准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩纪古地貌恢复及其控砂机制<sup>*</sup>

程逸凡, 董艳蕾, 朱筱敏, 杨道庆, 伍炜, 杨棵, 苏彬, 赵瑞星, 乔陈凯. (2020)准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩纪古地貌恢复及其控砂机制^* [J]. 古地理学报, 22(6): 1127-1142
Cheng Yi-Fan, Dong Yan-Lei, Zhu Xiao-Min, Yang Dao-Qing, Wu Wei, Yang Ke, Su Bin, Zhao Rui-Xing, Qiao Chen-Kai. (2020)Cretaceous paleogeomorphology restoration and its controlling mechanism on sand-bodies in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin[J]. Journal Of Palaeogeography, 22(6): 1127-1142. 复制到剪切板

Doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2020.06.076
Permissions

准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩纪古地貌恢复及其控砂机制^*

程逸凡^1,², 董艳蕾^1,², 朱筱敏^1,², 杨道庆³, 伍炜⁴, 杨棵^1,², 苏彬^1,², 赵瑞星^1,², 乔陈凯^1,²

1. 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与探测国家重点实验室,北京 102249

2. 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京 102249

3. 中国石化河南油田分公司,河南南阳 473132

4. 中国石化华东油气分公司泰州采油厂,江苏泰州 225300

通讯作者简介：董艳蕾,女, 1972年生,博士,硕士导师,主要从事层序地层学和地震沉积学方面的工作。E-mail: yanleidong@163.com。

第一作者简介：程逸凡,男,1995年生,硕士生,地质学专业,主要从事地震沉积学和盆地沉积体系分析研究。E-mail: 605298762@qq.com。

收稿日期:2019-10-08

基金资助:国家科技重大专项(编号: 2017ZX05001-002-002)和国家自然科学基金项目(编号: 41202078)联合资助

摘要

古地貌恢复是盆地沉积体系研究的重要手段之一。准噶尔盆地春光探区井位分布不均,无法有效地对白垩系凹陷区的储集层潜力进行评估。首先利用三维地震、测井和岩心等资料,采用高精度古地貌恢复方法,在建立全区层序地层格架的基础上,综合考虑压实校正、剥蚀量恢复和古水深恢复,按砂组恢复出春光探区白垩纪古地貌特征,识别出了下切谷、坡折带和局部凸起等地貌单元。结果表明春光探区白垩系沉积经历了扩张—收缩—逐渐填平补齐的过程,沉积体系继承性较好;精确的古地貌恢复反映了盆地的沉积过程,有助于储集层预测和微相划分,对白垩系沉积特征研究有重要意义。其次,分析了地貌单元对砂体分布和沉积相展布的控制作用,认为研究区古地貌对砂体控制作用明显,其中局部凸起对砂体有分隔作用,坡折带控制着砂体展布和成因类型,下切谷作为搬运通道控制着砂体发育位置和规模。最后,对沟谷体系进行了精细刻画,总结了古沟谷的 V-U-W 型发育模式,并定量分析其搬运能力。

关键词: 古地貌恢复; 控砂机制; 沉积体系; 春光探区; 准噶尔盆地

中图分类号:P531;P512.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-1505(2020)06-1127-16

Cretaceous paleogeomorphology restoration and its controlling mechanism on sand-bodies in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

Cheng Yi-Fan^1,², Dong Yan-Lei^1,², Zhu Xiao-Min^1,², Yang Dao-Qing³, Wu Wei⁴, Yang Ke^1,², Su Bin^1,², Zhao Rui-Xing^1,², Qiao Chen-Kai^1,²

1. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China

2. College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China

3. Henan Oilfield Company,SINOPEC,Henan Nanyang 473132,China

4. Taizhou Oil Production Plant,SINOPEC East China Oil & Gas Company,Jiangsu Taizhou 225300,China;;

About the corresponding author: Dong Yan-Lei,born in 1972,is associate and Ph.D. She is mainly engaged in researches on sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology. E-mail: yanleidong@163.com.

About the first author:Cheng Yi-Fan,born in 1995,is a master degree candidate in China University of Petroleum(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in researches on seismic sedimentology and basin sedimentary system. E-mail: 605298762@qq.com.

Fund:[Co-funded by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No. 2017ZX05001-002-002),and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 41202078)]

Abstract

Paleogeomorphology restoration is one of the significant methods of sedimentary study. The distribution of drilling wells in the Chunguang exploration area,Junggar Basin is uneven,which make it hard to evaluate the reservoir potential of the Cretaceous strata effectively in depression zone. Based on 3D seismic data,well logs and core observation,this paper restores the paleogeomorphology precisely by establishing sequence stratigraphy in study area,strata decompaction correction and restoration of denudation and paleo-water depth. The paleogeomorphology restoration of each Cretaceous sand group has recognized several kinds of geomorphologic cells,such as incised valleys,slope break belt and bulges. The restored results show that the sedimentary basin in the Cretaceous experienced the process of expansion,shrink and filled up,and the sedimentary system has great inheritance. Accurate paleogeomorphology restoration can reveal the sedimentary process of basin,which can improve the prediction of reservoir and the division of microfacies and has great significances for the study of sedimentary characteristics of the Cretaceous strata. Then we analyze the geomorphologic cells, control on sand-body distribution and sedimentary facies,and we think that the features of paleogeomorphology have obviously controlled the sand-bodies,e.g., the bulge can separate sand-bodies,the slope break belt has controls on sand-bodies, thickness variations and origin types and the incised valley serves as transport conduits for sand. Finally,we make detail descriptions of valley systems,summarize the patterns of valley systems(V-U-W)and analyze the sediment transport ability of each type of valley system.

Key words: paleogeomorphology restoration; controlling mechanism of sand-body; sedimentary system; Chunguang exploration area; Junggar Basin

文章图片

古地貌分为构造古地貌、剥蚀古地貌和沉积古地貌(Allen, 2008; 林畅松等, 2015)。剥蚀古地貌与构造古地貌通常用于分析隆起物源区的剥蚀程度和地貌格局, 而沉积古地貌主要用来描述沉积区某一层段沉积前的地貌特征, 不同的地貌单元和地形坡度对盆地内水流方向、大小和沉积物卸载有着直接的影响, 进而影响砂体平面分布和叠置方式; 因此古地貌分析是盆地沉积模式研究的基础, 对沉积相展布和储集层发育研究有着重要的意义(贺锋等, 2017; 鲜本忠等, 2017)。国内对古地貌的研究开始于20世纪70年代中后期, 与油气勘探开发紧密相关, 诸多油田实例表明古地貌研究可以有效指导油气勘探开发; 随着实践方法和理论认识的进展, 古地貌恢复研究从区域性的、定性的认识逐渐过渡到精细的、定量的分析, 逐步提出了沉积学分析法、印模法、填平补齐法、层序地层学法以及碳酸盐岩沉积期微地貌恢复法等古地貌恢复方法(吴艳丽等, 2005; 程奇等, 2019)。

前人对准噶尔盆地春光探区古地貌特征研究多为定性和半定量的。邢凤存等(2008)运用趋势分析法对车排子凸起白垩系的同沉积期古地貌进行了恢复, 总结出“ 隆起供砂、沟谷输砂和凹陷聚砂” 的古地貌控砂模式; 高盾等(2015)运用印模法, 依靠地震资料恢复出车排子凸起白垩系古地貌, 认为地貌特征为西北高、东南低, 且斜坡带呈现出谷梁相间的特征。前人在分析地貌特征对砂体的控制作用时, 对地形坡度、水深、坡折带展布和沟谷发育的精细刻画不足, 对砂体展布认识不足, 不能满足现在的勘探需求。

本研究采用高精度古地貌恢复方法(王晨杰等, 2017), 在建立高精度层序地层格架的基础上, 综合考虑压实校正、古水深恢复和剥蚀量恢复, 精确地恢复研究区白垩纪古地貌, 恢复结果展现了地层沉积演化过程。在此基础上分析地貌特征对沉积和砂体的控制作用, 为研究区内白垩系的沉积体系研究和储集层精准预测服务。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 1 准噶尔盆地春光探区位置(a)和地震测网(b)Fig.1 Location of Chunguang exploration area in Junggar Basin(a)and seismic grid(b)

1 区域地质构造背景

1.1 区域地质概况

春光探区位于准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东部, 总面积约1023ikm²(图 1)。车排子凸起在平面上呈不规则三角形, 主体走向呈NW-EW, 是在石炭系火成岩基底上发育起来的、具断隆性质的继承性凸起, 主体形成时间较早, 在后期演变历史中, 长期继承性发展, 其枢纽向南倾伏, 成为准噶尔盆地的西侧边界; 车排子凸起西北面为造山带, 东、南两面均为凹陷, 勘探发现该地区含油层系众多、油品类型多样、圈闭条件复杂(董艳蕾等, 2015)。该地区最古老的地层为石炭系, 其上沉积了白垩系、古近系和新近系, 车排子凸起构造简单, 在基底形成后的一系列构造演化过程中具有连续继承性, 其基本面貌为一向东南倾斜的大型斜坡。

总体上看, 研究区所属的准噶尔盆地为多期叠合盆地, 地层充填序列非常复杂。研究区构造演化可分为3个阶段, 第1阶段从石炭纪末开始到侏罗纪末结束, 该阶段车排子凸起刚形成不久, 并且强烈抬升, 发生大规模地层剥蚀作用, 形成的石炭系顶部不整合面在全区稳定分布; 第2阶段从白垩纪初开始到古近纪末结束, 该阶段凸起物源供给和沉积相对稳定, 但沉积速率较为缓慢; 第3阶段从新近纪开始到第四纪, 该阶段凸起发生快速沉降, 物源供给迅速且沉积厚度巨大(胡秋媛等, 2016)。

车排子凸起白垩系以剥蚀不整合接触于石炭系基底之上, 下白垩统发育的清水河组、呼图壁组、胜金口组和连木沁组自东向西依次超覆, 上白垩统东沟组沉积后遭受强烈剥蚀, 与古近系之间为大型角度不整合接触, 在研究区内完全剥蚀(图 2)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 2 准噶尔盆地春光探区地层综合柱状图(据胡秋媛等, 2016)Fig.2 Comprehensive column of stratigraphy of Chunguang exploration area in Junggar Basin(after Hu et al., 2016)

