沉积序列不明确、年代久远且变质等特征, 结合区域研究成果, 充分利用实验室系列分析方法取得相关参数, 利用粒度分析方法分析沥青砂岩, 进而尝试恢复其古环境, 并揭示出沥青砂岩原始沉积环境并不相同, 存在一定差异。

下马岭组沥青砂岩为纯石英砂岩和石英砂岩, 成分单一, 杂基含量极低, 作为孔隙标志的沥青含量高达25%, 细粒为主、中粒和粗粉砂粒次之, 分选好到极好, 成分成熟度和结构成熟度都极高, 岩性显示典型的海相滨岸沉积特征。粒度分布、C-M图、概率累积图及其他粒度参数均体现出较强的指向性, 显示沥青砂岩形成于高能、强水动力条件和海滩沉积环境; 不同地区粒度和岩性有一定差异, 显示不同地区沉积环境可能不同。综合分析认为下马岭组沥青砂岩形成于无障壁海岸体系的滨岸相— 前滨亚相和临滨亚相, 可能的沉积位置是前滨下部到中上临滨。不同剖面位置所处的沉积环境不同, 凌源地区和平泉地区为临滨带的中上部水下高能带为主, 宽城地区包括了临滨带中上部和前滨中下部, 凌源地区和宽城地区也包含少量的潮汐水道, 各自相对水深略有不同。

致谢十年前承接王铁冠院士相关研究,三年研究得到先生多次教诲,十年间多次修改与反复实验得到他各方面支持与帮助,论文完成过程中他也给予了悉心指导,其对科学领悟及探索精神令吾终生难忘,在此特别感谢王铁冠院士!十年间宋玲、高兴、陈明鑫、张军燕、佘亚明、刘纪臣、杨雪梅、李璇等同学也先后参与了大量实验与研究工作,在此表示衷心感谢!