春光探区在2012年钻探的2口井在古近系钻遇油层, 最高日产分别为37.3 $9^{}$ t和40. $7^{}$ t, 拉开了该区域的勘探开发序幕。随着工作进展, 许多井位在白垩系也遇到了油气显示, 表明春光探区白垩系也有较大的勘探潜力, 如2016年在春55井区上交预测储量227.08× 10⁴it, 但是对白垩系的沉积体系和砂体展布认识不清, 无法进行有效的开发。针对该问题, 本研究收集了覆盖全工区的三维地震资料, 200余口井的钻测井数据, 进行了大量的岩心观察和微量元素分析, 对春光探区的古地貌特征和砂体展布特征进行了研究。

1.2 层序地层格架

前人对车排子地区白垩系层序开展了大量研究, 通过钻测井标定、地震识别等方法, 对湖平面升降、沉积特征及不整合面进行研究:杨勇等(2011)将白垩系划分为2个三级层序; 李伟才等(2015)将白垩系划分为3个三级层序, 认为白垩系发育湖侵体系域和高位体系域; 朱筱敏等(2011)、董艳蕾等(2015)考虑层序发育的时间跨度, 将车排子地区下白垩统划分为4个三级层序, 认为白垩系发育湖侵体系域和湖退体系域。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 3 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系层序界面识别(剖面位置见图 1)Fig.3 Seismic sequence interface identification of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area in Junggar Basin (profile location in Fig.1)

参照前人研究方法及成果, 结合春光探区白垩系缓慢沉降的区域构造背景, 通过钻测井、地震上的层序界面识别(图 3), 考虑到实际勘探开发的需要, 将春光探区白垩系划分出SQK₁q、SQK₁h、SQK₁s和SQK₁l共4个三级层序, 对应清水河组、呼图壁组、胜金口组和连木沁组; 清水河组在工区内只存在于侵蚀基底的沟谷内, 所以主要研究目标为呼图壁组— 连木沁组, 将其分为K1— K5共5个砂组(表 1)。在关键井和地震剖面上识别出三级、四级层序界面后, 通过连井层序对比将各级层序界面延伸到全区, 建立高精度层序地层格架。在垂向上, 白垩系具有底超顶削的特征, 该特征反映了白垩系存在1个较大的湖侵— 湖退旋回:白垩系呼图壁组至胜金口组(K1— K4砂组)沉积时期为大规模湖侵时期, 各层序超覆在车排子凸起的石炭系基底之上, 呈现出白垩纪早期大规模湖侵现象, 胜金口组(K4砂组)延伸最远, 顶部遭受剥蚀; 连木沁组(K5砂组)沉积时期为湖退时期, 顶部被不整合面剥蚀。白垩系平面上呈南厚北薄的楔状, 呼图壁组至胜金口组(K1— K4砂组)自东向西, 由北向南依次超覆, 地层沉积范围逐渐增大; 连木沁组(K5砂组)受大规模湖退作用影响, 地层沉积范围显著缩小, 超覆在胜金口组之上; 胜金口组、连木沁组顶部都遭受剥蚀。

表 1 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系层序地层划分表 Table1 Cretaceous sequence stratigraphic division in Chunguang exploration area in Junggar Basin

2 古地貌恢复

本研究采用高精度古地貌恢复方法, 即在建立高精度层序地层格架的基础上, 综合考虑压实矫正、古水深恢复和剥蚀量恢复, 按砂组精细刻画春光探区白垩纪古地貌特征。该方法原理是通过地层沉积厚度镜像反映地层沉积前的地貌特征, 沉积厚度大的区域表明在沉积前属于地势低点, 相对可容空间较大; 首先根据地震层序格架得到目标地层的现今厚度, 其中受剥蚀的地层根据地震地层趋势延伸法恢复出剥蚀前厚度; 得到地层现今厚度后, 根据岩层的孔-深曲线进行去压实校正, 得到地层沉积时未被压实厚度; 由于沉积过程中沉降中心与沉积中心可能会有偏差, 即地势最低的地方不一定沉积厚度最大, 所以最后需要进行古水深矫正, 通过钴元素(Co)或者沉积构造恢复沉积期的古水深, 将水深数据叠加在地层原始厚度上, 即得到了目标层位的古地貌特征图。

2.1 去压实校正

碎屑岩层在埋藏过程中经过机械压实导致岩层的厚度随着埋深的加大而减小, 去压实校正通常的方法是根据地层的孔隙度— 深度数据来建立岩层的孔深函数, 再根据地层骨架体积不变原理进行去压实校正, 恢复岩层的压实埋藏过程(杨桥和漆家福, 2003)。一般认为, 碎屑岩层在压实过程中孔隙度随深度增加而呈现指数减小或线性减小, 即在一定深度范围内, 任意深度的碎屑岩孔隙度(ϕ )可表示为:

$ϕ (Z) = ϕ_{0} e^{- c Z} 或 ϕ (Z) = ϕ_{0} - k Z$

Z为岩层埋深, c、k为系数。

统计研究区不同岩性多个物性参数实验分析数据, 并结合目的层的测井解释孔隙度, 回归得出该地区不同岩性的孔-深关系曲线; 根据压实作用不可逆, 且压实前后岩石骨架体积保持不变原理, 用拟合得到的孔-深曲线建立岩石骨架积分方程。设想一定厚度的碎屑岩层刚沉积在地表附近时的初始孔隙度值为ϕ ₀, 随着埋深的加大, 地层经压实后顶面埋深为Z₁底面埋深为Z₂, 孔隙度值变为ϕ _z, 厚度则变为(Z₂-Z₁), 那么在深度(Z₂-Z₁)范围内的地层骨架厚度可表示为H_g:

$H_{g} = \int_{Z_{1}}^{Z_{2}} [1 - ϕ (Z)] d Z$

“ 地层骨架厚度不变” 原理即是在任何埋深状态下的H_g值保持不变。即:

$\int_{Z_{1}^{'}}^{Z_{2}^{'}} [1 - ϕ (Z)] d Z = \int_{Z_{1}}^{Z_{2}} [1 - ϕ (Z)] d Z$

如果知道了某岩层的孔隙度-深度函数ϕ _z, 则可以用迭代法解上述方程计算出顶面埋深为 $Z_{1}^{'}$ 时地层的底面埋深 $Z_{2}^{'}$ , 求出地层的原始厚度和压实过程中任意埋深时的厚度。

现今孔隙度数据主要根据物性测定资料以及孔隙度测井曲线; 初始孔隙度根据实测数据及地质经验, 在本次压实校正中, 赋予泥岩初始孔隙度50%、粉砂岩47%、细砂岩42%(初始孔隙度实测样品来自南戴河海滩、昌平采沙场和昌平凉水河, 引自杨桥等, 2003)。计算得到古近系泥岩的压实曲线为: ϕ _z=50× e^-0.00059^Z, 砂岩的压实曲线为: ϕ _z=42-0.0085Z; 白垩系泥岩压实曲线: ϕ _z=50× e^-0.00136^Z, 砂岩压实曲线为: ϕ _z=43-0.01154Z。计算多口井的回剥厚度并求平均值, 得到白垩系泥岩的压实率为0.52, 砂岩的压实率为0.39; 古近系泥岩压实率为0.404, 砂岩压实率为0.3。

计算得到的压实率泥岩大于砂岩, 埋深越大压实率越大, 符合地质规律与前人相关研究(万青青等, 2017); 将通过层序格架运算出的层厚度进行压实校正, 即可得到该层沉积时的真实厚度。

2.2 剥蚀量恢复

白垩系K1— K3砂组基本处于湖盆内, 超覆尖灭在湖盆上, 没有受到剥蚀, K4砂组、K5砂组延伸范围较远, 受剥蚀程度较高; 因此剥蚀厚度恢复主要针对K4砂组、K5砂组。常用的剥蚀量恢复方法有趋势延伸法、声波时差法、沉积波动分析法、镜质体反射率法和古地温梯度法等(田涛等, 2016); 春光探区白垩系超覆在石炭基底之上, 地层延伸趋势明显, 趋势延伸法较为适用。在了解剥蚀成因机制的基础上, 利用地震地层趋势厚度法, 估算被剥蚀层面的剥蚀边界, 即剥蚀范围。根据其地震反射连续性较强、厚度相对稳定的特点, 以此推算未剥蚀的地层顶界面(吴涛等, 2015)。

趋势厚度法主要适用于原始地层不等厚的情况, 由盆地中心向边缘逐渐变薄直至尖灭, 其原理及步骤为: (1)寻找地层剥蚀原点, 一般取最靠近盆地中心的削截点为视剥蚀原点O; (2)确定地层变薄趋势, 根据地震剖面上识别的层段, 观察层段向视剥蚀原点方向地层厚度变化的趋势, 以此为基础在地震剖面上延伸其范围; (3)根据其在地震剖面上延伸至位置O', 投影到二维测线上, 位置为T, 以此为原型盆地未剥蚀的范围(图 4)。

Figure Option
Fig.4 Restoration of eroded strata thickness via trend analysis of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin(profile location in Fig. 1)'>View Download New Window

图 4 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系剥蚀厚度恢复示意图(剖面位置见图 1)
a— 原始剖面, B'为春光探区边界, 东沟组在研究区外尖灭; b— 沿白垩系顶拉平后剖面; c— 剥蚀量恢复示意图, O为延伸起点, O'为延伸终点Fig.4 Restoration of eroded strata thickness via trend analysis of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin(profile location in Fig. 1)

为了更精确地分析地层延伸趋势, 收集了春光探区东侧的三维地震数据, 与春光探区拼接起来, 研究区边界为图 4-a中的B'处, 可以看到K5砂组之上还有东沟组, 在春光探区外尖灭。将地震数据体沿白垩顶拉平, 把地层剥蚀线延伸出去, 并且在全区范围内精细解释, 就得到了地层剥蚀边界和剥蚀厚度; 剥蚀厚度从研究区西北到东南逐渐增大, 从30im增加到90im左右, 平均剥蚀厚度为55im。将该层位作为白垩系沉积结束后的真实地层范围参与运算, 就可以得到更加真实的、白垩纪的古地貌特征。

2.3 古水深恢复

古水深恢复是古湖泊学和古环境研究的重要内容, 对盆地分析、层序地层研究、古地貌恢复、古积水盆地的沉积历史、评价生、储、盖层的条件都有重要意义(张才利等, 2011; 宋国奇等, 2012)。但是, 目前在定量恢复湖泊古水深的研究方面还比较欠缺, 没有成熟的方法, 前人对古水深恢复的研究多集中于运用生物标志等古生态学手段进行半定量分析。

现代沉积物元素地球化学研究表明, 沉积作用过程中, 受离岸距离远近的影响, 元素的聚散和分离情况不同, 发生分异作用。其中, 钴元素(Co)含量与沉积物沉积期沉积速率密切相关, 能够用于古水深定量恢复(吴智平和周瑶琪, 2000)。

Co在沉积盆地中一般存在地外宇宙沉降、陆源输入、生物成因和化学成因这4种来源。对于白垩系泥质岩类而言, 生物及化学成因可忽略不计, 研究区母岩类型多为花岗质岩石, 源岩供给的钴含量微乎其微; 同时, 白垩纪物源供给充足, 对地外Co含量造成“ 稀释效应” , 因此, 沉积物中Co为陆源沉降的结果, 能够用于古水深恢复计算。具体计算公式如下:

$\begin{array}{l} V_{s} = V_{0} \times \frac{N_{Co}}{S_{Co} - t \times T_{Co}} \\ t = \frac{S_{La}}{N_{La} h} = \frac{3.05 \times 10^{5}}{(V_{s} \times 10^{3})^{\frac{3}{2}}} \end{array}$

式中, V_s为某样品沉积时的沉积速率, mm/a; V₀为当时正常湖泊沉积速率, mm/a; S_Co为样品中Co的丰度, μ g/g; T_Co为陆源碎屑岩中Co的平均丰度(4.68μ g/g); t为物源Co对样品的贡献值; S_La为样品中La的丰度, μ g/g; N_La为陆源碎屑岩中La的平均丰度(38.99μ g/g); h为古水深, m; N_Co为正常湖泊沉积物中Co的丰度(20μ g/g)。

研究区白垩系主要为辫状河三角洲沉积, 样品多取自辫状河三角洲水下分流河道相(测试单位为核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心), 对岩石样品进行古水深定量恢复(表 2), 结果表明, 白垩纪研究区内沉积水体较浅, 平均水深在10im左右, 单井水深变化范围较大, 从K2— K5沉积水体深度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势; 平面上沿湖岸线方向, 呈现出自西北向东南水体逐渐变浅的展布规律, 垂直湖岸线方向水深计算结果向盆地中心增大。

表 2 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系Co元素古水深恢复数据 Table2 Co element ancient water depth recovery, s data of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

由于构造沉降中心与碎屑物沉积中心不一定一致, 水深数据可以真实地反映地层沉积期的相对地势高低, 更真实地体现出沉积期的地貌特征。

3 古地貌恢复结果

通过对白垩系K1— K5砂组进行压实校正、剥蚀量恢复(K4砂组、K5砂组受到剥蚀)、古水深校正, 最终得到了每一砂组沉期时期的古地貌(图 5)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 5 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩纪古地貌演化Fig.5 Paleogeomorphology evolution of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

从图 5可以看出白垩系沉积过程中地貌特征的演化过程。由于春光探区位于车排子凸起西南缘, 受此东南倾斜的不规则三角形凸起影响, 白垩系超覆在凸起之上, 没有充填整个研究区, 只在东部和南部发育, 即对应车排子凸起东边和南边的昌吉凹陷、四棵树凹陷地层延伸到凸起上的部分。K1砂组沉积时期, 研究区内盆地范围较小, 主要的地貌单元为斜坡, 并且呈“ 一梁分两洼” 的地貌特征(图 5-a); K2砂组沉积时期盆地范围略有扩大, 整体而言盆地北部更深一些, 平均水深20~30 m, 斜坡上沟道发育, 物源从北向南沿沟道进入盆地(图 5-b); K3砂组沉积时期, 湖盆沉积范围更大, 分为东部和中部两大区域, 物源从西、北方向进入; 此外, 该时期中部古地貌平缓, 可同样作为沉降区域(图 5-c); K4砂组沉积时期, 盆地略有收缩, 受构造抬升影响, 北部沉积中心逐渐消失, 研究区中部凸起露出水面, 东部则出现了东西走向的局部小隆起, 呈现“ 两隆夹三洼” 的格局(图 5-d); K5砂组沉积时期, 沉积中心已明显扩大至南部, 沉积厚度较大, 对盆地进行填平补齐, 地势平缓, 主要转变为斜坡体系, 后期受剥蚀严重(图 5-e)。

整体而言, 盆地沉积过程中经历了扩张— 收缩— 逐渐填平补齐的过程, K1— K5砂组沉积时期古地貌特征继承性较好, 精确的古地貌图反映了盆地的沉积过程, 对微相划分、砂体预测和沉积过程分析都提供了很好的依据, 并且对盆地整体的演化过程有了更加精细的认识, 对白垩系沉积体系类型和空间展布研究有重要意义。

4 古地貌对砂体展布的控制作用

沉积体系的展布、砂体的分布受沉积环境和古地貌格局共同影响(林畅松等, 2015; 鲜本忠等, 2017); 盆地古地貌对沉积体系的控制作用主要体现在不同的地貌特征对砂体分布的影响, 如沟谷输砂、凹陷聚砂和凸起分砂等, 以及不同的地形坡度对水流速度、沉积物卸载的影响, 如坡折带的分布对砂体的控制等(崔龙涛等, 2015)。下面以K1和K5砂组为例, 分析古地貌对沉积体系的控制作用。

4.1 沉积体系展布特征

根据岩心、测井和砂厚、砂地比等资料, 在研究区白垩系识别出了扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、重力流和湖泊4大类沉积。

Figure Option
View Download New Window

图 6 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系岩心特征
a, b, c— 辫状河三角洲沉积岩心特征; d, e— 扇三角洲沉积岩心特征。a— 春114侧井, 1442.8 m, 灰黑色细砾岩, 砾石顺层分布, 碎屑支撑; b— 春114侧井, 1444.1 m, 灰黑色细砾岩和砂岩, 碎屑支撑, 发育大型平直斜纹层; c— 春114侧井, 1445.7 m, 灰黑色细砾岩和砂岩, 碎屑支撑的灰黑色砾岩冲刷下伏薄层中粗砂岩; d— 春50-9井, 1936.1 m, 灰绿色和褐色细砾岩, 局部砾石直立; e— 春50-9, 1926.9 m , 灰褐色成层定向细砾岩, 中型楔状交错层理Fig.6 Core characteristics of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

以春114侧井和春50-9井为例, 对春光探区沉积相类型进行具体分析(图 6, 图 7)。春114侧井主要发育辫状河三角洲沉积, 岩心颜色主要为灰黑色细砾岩和砂岩, 砾石顺层分布, 常见大型楔状交错层理, 岩性组合主要为互层的砂岩、砾岩与泥岩、泥质粉砂岩, 岩性粗, 砂、砾岩含量高, 可达50%~70%。水下分流水道沉积主要为砾岩、砾质砂岩和砂岩, 呈浅灰色, 单砂层厚度多为5~10 m, 有的可达25 m, 自然电位曲线和电阻率曲线呈钟形或箱形; 水下分流河道间沉积物颜色较深, 为灰色和灰绿色, 岩性较细, 多为泥岩和泥质粉砂岩, 对应平直SP曲线, 上下砂层具有负异常特征, 发育水平层理, 多被水下分流河道冲刷。春50-9井岩心为棕褐色细砾岩或者杂色泥岩, 泥岩颜色丰富, 可以划分为以深灰色、灰绿色为主的还原色和以紫红色、红色为主的氧化色2种类型, 呈现出氧化色与还原色间互的叠置样式, 表明沉积期湖平面波动剧烈, 沉积物间互暴露水面遭受氧化, 反映湖平面附近的浅水沉积环境, 具有典型的扇三角洲前缘沉积特征, 可以进一步划分为水下分流河道和水下分流河道间2种沉积微相。水下分流河道一般以砂岩、含砾砂岩为主, 砾岩相对较少, 砂、砾岩呈灰白色、浅灰色, 单层厚度为5~10 m, 部分由多个砂岩透镜体在纵向上相互叠置而形成厚达数米的砂岩, 发育大、中型槽状交错层理、平行层理, 砂体底部发育冲刷面构造, 自然电位曲线多呈钟形、中高幅指状或叠置箱形; 扇三角洲水下分流河道间主要由杂色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂岩组成, 见水平层理和植物碎屑, 自然电位多呈微齿状— 平直状。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 7 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系单井沉积相分析Fig.7 Sedimentary facies analysis of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

同时在一些东部钻井中可以看到湖泊和重力流发育的特征, 湖泊相中泥岩以灰色泥岩为主, 砂岩以粉— 细砂岩、含砾砂岩为主, 沉积构造以微波状层理为主, 可见虫孔和反韵律沉积序列; 研究区重力流常见碎屑流沉积, 岩心中可见大量变形泥砾、泥岩撕裂屑, 泥砾及撕裂屑具毛刺、突变接触面, 可见与震动有关的球枕构造, 也有部分异重流沉积。