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[13]	宋天锐, 高键. 1987. 北京十三陵前寒武系沉积岩. 北京: 地质出版社, 17-38. [Song T R, Gao J. 1987. Precambrian Sedimentary Rocks of Beijing Ming Tombs. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 17-38] [文内引用:4]
[14]	宋天锐, 朱筱敏. 2013. 碎屑岩岩类学. 见: 冯增昭. 中国沉积学(第二版). 北京: 石油工业出版社, 56. [Song T R, Zhu X M. 2013. Petrograaphy of Clastic Rocks. In: Feng Z Z. Sedimentology of China(Second Edition). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 56] [文内引用:2]
[15]	王丽云, 罗顺社, 张敏, 门福信. 2009. 河北宽城北杖子地区下马岭组沉积相特征. 石油地质与工程, 23(3): 30-35. [Wang L Y, Luo S S, Zhang M, Men F X. 2009. Characteristics of sedimentary facies of Xiamaling Formation at Beizhangzi area, Kuancheng, Hebei. Petroleum Geology and Engineering, 23(3): 30-35] [文内引用:1]
[16]	王铁冠. 1980. 燕山地区震旦亚界油苗的原生性及其石油地质意义. 石油勘探与开发, 7(2): 34-52. [Wang T G. 1980. Primary properties of Sinian Suberathem oil-seep and its petroleum geological significance in Yanshan region. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 7(2): 34-52] [文内引用:1]
[17]	王铁冠. 1990. 燕山东段上元古界含沥青砂岩中一个新三环萜烷系列生物标志物. 中国科学(B辑), 20(10): 1077-1085. [Wang T G. 1990. A novel tricyclic terpane biomarker series in the Upper Proterozoic bituminous sand stone, eastern Yanshan region. Science in China (Series B), 20(10): 1077-1085] [文内引用:1]
[18]	王铁冠. 2009. 华北地台下组合含油性及区带预测. 北京: 中国石油大学(北京), 44-60. [Wang T G. 2009. Oiliness of lower Huabei Platform Sequence and the Prediction. Beijing: China University of Petroleum(Beijing), 44-60] [文内引用:1]
[19]	王铁冠, 韩克猷. 2011. 论中—新元古界油气资源. 石油学报, 31(1): 1-7. [Wang T G, Han K Y. 2011. On Meso-Neoproterozoic primary petroleum resources. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 31(1): 1-7] [文内引用:1]
[20]	王铁冠, 黄光辉, 徐中一. 1988. 辽西龙潭沟元古界下马岭组底砂岩古油藏探讨. 石油与天然气地质, 9(3): 278-287. [Wang T G, Huang G H, Xu Z Y. 1988. Approach to the Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation basal sand stone fossil-oil-reservoir. Oil & Gas Geology, 9(3): 278-287] [文内引用:1]
[21]	王铁冠, 钟宁宁, 王春江, 朱毅秀, 刘岩, 宋到福. 2016. 冀北坳陷下马岭组底砂岩古油藏成藏演变历史与烃源剖析. 石油科学通报, 1(1): 24-37. [Wang T G, Zhong N N, Wang C J, Zhu Y X, Liu Y, Song D F. 2016. Source beds and oil entrapment-alteration histories of fossil-oil-reservoirs in the Xiamaling Formation basal sand stone, Jibei Depression. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 1(1): 24-37] [文内引用:3]
[22]	王泽九, 黄枝高, 姚建新, 马秀兰. 2014. 中国地层表及说明书的特点与主要进展. 地球学报, 35(3): 271-276. [Wang Z J, Huang Z G, Yao J X, Ma X L. 2014. Characteristics and main progress of the stratigraphic chart of China and directions. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 35(3): 271-276] [文内引用:1]
[23]	赵澄林, 李儒峰, 周劲松. 1997. 华北中新元古界油气地质与沉积学. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-15. [Zhao C L, Li R F, Zhou J S. 1997. Study on Petroleum Geology of Neoproterozoic in the North of North China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1-15] [文内引用:1]
[24]	翟明国, 胡波, 彭澎, 赵太平. 2014. 华北中—新元古代的岩浆作用与多期裂谷事件. 地学前缘, 21(1): 100-119. [Zhai M G, Hu B, Peng P, Zhao T P. 2014. Meso-Neoproterozoic magmatic events and multi-stage rifting in the NCC. Earth Science Frontiers, 21(1): 100-119] [文内引用:1]
[25]	翟秋敏, 郭志永, 李磊, 王海荣. 2012. 北大西洋IODP U1313站位早更新世深海沉积物陆源组分粒度特征及其环境意义. 古地理学报, 14(2): 261-268. [Zhai Q M, Guo Z Y, Li L, Wang H R. 2012. Grain size characteristics and their environmental significance of terrigenous constituents in deep-sea sediments at IODP Site U1313 in North Atlantic during the Early Pleistocene. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 14(2): 261-268] [文内引用:1]
[26]	邹妞妞, 张大权, 史基安, 蒋欢, 鲁新川, 张顺存. 2016. 准噶尔盆地石南地区中侏罗统头屯河组沉积特征及演化. 古地理学报, 18(6): 951-960. [Zou N N, Zhang D Q, Shi J A, Jiang H, Lu X C, Zhang S C. 2016. Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area of Junggar Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(6): 951-960] [文内引用:1]
[27]	Wang T G. 1991. A novel tricyclic terpane biomarker series in the Upper Proterozoic bituminous sand stone, eastern Yanshan region. Science in China(Ser. B), 34(4): 479-489. [文内引用:1]
[28]	Wang T G, Simoneit B R T. 1995. Tricyclic terpanes in Precambrian bituminous sand stone from the eastern Yanshan region, North China. Chemical Geology, 120: 155-170. [文内引用:1]

2015

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范文博. 2015. 华北克拉通中元古代下马岭组地质特征及研究进展: 下马岭组研究百年回眸. 地质论评, 61(6): 1383-1406.

[Fan W

. 2015. Geological features and research progress of the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the North China Craton: A review after nearly one hundred years of study. Geological Review, 61(6): 1383-1406]

The Xiamaling Formation study has progressed much since it was firstly named as Xiamaling Shale in Western Hills, Beijing, in 1920. The Formation is reviewed here from different perspectives after nearly one hundred years, including its lithology, stratigraphic succesion, sedimentary environment, regional differences, chronostratigraphy, palaeontology, oil/gas possibility, diabase sills in it, its significance for paleoceanic evolution, basin type and also evolution. Thus we could have a more comprehensive, detailed and profound understanding of the formation and its significance for the evolution of both North China and the Earth in the Proterozoic. The Zhaojiashan section, together with the suggested Xiahuayuan standard section, are described carefully for its lithological variation and sedimentary environment evolution. The boundary of each member are also further modified and defined. Contrasting of the 4 important sections, toghther with the other 10 sections and the marginal deposition in the North China Craton, outline the remaining basin and their vertical similarities and also differences for the formation. The 4 memmbers of the formation are comparable, although the upper part may be eroded after deposition and the thickness of the succesion can be variable because of possible lateral facies change. The biotic found and its chronological study advancement are also summarized. The study focuses concerning the formation are reviewed, including: (1) their organic content and corresponding hydrocarbon generating potential, (2) evidence for the ocean redox structure in the Mesoproterozoic, (3) the extensive basic sills and their tectonic significance, and (4) indication for the basin type and evolution of the so called Yanliao aulacogen. We conclude the formation should be further studied for its basic geological aspects firstly. Its high resolution stratigraphic correlation, chronostratigraphic framework improvement, origin of the rhythm and provenance analyses can also be done in the future. Other stratigraphic segments and later deformational―tectonic events in the Norch China, the corresponding Mesoproterozoic geologic recoreds in the word should also be concerned for a fully understanding of the formation.

从1920年叶良辅在北京西山命名“下马岭页岩”到现在的近百年时间里，下马岭组研究取得了诸多进展。本文从岩性组成、沉积序列及环境、分布范围及区域变化、年代地层学、古生物学、含油气性、古海洋演化、基性岩床、盆地性质及演化等多个视角，对下马岭组的地质特征及相关地质、科学问题进行了总结与分析。这有利于我们对下马岭组及其内涵更为全面、细致、深刻的了解，也为探索华北乃至整个地球中元古代时期的演化提供更多信息。

... 范文博,2015),依据沉积演化历史与下马岭组沉积序列定性推测沉积环境与相,多推测其形成于海相前滨环境(王丽云等,2009),但就在岩石中寻找有效相标志(证据)与沉积特征而定性与定量确定沉积环境与相特征方面研究较少 ...

2008

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高林志, 张传恒, 史小颖, 宋彪, 王自强, 刘耀明. 2008. 华北古陆下马岭组归属中元古界的锆石SHBIMP年龄新证据. 科学通报, 53(21): 2617-2623.

[Gao L

, Zhang C

, Shi X

, Song

, Wang Z

, Liu Y

. 2008. Mesoproterozoic age for Xiamaling Formation in North China Plate indicated by SHRIMP dating. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(21): 2617-2623]

建立中国晚前寒武纪地层标准剖面一直是华北中、新元古代地层研究的主要目标, 获得高质量同位素年龄数据是实现这一目标的关键之一. 然而, 多年来关键层位仍缺乏高质量同位素年龄的约束. 对原“青白口系”下马岭组的层凝灰岩进行研究, 并在河北省宣化地区下马岭组发现10层凝灰岩层(斑脱岩), 获得大量岩浆型锆石, 利用SHRIMPⅡ技术, 进行了高精度定年, 测得凝灰岩层锆石 207 Pb/ 206 Pb加权平均年龄为(1366 ± 9) Ma. 结合区域资料和北京西山下马岭组的锆石年龄讨论了锆石年龄的地质意义. 这一新的同位素年龄数据为华北“青白口系”下马岭组在地层柱中的定位增添新的依据, 它不仅再次准确地确定了地层的形成时代, 而且对整个华北地台中、新元古代地层的地质演化史的认识和下马岭组宏观藻类演化在中元古代年代地层柱准确定位都有着重要的地质意义.

... (高林志等,2008,2010,2011 ...

2010

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... (高林志等,2008,2010,2011 ...

2011

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1991

0.0

... 高耀斌等,1991 ...

1990

0.0

... 郝石生等,1990 ...

2007

0.0

何志刚, 莫文渊, 刘春莲, 吴超羽. 2007. 从沉积速率和沉积物粒度看冰后期海侵以来珠江三角洲西江大鳌沙的形成. 古地理学报, 9(3): 331-336.

[He Z

, Mo W

, Liu C

, Wu C

. 2007. Formation of Xijiang Da'aosha in Pearl River Delta during the postglacial period from a perspective of sedimentation rates and sediment grain size. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 9(3): 331-336]