通过单井相、连井相分析, 结合砂地比、地震切片等资料, 完成了白垩系K1砂组、K5砂组的沉积相平面展布图(图 8)。K1砂组沉积时期, 湖水分布范围很小, 只有春光探区东部和西南角接受湖盆沉积, 该时期处于湖平面缓慢上升阶段, 西南部主要为扇三角洲沉积, 东部主要为辫状河三角洲沉积; K5砂组沉积时期受到西南部地形抬升影响, 只在东部接受沉积, 继承性发育辫状河三角洲沉积, K1— K4砂组沉积时期为水进的过程, 沉积范围不断扩大, K5砂组沉积时期湖平面开始下降, 层序顶部遭受剥蚀。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 8 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系K1砂组、K5砂组砂地比(a, c)和沉积相平面展布(b, d)对比Fig.8 Comparison of ratio of total sandstone thickness to formation thickness (a, c) and sedimentary facies distribution (b, d) of the Cretaceous K1 and K5 in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

4.2 古地貌对砂体的控制作用

对比K1砂组沉积时期的古地貌和沉积相平面展布(图 9-a, 9-b), 可以明显地看出东侧凸起对砂体的分隔作用, 并且2朵辫状河砂体富集区可见下切沟谷发育, 滩坝则发育在更深的凹陷中, 基本平行于岸线, 体现出凸起分砂、沟谷输砂和凹陷聚砂的古地貌控砂机制。

在这几种地貌单元中, 下切谷对沉积体系和砂体的控制作用更加重要, 古沟谷的辨认可有效地判定物源供给方向及其控制下沉积物搬运散布模式, 也可能成为潜在的储集空间(王星星等, 2016; 谈明轩等, 2019)。为了能精细刻画古沟谷发育特征, 采用沉积区— 剥蚀区一体化古地貌恢复, 即根据地层发育样式和层序划分, 将K4砂组的底界面作为上覆地层的顶界面, 将目的层底界面即K1底作为底界面作地层等厚图(图 10), 该方法有助于进行剥蚀区古水系与沉积区古流向整体恢复(鲜本忠等, 2017)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 9 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系K1砂组、K5砂组古地貌(a, b)与沉积相平面展布(c, d)对比Fig.9 Comparison of paleogeomorphology (a, b) and sedimentary facies distribution (c, d) of the Cretaceous K1 and K5 in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

图 10为白垩系底部的2条古沟谷平面展布特征, 其走向都为NW-SE, 延伸距离较远, 均为从车排子凸起进入昌吉凹陷古水系冲刷产生。虽然这2条古沟谷为白垩系沉积初期冲刷产生, 只在K1砂组沉积时期古地貌图上有明显显示, 在之后的地层沉积中逐渐被填平, 但水系有继承性发育的特点, K1— K5砂组这2条沟谷发育区都是辫状河三角洲砂体富集区。这2条下切谷的发育影响了春光探区整个白垩系的沉积体系展布, 对其精细刻画是认识白垩系沉积特征的关键。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 10 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系古沟谷平面展布与剖面形态特征Fig.10 Ancient valley, s plane distribution and sectional feature of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

表 3 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系古沟谷定量表征 Table3 Ancient valley, s quantitative characterization of the Cretaceous in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

在明确搬运通道平面展布特征后, 对每条沟谷垂直于其延伸方向分别拉出多条地震剖面, 对沟谷的延伸距离、坡度、深度、宽度、下切形态、充填样式等进行精细刻画, 分析其地震相特征(图 10), 可以看出在凸起或斜坡高势区, 即古水系发育初始阶段以V型古沟谷(沟谷形态划分依据为宽深比和沟谷形态)为主, 其地震反射充填表现为孤立短轴状; 向下游方向的相对低势区, 古水系存在交汇、合并, 古沟谷形态向U型转化(宽度、深度相应增大), 地震反射轴存在垂向叠加与侧向迁移现象; 下游盆地区, 即近沉积卸载区, 古水系的主通道下切深度进一步增大(汇区内受水体顶托作用影响, 规模减小), 侧缘支流水系对应水动力强度减弱(地震同相轴连续性增强), 向W复合型古沟谷转换。总的来说, 古水系发育的初始阶段以底侵为主, V型沟谷经常发育, 水系分支少, 水动力强, 承砂输砂能力强; 在古水系的发展的过程中, 由于水道经常迁徙和摇摆, 所以U型沟谷是其主要的形态, 其具有最强的进出砂以及携砂能力; 在古水系发展的末期, 由于水道的分叉, 水动力相对减弱, 可能出现W型复合古沟谷。沟谷中的填充样式受水动力条件以及水流方向影响, 沟谷发育初期的剖面中多为双向上超填充, 发育后期受汇入河道的影响多表现为侧向叠加填充。

沟谷1的宽深比20~35, 平均29.7, 垂直高差为100 m, 延伸距离为12.5ikm, 边界坡度为4.2° , 沟谷2的宽深比14~29, 平均30.3, 垂直高差为80 m, 延伸距离为10.1ikm, 边界坡度为1.95° (表 3)。可见沟谷1的搬运能力优于沟谷2, 因此, 沟谷1所在位置发育的辫状河三角洲朵体也延伸距离更远, 规模更大一些, 可见沟谷的发育规模很大程度上控制了沉积体系展布的位置和规模。对沟谷体系的精细研究可以对砂体展布和储集层预测提供很好的指导和帮助, 同时沟谷作为搬运通道, 也是源— 渠— 汇系统重要的组成部分, 对其定量刻画也具有较大的沉积学意义。

K5砂组沉积时期主要发育辫状河三角洲、滩坝沉积, 也有少量水下分流河道和重力流发育; K5砂组的沉积体系展布主要受控于其上发育的2条坡折带, 靠近盆地边缘的为Ⅰ 级坡折带, 更靠近盆地内部的为Ⅱ 级坡折带(图9-c, 9-d)。坡折带指地形坡度发生突变的地带, 在古地貌恢复图上表现为地层等厚线比较密集, 坡折带对砂体的控制作用十分显著(林畅松等, 2000; 刘芬等, 2015), 主要体现在对砂体成因、砂体厚度以及砂体展布3方面的影响。

图 11为坡折带的地震反射特征, 可以明显看到, 越过2条坡折带之后地层厚度明显增大, Ⅰ 级坡折带主要受继承性凸起影响, 越过局部凸起之后水流向下侵蚀, 可容空间增大, 随着流速减缓, 砂质碎屑物逐渐沉积, 造成了此处的地形突变, 沉积物厚度增加。由于是受继承性凸起控制, Ⅰ 级坡折带从K3至K5砂组一直存在, 且发育位置和坡度变化程度基本一致, 而Ⅱ 级坡折带虽然从K3至K5砂组也都有发育, 但可以观察到坡折点明显向盆地边缘方向迁移, 且坡度从K3至K5砂组明显增大, 反映了湖盆扩张、水进的过程, 在坡折带之上可以观察到隐性的叠瓦状前积, 在坡折带之下可以看到丘型的重力流沉积体, 反映了沉积物沿坡折带展布的特征, 可以有效地指导沉积体系分析, 并预测砂体展布形态。

对比K5砂组古地貌(图 9-c)和沉积相平面展布(图 9-d)可以发现, 辫状河三角洲朵体垂直于坡折带发育, Ⅰ 级坡折带基本上位于三角洲平原和三角洲前缘的分界处, 古水系在越过Ⅰ 级坡折带之后流速减缓开始分叉, 形成了沉积范围较大的三角洲前缘沉积, 坡折带之上沉积粗粒的三角洲平原砂体, 坡折带之下沉积较细粒的三角洲前缘砂体, 从坡折带之上到坡折带之下砂体呈厚— 薄— 厚分布。Ⅱ 级坡折带位于前三角洲和重力流湖底扇分界处, 坡折带之上发育细粒的前三角洲成因砂体, 在一定的触发机制下, 部分砂体越过Ⅱ 级坡折带形成重力流砂体。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 11 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系坡折带地震反射特征(剖面位置见图 1)Fig.11 Seismic reflection characteristics of the Cretaceous slope break belts in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin(profile location in Fig.1)

4.3 古地貌控砂模式

本研究通过对研究区进行高精度古地貌恢复, 识别出了局部凸起、坡折带和下切沟谷等古地貌单元, 并对研究区的沉积体系进行分析, 研究表明古地貌特征对沉积体系展布有很明显的控制作用: 局部凸起对砂体起分隔作用, 沉积物主要向凸起两边延伸发育; 古沟谷是由古水系下切侵蚀造成, 是重要的物源搬运通道, 其平面展布形态反映了水流方向和沉积物延伸方向, 通过对古沟谷的定量刻画, 总结了古沟谷V-U-W的发育模式, 定量分析了古沟谷的搬运能力, 结果表明搬运能力更强的古沟谷发育规模更大的三角洲沉积, 古沟谷很大程度上控制了砂体沉积的位置和规模; 识别出了Ⅰ 级坡折带和Ⅱ 级坡折带, 辫状河三角洲朵体垂直于坡折带发育, 越过坡折带之后地层明显增厚, Ⅰ 级坡折带受局部凸起影响, 基本上位于三角洲平原和三角洲前缘的分界处, Ⅱ 级坡折带位于前三角洲和重力流湖底扇分界处, 坡折点向湖盆边缘迁移, 反映出盆地扩张的过程。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 12 准噶尔盆地春光探区白垩系源-汇系统发育模式Fig.12 Development model of Cretaceous source-sink systems in Chunguang exploration area, Junggar Basin

基于以上认识, 根据源汇系统的研究思路— — 将沉积物从剥蚀到搬运、沉积的全部过程当作完整的动力学系统, 本研究提出了春光探区的“ 源— 渠— 汇” 沉积模式(图 12)。早白垩世晚期, 研究区主要以单一的西北扎伊尔山供源为主(苏朝光和仲维苹, 2010), 在南部扇三角洲存在一定的天山物源混入; 研究区西边发育的源-汇系统耦合模式为区域混合物源(扎伊尔山花岗岩及少量天山物源)-渠(窄浅型古沟谷)-汇(近源粗粒扇三角洲)的耦合模式, 东部发育单一局部物源(扎伊尔山花岗岩)-渠(宽缓斜坡)-汇(辫状河三角洲— 异重流水道侧积复合体— 湖底扇)的耦合模式。沉积物从源区被河流携带, 经过搬运区最终汇入卸载区, 沉积物的岩性、矿物组合主要受控于源岩特性, 而沉积物在卸载区的展布形态主要受控于地貌特征, 古水系发育位置即侵蚀沟谷的位置控制了沉积物卸载的位置, 古水系搬运能力的大小控制了沉积物展布的规模, 局部凸起对沉积物产生分隔作用, 坡折带处地形坡度突然增加, 坡折带上下水体流速发生变化, 影响着沉积物卸载情况, 研究区内Ⅰ 级坡折带之上发育三角洲平原, 之下发育三角洲前缘, Ⅱ 级坡折带之上发育前三角洲, 之下发育重力流砂体。