The Daaosha is located in the nearmouth section of the Xijiang estuarine of the Pearl River Delta. The boundary of tidal influence during flood season is near the top of the Daaosha. Two boreholes (PRD04 and PRD05) were drilled in the proximal and central parts of the Daaosha respectively. The core records show that the sedimentation rates and sediment grain size are quite different between PRD04 and PRD05 since the postglacial period. PRD04 exhibits lower sedimentation rates than PRD05 prior to 7630 aBP, but hihger since 7630 a BP. The sediments in PRD04 are poorlysorted, and the sediment grain size is coarser when the burial depth is below 12.28 m, but the sediments become finer and wellsorted above 12.28 m compared with PRD05. Analyses indicate that the sediments were transported by flood currents from south to north during 9000~4200 a BP. The flood currents eroded the previously deposited sediments. With a marked decrease in current velocity after the flood currents passed through the Modaomen channel, the coarsegrained muds and sands accumulated first, while the finegrained sediments were transported further towards the north. Since 3500a BP, the sediments in the north became coarser than those in the south, suggesting that the sediments were transported from the north to the south due to the change to river dominance. The formation of the Daaosha was closely related to the flood jet. The flood jet inlet, with a width about 2 200 m, was situated between the Shedi Hill and the hills along the right bank of the Xijiang River.

1 Center for Coastal Ocean Science and Technology Research, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou510275, Guangdong 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou510275, Guangdong

大鳌沙处于珠江三角洲西江河口的近口段，洪季西江河口的潮区界西线在其顶端附近。冰后期海侵以来，大鳌沙顶端的PRD05和中部的PRD04两个钻孔的沉积速率和沉积物粒度有着极大的差别。7 630 a BP以前，PRD04孔的沉积速率小于PRD05孔的沉积速率；但7 630 a BP以来，PRD04孔的沉积速率大于PRD05孔的沉积速率。从粒度分析看，埋深12.28 m以下，PRD04孔沉积物比PRD05孔的粗，分选性比PRD05孔的差；埋深12.28 m以上，PRD04孔的沉积物比PRD05孔的细，分选性相对比PRD05孔的好。分析表明，9 000～4 200a BP， 沉积物由南（中部）向北（顶部）输运，涨潮流冲蚀老沉积物，在喷出磨刀门通道后，流速迅速降低，粗颗粒泥沙先沉积，而细颗粒泥沙被涨潮流搬运至更北的区域沉积。近3500年以来，河流动力占优势，沉积物由北（顶部）向南（中部）输运。大鳌沙的形成与涨潮射流密切相关。涨潮射流口的位置在蛇地山和右岸纵向山地之间，宽约2200 m。

... 何志刚等,2007 ...

2011

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刘岩, 钟宁宁, 田永晶, 齐雯, 母国妍. 2011. 中国最老古油藏: 中元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩古油藏. 石油勘探与开发, 38(4): 503-512.

[Liu

, Zhong N

, Tian Y

, Qi

, Mu G

. 2011. The oldest oil accumulation in China: Meso-proterozoic Xiamaling Formation bituminous sand stone reservoirs. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 38(4): 503-512]

Abstract Based on analysis on the coexistent relationship between igneous rock intrusion and bituminous sandstone of the Xiamaling Formation in northern Hebei (Qnx), the accumulation time of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone reservoir is defined by the methods of organic petrology and isotope chronology. According to field investigation, observation of thin-section and the shallow drilling show, and based on the previous results of oil seepages and bitumen spots in the Qnx base sandstone, thirty-one new oil seepages (bitumen spots), including twenty-one visible black bitumen spots, were discovered in the Qnx. The distribution of paleo-reservoirs in the Qnx bituminous sandstone was identified, and 4 paleo-reservoirs, i.e. Shuangdong paleo-reservoir in Pingquan, Longtangou paleo-reservoir in Lingyuan, Lujiazhuang paleo-reservoir and Tashan paleo-reservoir in Kuancheng, have been named. The reserves of the paleo-reservoirs are 0.7-1.0 billion tons, which are calculated by the volume method with the solid bitumen content. Organic petrology analysis shows that two kinds of solid bitumen with diferent reflectivity characteristics were developed. Class structure of natural coke is discovered in solid bitumen, which is the first direct evidence to prove that severe thermal alteration occurs in the Qnx base sandstone bitumen. The age of Qnx gabbro-diabase baddeleyite by SHRIMP U-Pb dating is 1 327 Ma±2 Ma, which indicates that the accumulation time of the Xiamaling Formation bituminous sandstone is 1 400 Ma to 1 327 Ma. So, it is the oldest oil accumulation in China. 摘要：从冀北坳陷下马岭组（Qnx）沥青砂岩与火成岩侵入体的共存关系入手，利用有机岩石学、同位素年代学方法准确厘定Qnx沥青砂岩油藏的成藏时限。根据野外调查、实验室薄片镜下观察及浅钻结果，在前人已发现Qnx底砂岩油苗/沥青点的基础上，新发现Qnx油苗/沥青点31处（其中肉眼可见黑色沥青点21处），基本查明了Qnx沥青砂岩油藏平面分布规律并命名了4个古油藏：平泉双洞、凌源龙潭沟、宽城芦家庄和宽城塌山古油藏。根据沥青含量，采用体积法估算Qnx沥青砂岩古油藏的规模在7´108～10´108 t。大量样品的有机岩石学分析发现，Qnx沥青砂岩中发育两类具有不同反射率特征的固体沥青，在固体沥青中发现了类天然焦结构，首次以直接证据证实Qnx底砂岩沥青遭受过严重的热蚀变效应。Qnx辉长辉绿岩斜锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果为1 327 Ma±2 Ma，限定Qnx沥青砂岩油藏的成藏时间为1 400～1 327 Ma，确定Qnx沥青砂岩油藏是迄今为止中国最古老的油藏。图7表1参30

... 冀北坳陷内的中、新元古界,已发现98处油苗和沥青点(刘岩等,2011),下马岭组底部存在稳定分布的沥青砂岩,在平泉和宽城均发现多处油苗和沥青点 ...

... 此沥青砂岩是一个在元古代晚期被辉长辉绿岩体破坏了的古油藏遗迹(刘岩等,2011 ...

... 王铁冠等,2016),也是目前中国发现最古老的砂岩油藏(刘岩等,2011) ...

... 刘岩等(2011)推算下马岭组沥青砂岩可能油藏的初始规模为7 ...

2016

0.0

孟元林, 王志轩, 张凤莲, 孟凡晋, 焦金鹤, 施立冬. 2016. 辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段古近系沙河街组致密砂岩特征与成因机制. 古地理学报, 18(4): 569-580.

[Meng Y

, Wang Z

, Zhang F

, Meng F

, Jiao J

, Shi L

. 2016. Characteristics and forming mechanism of tight sand stones in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation of southern West Sag, Liaohe Depression. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(4): 569-580]

Low-yield and commercial oil flows have been discovered in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation,southern West Sag,Liaohe Depression,Bohai Bay Basin. The reservoirs are typical tight sandstone reservoirs characterized by low-ultralow porosity,extra-low-ultralow permeability and low pressure. Based on data of thin sections,SEM,grain size,mercury pressure analysis and physical property,the micro-characteristics and formation mechanisms of tight sandstones were analysed. The results show that:The tight reservoirs(with porosity value lower than 10%)are mainly distributed in the sag area;The formation of tight reservoirs are not controlled by factors such as mineral composition,grain size,grain sorting and roundness;Pore types mainly consist of secondary pores and pore structures are characterized by medium pore diameter,tiny throat and heterogeneous throat sorting;The tight sandstones are mainly formed through compactions and cementations and are thus categorized as diagenetic tight sandstones.

1 College of Geosciences,Northeast Petroleum University,Daqing 163318,Heilongjiang; 2 Petroleum Exploration & Development Institute,Liaohe Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Panjin 124010,Liaoning; 3 Resolution Energy Services,Houston TX 77002, USA

渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段古近系沙河街组中发现了低产油气流和工业油气流,储集层具有低—特低孔隙度、特低—超低渗透率、低压的特征,属于典型的致密砂岩储集层。应用大量的薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞和物性等测试资料,研究了致密砂岩的微观特征,探讨了致密砂岩的形成机理。研究结果表明,致密砂岩(孔隙度小于 10.0% )大多发育在凹陷区;矿物成分、粒度、分选、磨圆等沉积学参数与致密砂岩的形成关系不大;致密砂岩的孔隙类型主要为次生孔隙,孔隙结构整体上具有中孔径、微细喉以及喉道分选不均匀等特征;机械压实作用和胶结作用导致了致密砂岩的形成,该致密砂岩属于次生型致密砂岩。

... 也有人用粒度分析研究砂岩物性(孟元林等,2016) ...

2006

0.0

... 欧光习和李林强,2006),在中国是一个值得关注的重要能源资源领域(王铁冠和韩克猷,2011),是中国海相油气勘探的远景层位之一,中、新元古界在世界范围内也是一个重要的沉积层序(赵澄林等,1997) ...

2002

0.0

彭冰霞, 杜远生. 2002. 鄂东地区上泥盆统五通组砂岩沉积相及其古地理特征. 古地理学报, 4(3): 26-32.