5 结论

1)春光探区白垩系高精度层序地层分为K1— K5共5个砂组; 综合考虑压实校正、剥蚀量恢复和古水深恢复, 按砂组对白垩系进行精细的古地貌恢复, 结果表明白垩系沉积经历了扩张— 收缩— 逐渐填平补齐的过程, 地貌特征继承性较好, 主要地貌单元为斜坡和凹陷, 斜坡上局部发育有沟谷与小凸起。

2)发育凸起分砂、凹陷聚砂、沟谷输砂的古地貌控砂模式, Ⅰ 级坡折带分隔三角洲平原和三角洲前缘, Ⅱ 级坡折带分隔前三角洲和重力流湖底扇。

3)精细刻画了白垩系沉积初期发育的古沟谷体系, 识别出2条主要沟谷。下切谷从斜坡延伸进入凹陷, 形态从V型— U型— W复合型转变, 搬运能力强的沟谷对应位置发育的辫状河三角洲朵体规模更大, 延伸距离更远。

4)研究区西部发育的源-汇系统耦合模式为区域混合物源(混合花岗岩)-渠(窄浅型古沟谷)-汇(近源粗粒扇三角洲)的耦合模式, 东北部发育单一局部物源(扎伊尔山花岗岩)-渠(宽缓斜坡)-汇(辫状河三角洲— 异重流水道侧积复合体— 湖底扇)的耦合模式。

参考文献

文献选项

[1]	程奇, 刘宗宾, 杨志成, 刘喜林, 李广龙. 2019. 基于古地貌和断裂控制的辽西低凸起锦州S油田沙河街组沉积体系. 东北石油大学学报, 43(1): 67-74. [Cheng Q, Liu Z B, Yang Z C, Liu X L, Li G L. 2019. Cognition of sedimentary system of Shahejie Formation in Jinzhou S Oilfield located in Liaoxi Low Uplift based onpaleogeomorphology and fault control. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 43(1): 67-74] [文内引用:1]
[2]	崔龙涛, 郝帅, 王春平, 朱文涛. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地镇原北部三叠系延长组长7-长6油层组古地貌与砂体分布特征. 古地理学报, 17(6): 805-812. [Cui L T, Hao S, Wang C P, Zhu W T. 2015. Palaeogeomorphology reconstruction and sand body distribution of the Chang 7-6 intervals of Triassic Yanchang Formation in northern Zhenyuan area, Ordos Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 17(6): 805-812] [文内引用:1]
[3]	董艳蕾, 朱筱敏, 赵东娜. 2015. 准噶尔盆地车排子地区下白垩统沉积体系分布及油气成藏模式. 现代地质, 29(1): 71-79. [Dong Y L, Zhu X M, Zhao D N. 2015. Sedimentary system and reservoir models of the Lower Cretaceous in Chepaizi Area, Junggar Basin. Geoscience, 29(1): 71-79] [文内引用:2]
[4]	高盾, 杨少春, 赵永福. 2015. 准噶尔盆地车排子地区白垩纪古地貌及其对沉积的控制. 大庆石油地质与开发, 22(1): 9-20. [Gao D, Yang S C, Zhao Y F. 2015. Cretaceous paleogeomorphology and its control on the sedimentation in Chepaizi area of Junggar Basin. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 22(1): 9-20] [文内引用:1]
[5]	贺锋, 张字龙, 刘红旭, 李平, 李亚锋. 2017. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部彬县地区侏罗系直罗组古地貌及其对铀成矿的影响. 古地理学报, 19(4): 692-702. [He F, Zhang Z L, Liu H X, Li P, Li Y F. 2017. Palaeogeomorphic restoring of the Jurassic Zhiluo Formation and its effect on uranium mineralization in Binxian area, southern Ordos Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(4): 692-702] [文内引用:1]
[6]	胡秋媛, 董大伟, 赵利, 李理, 李萧, 孔雪. 2016. 准噶尔盆地车排子凸起构造演化特征及其成因. 石油与天然气地质, 37(4): 556-564. [Hu Q Y, Dong D W, Zhao L, Li L, Li X, Kong X. 2016. Tectonic evolutionary characteristics and their causes of Chepaizi Uplift in Junggar Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(4): 556-564] [文内引用:1]
[7]	李伟才, 樊中海, 杨晓培, 王雨辰, 马奎祥. 2015. 春光油田古近系砂体成因类型及控制因素. 岩性油气藏, 27(3): 43-48. [Li W C, Fan Z H, Yang X P, Wang Y C, Ma K X. 2015. Genetic types and controlling factors of Paleogene sand bodies in Chunguang Oilfield. Lithologic Reservoirs, 27(3): 43-48] [文内引用:1]
[8]	林畅松, 潘元林, 肖建新, 孔凡仙, 刘景彦, 郑和荣. 2000. 构造坡折带: 断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念. 地球科学—中国地质大学学报, 25(3): 260-265. [Lin C S, Pan Y L, Xiao J X, Kong F X, Liu J Y, Zheng H R. 2000. Structural slope break zone: Key concept for stratigraphic sequence analysis and petroleum forecasting in fault subsidence basins. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 25(3): 260-265] [文内引用:1]
[9]	林畅松, 夏庆龙, 施和生, 周心怀. 2015. 地貌演化、源-汇过程与盆地分析. 地学前缘, 22(1): 9-20. [Lin C S, Xia Q L, Shi H S, Zhou X H. 2015. Geomorphological evolution, source to sink system and basin analysis. Earth Science Frontiers, 22(1): 9-20] [文内引用:2]
[10]	刘芬, 朱筱敏, 李洋, 徐黎明, 朱世发, 薛梦戈. 2015. 鄂尔多斯湖盆西南部晚三叠世深水坡折特征及其对砂体的控制. 高校地质学报, 21(4): 674-684. [Liu F, Zhu X M, Li Y, Xu L M, Zhu S F, Xue M G. 2015. Characteristics of the Late Triassic deep-water slope break belt in southwestern Ordos Basin and its control on sand bodies. Geological Journal of China Universities, 21(4): 674-684] [文内引用:1]
[11]	宋国奇, 王延章, 路达, 闫瑞萍, 杨静. 2012. 山东东营凹陷南坡地区沙四段纯下亚段湖相碳酸盐岩滩坝发育的控制因素探讨. 古地理学报, 14(5): 565-570. [Song G Q, Wang Y Z, Lu D, Yan R P, Yang J. 2012. Controlling factors of carbonate rock beach and bar development in lacustrine facies in the Chunxia submember of Member 4 of Shahejie Formation in south slope of Dongying Sag, Shand ong Province. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 14(5): 565-570] [文内引用:1]
[12]	苏朝光, 仲维苹. 2010. 准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组物源分析. 石油与天然气地质, 31(5): 648-655. [Su C G, Zhong W P. 2010. An analysis on the provenance of the Neogene Shawan Form ation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin. Oil & Cas Geology, 31(5): 648-655] [文内引用:1]
[13]	谈明轩, 朱筱敏, 刘强虎, 刘伟, 李顺利, 赵芳. 2019. 渤海沙垒田地区新近系明下段多河型地震地貌学特征. 石油实验地质, 41(3): 411-419. [Tan M X, Zhu X M, Liu Q H, Liu W, Li S L, Zhao F. 2019. Seismic geomorphological characteristics of multiple fluvial patterns in the Neogene Lower Minghuanzhen Member in the Shaleitian area, Bohai Sea. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 41(3): 411-419] [文内引用:1]
[14]	田涛, 任战利, 杨鹏, 曹展鹏, 杨甫. 2016. 多种剥蚀厚度恢复方法在内蒙古雅布赖盆地侏罗系和白垩系中的应用及其地质意义. 古地理学报, 18(6): 1002-1011. [Tiao T, Ren Z L, Yang P, Cao Z P, Yang F. 2016. Application of multi-methods for recovering denuded strata thicknessof the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Yabrai Basin of Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(6): 1002-1011] [文内引用:1]
[15]	万青青, 刘洛夫, 肖飞, 常敏, 胡青, 郑珊珊. 2017. 准噶尔盆地车排子地区下侏罗统八道湾组砂岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化. 东北石油大学学报, 41(1): 21-32. [Wan Q Q, Liu L F, Xiao F, Chang M, Hu Q, Zheng S S. 2017. Diagenesis and porosity evolution of sand stone reservoir in the lower Jurassic Badaowan formation in Chepaizi area, Junggar basin. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 41(1): 21-32] [文内引用:1]
[16]	王晨杰, 黄晓波, 郭涛, 谢京, 郭瑞, 姚城. 2017. 高精度古地貌恢复技术及应用: 以辽西凸起南段东营组二段下段为例. 现代地质, 31(6): 1214-1221. [Wang C J, Huang X B, Guo T, Xie J, Guo R, Yao C. 2017. High Precision paleotopography restoration technology and its application: Taking the Second Member of Dongying Strata in the South if Liaoxi Uplift as an Example. Geoscience, 31(6): 1214-1221] [文内引用:1]
[17]	王星星, 朱筱敏, 宋爽, 吴陈冰洁, 贺敬聪, 曹刚. 2016. 渤海湾盆地车西洼陷陡坡带古近系沙河街组沙三下段“源-汇”系统. 古地理学报, 18(1): 65-79. [Wang X X, Zhu X M, Song S, Wu C B J, He J C, Cao G. 2016. “Source-to-sink”system of the Lower Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in steep slope zone of Western Chezhen sub-sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(1): 65-79] [文内引用:1]
[18]	吴涛, 吴采西, 戚艳平, 姚爱国, 张顺存, 徐洋, 史基安. 2015. 准噶尔盆地地层剥蚀厚度定量恢复方法研究与应用: 以克拉玛依油田八区二叠系下乌尔禾组为例. 古地理学报, 17(1): 81-90. [Wu T, Wu C X, Qi Y P, Yao A G, Zhang S C, Xu Y, Shi J A. 2015. Quantitative resumption method of steatum denudation thickness and its application in Junggar Basin: A case study on the Permian Lower Urho Formation in Block 8 of Karamay Oilfield. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 17(1): 81-90] [文内引用:1]
[19]	吴艳丽, 陈春强, 江春明, 晏佳, 李华, 杨晓东. 2005. 浅谈中国油气勘探中的古地貌恢复技术. 石油天然气学报, 27(4): 25-26. [Wu Y L, Chen C Q, Jiang C M, Yan J, Li H, Yang X D. 2005. Paleogeomorphic restoring techniques in China, s hydrocarbon exploration. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 27(4): 25-26] [文内引用:1]
[20]	吴智平, 周瑶琪. 2000. 一种计算沉积速率的新方法. 沉积学报, 18(3): 395-399. [Wu Z P, Zhou Y Q. 2000. Using the characteristic elements from meteotitic must in strata to calculate sedimentation rate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 18(3): 395-399] [文内引用:1]
[21]	鲜本忠, 王震, 马立驰, 晁储志, 蒲强, 景安语, 王俊辉. 2017. 沉积区—剥蚀区古地貌一体化恢复及古水系研究: 以渤海湾盆地辽东东地区馆陶组为例. 地球科学, 42(11): 1922-1935. [Xian B Z, Wang Z, Ma L C, Chao C Z, Pu Q, Jing A Y, Wang J H. 2017. Paleao-drainage system and integrated paleo-geomorphology restoration in depositional and erosional areas: Guantao Formation in East Liaodong area, Bohai Bay Basin, China. Earth Science, 42(11): 1922-1935] [文内引用:3]
[22]	邢凤存, 陆永潮, 刘传虎, 向奎. 2008. 车排子地区构造—古地貌特征及其控砂机制. 石油与天然气地质, 29(1): 78-83. [Xing F C, Lu Y C, Liu C H, Xiang K. 2008. Structural-paleogeomorphologic features of Chepaizi area and mechanism of their control on sand bodies. Oil & Gas Geology, 29(1): 78-83] [文内引用:1]
[23]	杨桥, 漆家福. 2003. 碎屑岩层的分层去压实矫正方法. 石油实验地质, 25(2): 206-210. [Yang Q, Qi J F. 2003. Method of delaminated decompaction correction. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 25(2): 206-210] [文内引用:1]
[24]	杨勇, 陈世悦, 王桂萍, 孟宪波. 2011. 准噶尔盆地车排子地区古近系沉积相研究. 油气地质与采收率, 18(3): 5-9. [Yang Y, Chen S Y, Wang G P, Meng X B. 2011. Study on sedimentary facies of Palegene in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 18(3): 5-9] [文内引用:1]
[25]	张才利, 高阿龙, 刘哲, 黄静, 杨亚娟, 张艳. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地长7油层组沉积水体及古气候特征研究. 天然气地球科学, 22(4): 582-587. [Zhang C L, Gao A L, Liu Z, Huang J, Yang Y J, Zhang Y. 2011. Study of character on sedimentary water and palaeoclimate for Chang7 Oil Layer in Ordos Basin. Nature Gas Geoscience, 22(4): 582-587] [文内引用:1]
[26]	朱筱敏, 董艳蕾, 胡廷慧. 2011. 精细层序地层格架与地震沉积学: 以泌阳凹陷核桃园组为例. 石油与天然气地质, 32(4): 605-624. [Zhu X M, Dong Y L, Hu T H. 2011. Seismic sedimentology study of fine sequence stratigraphic Framework: A case study of the Hetaoyuan Formation in the Biyang sag. Oil & Cas Geology, 32(4): 605-624] [文内引用:1]
[27]	Allen P A. 2008. From land scapes into geological history. Nature, 451(17): 274-276. [文内引用:1]