[Peng B

, Du Y

. 2002. The sedimentary facies and palaeogeography of Wutong Formation sand stone of the upper Devolian in eastern Hubei Province. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 4(3): 26-32]

Fluvial facies and shore facies are two different viewpoints on the origin of the Wutong Formation sandstone of the Upper Devonian in the eastern Hubei Province. Based on the abundant and elaborate field investigations and laboratory analysis, it is suggested that the Wutong Formation is mainly the pure quartz sandstone and glauconite-bearing quartz sandstone with great maturity. The curve of probability cumulating with relative steep slop shows that the sandstone is mainly made up of leaping components, some of which are made of the two-stage mode, and the contents of suspending and rolling components are quite low. It can be concluded that the grain size parameter of sandstone is limited within the range of that of well-sorted shore sandstone. Microfacies and grain size analysis all indicate that the sandstone is significantly analogous to that of the high-energy clastic coast. The sandstones developed typically the shore-deposit structure, such as the flushing cross-bedding, great and asymmetrically wave-generated ripple and anomalistic concave. A sedimentary sequence is from the lower of the shore face zone to the upper of the shore face zone, foreshore zone and the backshore zone vertically, above of which there is a complete regressive sequence of shore sediments. The analysis on the paleogeography suggests that there was a shore environment in eastern Hubei province in the Late Devonian, which was perhaps open to the ancient Qinling Sea northward.

China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074

对鄂东地区上泥盆统五通组砂岩的成因，一直存在河流相和滨海相的不同认识。野外研究和室内分析表明：该组主要为一套成熟度较好纯净的石英砂岩和含海绿石石英砂岩。概率累积曲线斜率较大，以跳跃组分为主，悬浮组分和滚动组分含量低，有的砂岩跳跃组分具两段式，粒度参数属于分选好的滨海砂范围。微相和粒度分析都表明其具有明显的高能碎屑海岸的滨海沉积特征。砂岩中发育大型冲洗交错层理、大型不对称浪成波痕、不规则的坑凹面等典型的海滩沉积构造。纵向上为临滨下部一临滨上部一临滨下部一临滨上部一前滨一后滨沉积特征，上部为一个完整的退积型海滩沉积序列。区域古地理分析反映下扬子的鄂东地区晚泥盆世时期处于滨浅海环境，其北部可能与秦岭古海洋相通。

... 因而粒度分析是判别研究区沉积环境和水动力的良好标志,并得到广泛应用(彭冰霞和杜远生,2002 ...

2007

0.0

宋天锐. 2007. 北京十三陵中元古界长城系沉积相标志及沉积环境演化模式. 古地理学报, 9(5): 461-472.

[Song T

. 2007. Developed models of palaeogeographical environments based on Mid-Proterozoic sedimentary facies indicators of the Changcheng System(Great Wall System)of the Ming Tombs District, Beijing. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 9(5): 461-472]

Abstract This briefly introduces Palaeogeogaphical models and their facies indicators of Proterozoic Strata of the Ming Tombs District， Bejing， as well as some related sedimentary problems ， such as the isotopic geo-age of the Mid-Proterozoic Changzhougou Formation Archean Fuping Group by single zircon and SHRIMP method， the Chuanglinggou and Gaoyuzhuang Formations by Pb-Pb method; the world oldest iron cosmic spherules， the origin of double crested wave ripples on dolomite bed surface as a result of intraclastic grains; herringbone cross stratification in silicified dolomite composed by silicified pellets; the algal filaments and event message-bearing rocks in the Dahongyu Formation; volcanic activities and earthquake water escape in the Chuanglinggou Formation; the discovery of dubiofossils in the Changzhougou and Gaoyuzhuang Formations; the discovery of authigenic monazite and regrowth zenotime in Changzhougou and Chuanglinggou Formations as well as the solar nebula material carbonaceous chondrite discovered for the first time from the Dahongyu Formation.

Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geological sciences Beijing 10037

北京十三陵地区中元古界长城系包括5个组：常州沟组、串岭沟组、团山子组、大红峪组、高于庄组，前2个组主要由碎屑岩组成，后3个组主要由碳酸盐岩组成。众多的沉积相标志从不同侧面说明：常州沟组沉积属于滨浅海碎屑岩沉积环境；从串岭沟组开始，其沉积环境向碳酸盐岩沉积环境过渡；后3个组沉积时的环境为典型的陆表海碳酸盐岩沉积环境。在综合研究的基础上给出了沉积环境演化模式。另外，长城系还有许多特殊的沉积现象值得进一步研究和讨论：世界上最古老的宇宙球粒；高于庄组白云岩层面上双脊波痕的内碎屑颗粒成因和硅化白云岩内青鱼骨状层理及硅质团粒的成因；特别是在大红峪组首次发现太阳星云物质－碳质球粒陨石。

... 宋天锐和高键(1987)及宋天锐(2007)曾用粒度分析资料较好地解释了十三陵地区中上元古界碎屑岩沉积环境与沉积相 ...

1987

0.0

... 70年代得到广泛应用,人们将各种方法测定的系数尝试与沉积环境相联系(宋天锐和高键,1987 ...

... 粒度系数对于一定范围、一定层位的对比或应用,仍不失为一项重要的依据(宋天锐和高键,1987) ...

... 宋天锐和高键(1987)及宋天锐(2007)曾用粒度分析资料较好地解释了十三陵地区中上元古界碎屑岩沉积环境与沉积相 ...

... 宋天锐和高键(1987)曾对比过薄片法与筛分析法,认为薄片粒度测量结果无需校正为筛分析结果 ...

2013

0.0

... 宋天锐和朱筱敏,2013),后期发现这些系数不是固定的和有规律的,甚至在应用中出现相互矛盾的现象 ...

... 宋天锐和朱筱敏,2013 ...

2009

0.0

1980

0.0

... 近几十年在燕山地区发现中新元古界大量原生液体油苗和固体沥青(王铁冠,1980,1990 ...

1990

0.0

... 近几十年在燕山地区发现中新元古界大量原生液体油苗和固体沥青(王铁冠,1980,1990 ...

2009

0.0

... 在剖面上表现为缺失下马岭组二段至四段沉积,仅保留下马岭组一段碎屑岩地层(王铁冠,2009) ...

2011

0.0

1988

0.0

王铁冠, 黄光辉, 徐中一. 1988. 辽西龙潭沟元古界下马岭组底砂岩古油藏探讨. 石油与天然气地质, 9(3): 278-287.

[Wang T

, Huang G

, Xu Z

. 1988. Approach to the Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation basal sand stone fossil-oil-reservoir. Oil & Gas Geology, 9(3): 278-287]

A lenticular sandstone with carbonized asphalt up to 8-15% is discoveredin the lowest part of the Upper Proterozoic Xiamaling Formation in Longtan-gou,Lingyuan County, west Liaoning. The authors consider that there was anoil pool in the Proterozoic which was then destroyed by the intrusive gabbro-diabase of 7.6340?0.0861 million years dated by K-Ar isotopic method, Inthe places where magmatism was weak, it is possible to find oil pools in the Proterozoic.

Jianghan College of Petroleum

辽宁省凌源县龙潭沟元古界下马岭组底部有一层富含碳质沥青的砂岩。本文根据地化、地质资料论证了此层含沥青砂岩是一个在元古代晚期被辉长辉绿岩体破坏了的古油藏的遗迹。

... 针对这套零星分布沥青砂岩岩性与沉积相前人也作过一定研究(王铁冠等,1988,2016 ...

2016

0.0

... 王铁冠等,2016),也是目前中国发现最古老的砂岩油藏(刘岩等,2011) ...

... 针对这套零星分布沥青砂岩岩性与沉积相前人也作过一定研究(王铁冠等,1988,2016 ...

... 1 区域地质特征冀北坳陷东接辽西坳陷,西邻密怀隆起,南到山海关隆起,北抵内蒙地轴,面积8733km²(王铁冠等,2016)(图1-a) ...

2014

0.0

... 王泽九等,2014 ...

1997

0.0

2014

0.0

... 翟明国等,2014) ...

2012

0.0

翟秋敏, 郭志永, 李磊, 王海荣. 2012. 北大西洋IODP U1313站位早更新世深海沉积物陆源组分粒度特征及其环境意义. 古地理学报, 14(2): 261-268.