2019

0.0

... 程奇等,2019) ...

2015

0.0

崔龙涛, 郝帅, 王春平, 朱文涛. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地镇原北部三叠系延长组长7-长6油层组古地貌与砂体分布特征. 古地理学报, 17(6): 805-812.

[Cui L

, Hao

, Wang C

, Zhu W

. 2015. Palaeogeomorphology reconstruction and sand body distribution of the Chang 7-6 intervals of Triassic Yanchang Formation in northern Zhenyuan area, Ordos Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 17(6): 805-812]

Triassic Yanchang Formation is one of the main targets of oil and gas exploration in northern Zhenyuan area. The types and distribution of sandbody are controlled by the palaeogeomorphology. Based on cores,well log analyses,and sandy debris flow viewpoints proposed by Shanmugam,the gravity flow deposits can be divided into turbidites,sandy debris flow sediments and slump rocks. After building the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy framework,an optimized backstripping method is used to restore the deposited terrain,and the palaeogeomorphology map of the studied area is drawn by short-term base level unit. The study finds that the north of Zhenyuan situated near the depositional slope break zone,Chang 7 3 was of the maximum transgression,the degree of the slope is 0.45,turbidites and sandy debris flow sediments developed in the deep lake in the northeastern part of the study area. From Chang 7 3 to Chang 7 2 depositional periods,the base level decended,the mouth bar and the slope break zone gradually advanced to the lake,and the angle of the slope break zone began to decrease;from Chang 7 2 to Chang 7 1 depositional periods,the base level began to rise,the slope break and the sandbody gradually retreated to the shore. From Chang 6 3 to Chang 6 1 depositional periods,the base level decended,sediments deposited in the basin,the slope decreased to 0.1°,sandy debris flow sediments and slump rocks developed under the slope break.

1 Tianjin Branch of CNOOC Limited,Tianjin 300452 2 Xinzhou Branch of PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited, Xinzhou 036600, Shanxi 3 The Second Oil Producing Plant of Qinghai Oilfield Company,PetroChina, Haixizhou 816400,Qinghai

结合岩心、测井等资料与Shanmugam重力流观点,将鄂尔多斯盆地镇原北部地区延长组重力流沉积物分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌岩3类。以成因层序地层学为指导建立精细地层格架,采用优化后的回剥法定量恢复研究区古地貌。发现镇原北部地形以坡折带为主,长7底部湖侵范围最大,坡折坡度约0.45°,坡折下砂质碎屑流沉积和浊积岩连片展布,滑塌岩发育较少。长7 3 —长7 2 沉积时期,基准面下降,坡折带和沿岸线分布的河口坝砂体向湖区推进,坡折带逐渐变宽缓。长7 1 沉积晚期,基准面上升,坡折带和砂体向陆退缩;长6 3 —长6 1 沉积时期,基准面略下降,三角洲向湖盆填充,坡折带坡度约0.1°,坡折下发育砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌岩,浊积岩少见。

... 盆地古地貌对沉积体系的控制作用主要体现在不同的地貌特征对砂体分布的影响,如沟谷输砂、凹陷聚砂和凸起分砂等,以及不同的地形坡度对水流速度、沉积物卸载的影响,如坡折带的分布对砂体的控制等(崔龙涛等,2015) ...

2015

0.0

董艳蕾, 朱筱敏, 赵东娜. 2015. 准噶尔盆地车排子地区下白垩统沉积体系分布及油气成藏模式. 现代地质, 29(1): 71-79.

[Dong Y

, Zhu X

, Zhao D

. 2015. Sedimentary system and reservoir models of the Lower Cretaceous in Chepaizi Area, Junggar Basin. Geoscience, 29(1): 71-79]

There aren’t any other exploration breakthroughs after the discovery of the Chunguang Oilfield in well Pai 2 area, Junggar Basin. Some problems need be solved, such as that thin sandbodies is difficult to be depicted and that the main factors and models of reservoirs are not clear, and so on. In this study, through the comprehensive study of high resolution sequence stratigraphy, seismic sedimentary and petroleum geology, the sedimentary microfacies of the study area are indentified as subaqueous distributary channels, interdistributary channels of fan delta, bar and beach of shallow lacustrine. The main factors which control the reservoirs in Lower Cretaceous are the favorable sandbody, translocating system and preservation condition. Due to the different preservation conditions, the oil quality is different in different places and different intervals, so there are three reservoir models in the lower, middle and upper of the slope zone. The favorable zones and intervals is SQq _1 to SQq_2 in the lower of the slope zone.

(1.College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China； 2.State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing102249, China)

准噶尔盆地车排子地区自排2井区发现春光油田后，未能取得更大的勘探突破，该区存在斜坡带薄层砂体识别困难以及油气成藏主控因素及成藏模式不清等问题。通过高精度层序地层学、地震沉积学和石油地质的综合研究，明确了研究区白垩系的沉积相类型，包括扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道和水下分流河道间微相以及滨浅湖坝砂、滩砂和湖泥微相。有利的储集砂体、阶梯式输导体系和保存封堵条件是车排子地区下白垩统油气藏的主控因素。由于保存条件的不同，工区不同层位、不同位置发育的油气藏，其油品具有显著的差异。进而建立了斜坡带下部、中部和上部3种不同的成藏模式，最终指出斜坡带下部的SQq _1—SQq_2是油气勘探的有利区带和有利层位。研究结果为下一步勘探指明了方向。

... 车排子凸起西北面为造山带,东、南两面均为凹陷,勘探发现该地区含油层系众多、油品类型多样、圈闭条件复杂(董艳蕾等,2015) ...

... 朱筱敏等(2011)、董艳蕾等(2015)考虑层序发育的时间跨度,将车排子地区下白垩统划分为4个三级层序,认为白垩系发育湖侵体系域和湖退体系域 ...

2015

0.0

... 高盾等(2015)运用印模法,依靠地震资料恢复出车排子凸起白垩系古地貌,认为地貌特征为西北高、东南低,且斜坡带呈现出谷梁相间的特征 ...

2017

0.0

... 因此古地貌分析是盆地沉积模式研究的基础,对沉积相展布和储集层发育研究有着重要的意义(贺锋等,2017 ...

2016

0.0

胡秋媛, 董大伟, 赵利, 李理, 李萧, 孔雪. 2016. 准噶尔盆地车排子凸起构造演化特征及其成因. 石油与天然气地质, 37(4): 556-564.

[Hu Q

, Dong D

, Zhao

, Li

, Kong

. 2016. Tectonic evolutionary characteristics and their causes of Chepaizi Uplift in Junggar Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(4): 556-564]

Chepaizi Uplift in Junggar Basin is abundant in oil and gas resources and has unique tectonic evolution history.New understanding of the history was made possible recently with the latest exploration progress in the area.By combining balanced section technique with quantitative analyses of basic tectonic characteristics and activity parameters and physical structure modeling experiments,we discussed systematically in this paper the tectonic evolutionary characteristics and genesis from a spatial and temporal perspective.The result shows that the evolutionary history of the Uplift can be divided into four stages:the initial development stage (C 3 -P),continuously uplifting stage (T-J),stably burying stage (K-E) and local stretching tilting stage (N-Q),since it was initiated during Late Carboniferous and then went through successively strong-weak-weaker compression and a weak extension.The tectonic evolution was mainly controlled by major changes in the tectonic stress field in the Uplift and its adjacent areas since the Late Carboniferous.During the C 3 -P period,an eastward "escaping tectonic compression" developed in the Uplift under the control of the E-W compression stress field,leading to the development of the nearly SN-trending Hongche fault belt in the east of the Uplift and large amounts of SN-trending secondary reverse faults in the major part of the Uplift.During the T-J period,the Uplift was in the NW-SE compression stress field on the top of the thrust wedge,and went through continuous uplifting,leading to the inheritance activities of some early reserve faults.During the K-E period,the Uplift experienced integral and slow subsidence and got stably buried.And during the N-Q period,the stress field turned to be NNE-trending extensional stress field,leading to local stretching and tilting.Large amounts of NWW-trending normal faults were developed while some early reverse faults experienced negative structural inversion.Controlled by the tectonic stress field,the regional tectonic line had turned from near SN direction to NE-SW trend and then to EW direction.

1. Department of Oil & Gas Engineering, Shengli College of China University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong 257000, China; 2. Higher Education Research and Evaluation Center, Shengli College of China University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong 257000, China; 3. Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, SINOPEC, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; 4. School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(East China), Qingdao, Shangdong 266580, China

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起油气资源丰富，其构造演化特征比较独特。基于车排子地区最新的勘探进展，利用平衡剖面技术，对车排子凸起的基本构造特征及活动参数进行定量研究，同时结合构造物理模拟实验再现了研究区的构造演化过程，在时间与空间上进一步系统地探讨了车排子凸起的构造演化特征及其成因。研究认为，车排子凸起自晚石炭世已开始发育，依次经历了强挤压-弱挤压-较弱挤压-弱伸展的演化过程，可分为初始发育（C 3 -P）、持续隆升（T-J）、稳定埋深（K-E）和局部伸展掀斜（N-Q）4个演化阶段，其构造演化主要受控于晚石炭世以来车排子凸起及邻区构造应力场的重大转变。C 3 -P时期，受EW向的挤压应力场控制，车排子凸起发生自西向东的“构造逃逸挤压”，凸起东侧发育近SN向的红车断裂带，并在凸起主体部位发育大量近SN向次级逆断层；T-J时期，车排子凸起被置于挤压逆冲楔顶部的NW-SE向挤压应力场中，持续发生隆升，先期逆断层部分继承性活动；K-E时期，整体缓慢下沉，稳定埋深；至N-Q时期，转为NNE向的伸展应力场，局部发生伸展掀斜，发育大量NWW向正断层的同时，先期逆断层部分发生构造负反转。受构造应力场控制，区域构造线则经历了由近SN向到NE-SW向，再到近EW向的重要转变。

... 第3阶段从新近纪开始到第四纪,该阶段凸起发生快速沉降,物源供给迅速且沉积厚度巨大(胡秋媛等,2016) ...

2015

0.0

李伟才, 樊中海, 杨晓培, 王雨辰, 马奎祥. 2015. 春光油田古近系砂体成因类型及控制因素. 岩性油气藏, 27(3): 43-48.

[Li W

, Fan Z

, Yang X

, Wang Y

, Ma K

. 2015. Genetic types and controlling factors of Paleogene sand bodies in Chunguang Oilfield. Lithologic Reservoirs, 27(3): 43-48]

Chunguang Oilfield is located at Chepaizi uplift in western Junggar Basin, and its thin sand body and various genetic types made the reservoir distribution hard to predict. Based on composite analyses of three dimensional seismic, well logging, core and analysis assay data, combined with high resolution sequence stratigraphy method, this paper established sequence stratigraphy framork of Paleogene, divided the genetic types of sand bodies, and concluded the identification signs of different types of sand bodies from the aspects of lithologies, sedimentary thickness and distributionfeatures.Throughthecontrol effects of water depth, sediment supply, hydrodynamic conditions and formation development style, the sand body types and distribution rule were discussed and the genetic model of Paleocene sand bodies in Chunguang Oilfield were established. The results show that the Paleogene in Chunguang Oilfield developed braided river delta and lake facies, braided river delta front, front delta and coastal shallow-lake subfacies are developed, and the genetic types of sand bodies mainly are underwater distributary channel, front sheet sand and bank bars. Flat terrain, abundant source rocks, changes of lake-level and wave transformation are the main controlling factors for the genesis of Paleogene sand bodies

1. Postdoctoral Work Station ， Henan Oilfield Company ， Sinopec ， Nanyang 473132 ， Henan ， China ； 2. Postdoctoral Work Station ， China University of Geosciences ， Wuhan 430074 ， China ； 3. Henan Oilfield Company ， Sinopec ， Nanyang 473132 ， Henan ， China ； 4. Research Institute of Exploration and Development ， Henan Oilfield Company ， Sinopec ， Zhengzhou 450018 ， China ； 5. The Engineering & Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology ， Leshan 614000 ， Sichuan ， China

春光油田位于准噶尔盆地西缘车排子凸起，由于其砂体厚度薄、成因类型多样，导致储层预测难度加大。综合利用三维地震、测井、岩心及分析测试资料，运用高分辨率层序地层学方法，建立了春光油田古近系层序地层格架，并对其砂体的成因类型进行了划分，从岩性特征、沉积厚度及分布特征等方面总结了各类砂体的识别标志，又从水体深度、物源供给、水动力条件及地层发育样式等 4 个方面，探讨了砂体类型及分布规律的控制因素，并建立了春光油田古近系砂体成因模式。研究结果表明：春光油田古近系地层以辫状河三角洲及湖相沉积为主，发育辫状河三角洲前缘、前三角洲及滨浅湖亚相；砂体成因类型主要为水下分流河道砂体、前缘席状砂体和滩坝砂体。平缓的地形、丰富的物源、湖平面的频繁变化及波浪的侧向改造均是春光油田古近系砂体成因的主要控制因素

... 李伟才等(2015)将白垩系划分为3个三级层序,认为白垩系发育湖侵体系域和高位体系域 ...

2000

0.0

... 坡折带指地形坡度发生突变的地带,在古地貌恢复图上表现为地层等厚线比较密集,坡折带对砂体的控制作用十分显著(林畅松等,2000 ...

2015

0.0

... 林畅松等,2015) ...

... 4 古地貌对砂体展布的控制作用沉积体系的展布、砂体的分布受沉积环境和古地貌格局共同影响(林畅松等,2015 ...

2015

0.0

... 刘芬等,2015),主要体现在对砂体成因、砂体厚度以及砂体展布3方面的影响 ...

2012

0.0

宋国奇, 王延章, 路达, 闫瑞萍, 杨静. 2012. 山东东营凹陷南坡地区沙四段纯下亚段湖相碳酸盐岩滩坝发育的控制因素探讨. 古地理学报, 14(5): 565-570.

[Song G

, Wang Y

, Lu

, Yan R

, Yang

. 2012. Controlling factors of carbonate rock beach and bar development in lacustrine facies in the Chunxia submember of Member 4 of Shahejie Formation in south slope of Dongying Sag, Shand ong Province. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 14(5): 565-570]

The carbonate rock beach and bar is an important sedimentation type in rift lacustrine basin.This paper studies the control on the formation and distribution of carbonate rock beach and bar and studies the elements such as the palaeoclimate，palaeogeomorphology，palaeoprovenance，palaeowater depth，palaeosalinity，and puts forward the “five-palaeo” control model for the submember of Chunxia of Member 4 of Shabejie Formation in south slope of Dongying Sag, such as “the palaeoclimate is the background，palaeogemorphology and palaeoprovenance is the condition，palaeowater depth is the key，the palaeosalinity is the guarantee”.The evaporation in relatively dry and moderate temperature and thermal geologic climate environment is relatively powerful and is favourable for 　forming carbonate　rocks of lacustrine facies.The subaqueous uplift and slope are the favorable area of carbonate rock beach and bar sedimentary facies.The lower degree of clastic rock source providing is the favorable locality of carbonate rocks development. The palaeowater depth of 3-32m or so is the main area for the carbonate rocks development.The palaeosalinity offers the substance guarantee for the carbonate rocks development and it controls the distribution of the dolomite and limestone.Using the dominant factor analysis the authors make sequence array on the controlling factors.The palaeogeomorphology is the main factor， provenances and palaeowater depth is the secondly，and the palaeosalinity is the factor with the lowest control.