[Zhai Q

, Guo Z

, Li

, Wang H

. 2012. Grain size characteristics and their environmental significance of terrigenous constituents in deep-sea sediments at IODP Site U1313 in North Atlantic during the Early Pleistocene. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 14(2): 261-268]

The North Atlantic is the key region in researches of global climate change.In this paper，we have done grain-size analysis with the terrigenous constituents of deep-sea sediments from the IODP(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) Site U1313，the results show that the terrigenous constituents mainly composed of clay and very fine slit，and the fine-grain materials(grain diameter less than 4μm)is a main component.Combining with palaeobiological data and stable isotope dating，we reconstruct the evolution of paleoclimate，the palaeoclimate in the North Atlantic during the Early Pleistocene is divided into three phases:(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP，climate fluctuated periodically;(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP，the climate changed gently;(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP，climate changed violently and frequently.The events of grain size suddenly increased correspond to the cold events during the Early Pleistocene.The suddenly change of grain size parameter nearby 1.6 Ma BP possibly linked to the earth orbital parameters change，which shows the importance of orbital parameter as external driving force to earth climate.

1 Institute of Resources and Environment，Henan University，Kaifeng 475004，Henan 2 College of Oceanographic and Geographic Sciences，Nanjing University，Nanjing 210093，Jiangsu 3 College of Water Sciences，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875 4 Henan Provincial Non-ferrous Metals Geological and Mineral Resources Bureau，Zhengzhou 450002，Henan

北大西洋地区是全球环境变化研究的热点区域。对IODP（国际综合大洋钻探计划）北大西洋306航次U1313站位深海沉积物陆源组分的粒度分析发现，陆源组分主要由黏土(粒径小于4μm)和极细粉沙(4～8μm)两个粒级构成，以黏土为主，分选性较差。通过与钙质超微化石、有孔虫等生物化石资料和同位素测年等技术相结合，重建了古气候的变化情况：(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP，气候呈周期性波动；(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP，气候变化相对平缓；(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP，气候波动剧烈且频繁。粒度指标所反映的几次粗颗粒增多事件与早更新世期间数次气候变冷事件的发生时间一致。1.6 Ma BP前后粒度参数的突然变化，可能与地球轨道参数的改变有关，进一步证实地球轨道参数作为气候系统外部驱动力的重要性。

... 翟秋敏等,2012 ...

2016

0.0

邹妞妞, 张大权, 史基安, 蒋欢, 鲁新川, 张顺存. 2016. 准噶尔盆地石南地区中侏罗统头屯河组沉积特征及演化. 古地理学报, 18(6): 951-960.

[Zou N

, Zhang D

, Shi J

, Jiang

, Lu X

, Zhang S

. 2016. Sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area of Junggar Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(6): 951-960]

There are different viewpoints about the sedimentary facies of the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area of Junggar Basin by far. Based on detailed core observations,thin sections and logging analysis,through study on sedimentary characteristics of lithologic types,sedimentary structures and sedimentary sequence was carried out. Combining with regional sedimentary background and tectonic setting,we considered that the sedimentary environment of the Toutunhe Formation in Shinan area is braided delta. Braided delta front sediments were deposited during the depositional period of Member 1 of Toutunhe Formation,the ribboned sandbody of subaqueous distributary channel widely developed. During the depositional period of Member 2 of Toutunhe Formation,braided delta system progradated,braided delta plain appeared at areas close to provenance and sandbodies of braided delta plain were overlapping and widely distributed. During the depositional period of Member 3 of Toutunhe Formation, the lake level rised rapidly,and shallow lake facies were mainly developed in the study area.

1 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou; 2 Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources,Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Research,Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,Gansu; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049; 4 Geological Environmental Monitoring Institute in Guizhou Province,Guiyang 550004,Guizhou; 5 Xinjiang Oilfield Company Research Institute of Experiment and Detection,Karamay 834000,Xinjiang

目前,对准噶尔盆地石南地区中侏罗统头屯河组沉积相的认识存在较大分歧和争议。通过岩心观察和精细描述、薄片鉴定和测井曲线分析等方法,对石南地区头屯河组岩石类型、沉积构造和沉积序列等特征进行详细研究,同时结合区域沉积构造背景,认为石南地区头屯河组沉积环境属辫状河三角洲。头屯河组一段沉积时期,研究区发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体呈条带状展布;头屯河组二段沉积时期以辫状河三角洲前缘沉积为主,由于湖平面的下降,辫状河三角洲进积,靠近物源方向发育辫状河三角洲平原,辫状河三角洲前缘河道砂体叠置连片分布;头屯河组三段沉积时期湖平面快速上升,全区基本演化为滨浅湖相沉积。

... 邹妞妞等,2016) ...

1991

0.0

... Wang,1991 ...

1995

0.0

... Wang and Simoneit,1995 ...