1 Shengli Oilfield，SINOPEC，Dongying 257001，Shandong 2 Shengli Professional Academy in Shengli Oilfield，SINOPEC，Dongying 257000，Shandong 3 Research Institute of Exploration & Development of Liaohe Oilfield，PetroChina，Panjin 124010，Liaoning 4 Oil Production Technology Research Institute of Dagang Oilfield，PetroChina，Tianjin 300280

碳酸盐岩滩坝是断陷湖盆中一种重要的沉积类型。文章通过对古气候、古地貌、古物源、古水深和古盐度等因素对碳酸盐岩滩坝形成与分布控制作用进行研究，总结出了“古气候是基础，古地貌和古物源是条件，古水深是关键，古盐度是保障”是东营凹陷南坡地区沙河街组四段纯下亚段碳酸盐岩滩坝的“五古”控制模式。较干旱的温热适中的古气候条件下蒸发作用较强，有利于湖相碳酸盐岩的形成；水下隆起及其斜坡是碳酸盐岩滩坝沉积的有利场所，较低的碎屑岩物源供给指数为碳酸盐岩的发育提供了良好的环境；3～32m左右的古水深是碳酸盐岩发育的主要深度；古盐度为碳酸盐岩的沉积提供了物质保障，在一定程度上控制了白云岩和石灰岩的分布。采用主因素分析法对碳酸盐岩的控制因素进行了排序，古地貌对碳酸盐岩发育的控制作用最大，其次为古物源和古水深，古盐度的控制作用最小。

... 宋国奇等,2012) ...

2010

0.0

苏朝光, 仲维苹. 2010. 准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组物源分析. 石油与天然气地质, 31(5): 648-655.

[Su C

, Zhong W

. 2010. An analysis on the provenance of the Neogene Shawan Form ation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin. Oil & Cas Geology, 31(5): 648-655]

Seism ic，drilling，logging and test data are integrated to systematically study the provenances and paleocurrentdirection through analysis ofpaleogeomorphology，net-to-gross ratio，stratigraphic dip and lithic components for the Shawan Formation of the Chepaizi uplift in Junggar Basin.The result indicates that there are two major provenances，one in the northwest and the other in the northeast.The early provenancewas developed early and controlled the near S-N distribution of the sandbodies.Later itm igrated eastwards，mainly northeastwards，and controlled the NE-SW distribution of sandbodies.

综合利用地震、钻井、测井及分析化验等资料，通过古地貌分析、砂砾岩含量分析、地层倾角分析以及岩屑组分分析等方法，对沙湾组物源及古水流方向进行系统研究，认为沙湾组存在西北部和东北部两大物源体系，早期发育西北部物源体系，控制了砂体呈近南北向展布，晚期物源方向往东迁移，以东北方向为主，控制了砂体呈东北-西南向展布。

... 早白垩世晚期,研究区主要以单一的西北扎伊尔山供源为主(苏朝光和仲维苹,2010),在南部扇三角洲存在一定的天山物源混入 ...

2019

0.0

... 谈明轩等,2019) ...

2016

0.0

田涛, 任战利, 杨鹏, 曹展鹏, 杨甫. 2016. 多种剥蚀厚度恢复方法在内蒙古雅布赖盆地侏罗系和白垩系中的应用及其地质意义. 古地理学报, 18(6): 1002-1011.

[Tiao

, Ren Z

, Yang

, Cao Z

, Yang

. 2016. Application of multi-methods for recovering denuded strata thicknessof the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Yabrai Basin of Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(6): 1002-1011]

Recovery of denuded strata thickness is the foundation of making quantitative analysis of basin burial history,thermal history and hydrocarbon accumulation. In this paper,the denuded thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Yabrai Basin of Inner Mongolia was calculated by the methods of vitrinite reflectance( R O ),fluid inclusion,interval transit-time and trend surface of formation thickness. The analysis results show that the total denuded thickness of the Jurassic and Cretaceous is 1610.9-2177.0,m, and that of Jurassic and Cretaceous is 930.2-1395.3,m and 0-612.1,m respectively under the constraint results calculated by fluid inclusion and trend surface of formation thickness methods. The denuded thickness of Jurassic appears larger in north and smaller in south, while that of Cretaceous shows diametrically opposed as larger in south and smaller in north. The spatial distribution characteristics of denuded strata thickness indicate that the intensity of tectonic uplift in north was much stronger than that in south during the Late Jurassic and interconverted during the Early Cretaceous. The formation temperature descended and the source rocks were destroyed after the large scale uplifting and denudation,and that restricted the maturity and thermal evolution of source rocks and even the hydrocarbon generation in Yabrai Basin to a certain extent.

1 Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization,MLR,Xi'an 710026,Shaanxi; 2 Shaanxi Coal Geology Group Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710026,Shaanxi; 3 Department of Geology,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,Shaanxi

剥蚀厚度恢复是进行盆地埋藏史、热演化史、油气成藏等定量分析的基础。文中利用镜质体反射率法、流体包裹体法、声波时差法和地层厚度趋势法等多种方法,恢复了内蒙古雅布赖盆地侏罗系和白垩系剥蚀厚度。计算结果表明,侏罗系和白垩系总剥蚀厚度为 1610.9~2177.0 , m ;在流体包裹体法和地层厚度趋势法约束下,恢复的侏罗系剥蚀厚度为 930.2~1395.3 , m ,白垩系剥蚀厚度为 0~612.1 , m 。雅布赖盆地侏罗系剥蚀厚度“北大南小”,白垩系剥蚀厚度“南大北小”,反映盆地改造强度具有晚侏罗世南弱北强、早白垩世南强北弱的特征。大规模隆升剥蚀,导致地层温度下降、烃源岩遭到破坏,一定程度上制约着雅布赖盆地的烃源岩成熟演化以及油气生成。

... 常用的剥蚀量恢复方法有趋势延伸法、声波时差法、沉积波动分析法、镜质体反射率法和古地温梯度法等(田涛等,2016) ...

2017

0.0

... 计算得到的压实率泥岩大于砂岩,埋深越大压实率越大,符合地质规律与前人相关研究(万青青等,2017) ...

2017

0.0

... 本研究采用高精度古地貌恢复方法(王晨杰等,2017),在建立高精度层序地层格架的基础上,综合考虑压实校正、古水深恢复和剥蚀量恢复,精确地恢复研究区白垩纪古地貌,恢复结果展现了地层沉积演化过程 ...

2016

0.0

王星星, 朱筱敏, 宋爽, 吴陈冰洁, 贺敬聪, 曹刚. 2016. 渤海湾盆地车西洼陷陡坡带古近系沙河街组沙三下段“源-汇”系统. 古地理学报, 18(1): 65-79.

[Wang X

, Zhu X

, Song

, Wu C B

, He J

, Cao

. 2016. “Source-to-sink”system of the Lower Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in steep slope zone of Western Chezhen sub-sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(1): 65-79]

Based on core observation, well logs and 3-D seismic data, the research in the “source-to-sink” system of the Lower Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the steep slope zone of Western Chezhen sub-sag of Chezhen sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is conducted. The results show that:(1)The Lower Member 3 of Shahejie Formation is a third-order sequence which can be divided into three system tracts, including the lowstand system tract, transgressive system tract and highstand system tract, and in the steep slope zone, 11 gravity flow rock types and deep-lacustrine mudstone can be identified,and the gravity flow rock types include matrix-supported medium-grained conglomerates,clast-supported medium-grained conglomerates,matrix-supported fine-grained conglomerates,clast-supported fine-grained conglomerates,sandy conglomerate,conglomeratic sandstones,coarse sandstones,medium sandstones,fine sandstones,graded bedding sandstones and slumps,they are all the typical characteristics of the near-shore subaqueous fan. The evolution tendency of fan scales is from increasing to decreasing,and then increasing again as a whole. (2)Six provenance supplying systems can be identified in the steep slope zone of Western Chezhen sub-sag,and they can be divided into two types,namely,gully-dominated provenance supplying systems and slump-dominated provenance supplying system. The slump structure are much more widely developed in the fans associated with the slump-dominated provenance supplying systems than the fans associated with the gully-dominated provenance supplying systems,in addition,the scale of slump near-shore subaqueous fans is smaller than the fans associated with gully. (3)The further study on the “source”area’s characteristics shows that,the parent rock developed in the depositional period of the Lower Member 3 of Shahejie Formation of the source area was mainly the carbonate rocks; under the action of strong tectonic activities and warm-wet climate,the source area may developed stony desertification palaeogeomorphology and strong erosion,which would cause frequent seasonal gravity to be transported into the lacustrine and form the near-shore subaqueous fans; the scale difference of the fans developed in different system tracts were mainly controlled by the climatic variation and vegetation cover of the source area.

1. State Key Laboratory of Peroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249; 2 College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249; 3. Ocean College,Zhejiang University,Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang; 4. Geoscience Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Company,SINOPEC,Dongying 257015, Shandong

依据渤海湾盆地车镇凹陷车西洼陷陡坡带古近系沙河街组沙三下段岩心、测井以及三维地震资料,对研究区的“源 - 汇”系统进行了研究。结果表明:( 1 )车西洼陷沙三下段为一个三级层序,并可进一步划分为低位、湖侵与高位 3 个体系域,其陡坡带沙三下段发育杂基支撑中砾岩、碎屑支撑中砾岩、杂基支撑细砾岩、碎屑支撑细砾岩、砂质砾岩、含砾砂岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、递变层理砂岩、滑塌岩等 11 种重力流成因岩石类型及深湖泥岩,表现为典型的近岸水下扇沉积;不同体系域时期扇体规模整体呈“由大变小,再变大”的演化趋势。( 2 )车西洼陷陡坡带自西向东识别出 6 套供源体系,可分为有沟道为主供源体系和滑塌为主供源体系,分别形成沟道供源为主近岸水下扇和滑塌供源为主近岸水下扇类型,其中滑塌供源为主近岸水下扇中的滑塌变形构造更发育、更普遍,但其扇体规模较沟道供源为主近岸水下扇小。( 3 )进一步的“溯源”分析结果表明,沙三下段沉积时期,研究区物源区母岩以碳酸盐岩为主,其在强烈的构造活动、湿热气候作用下,易于发育石漠化古地貌,剥蚀作用较为强烈,由此形成的频发的季节性重力流进入湖盆,形成该地区的近岸水下扇沉积;不同体系域时期扇体规模的差异主要受物源区气候和植被覆盖的控制。

... 在这几种地貌单元中,下切谷对沉积体系和砂体的控制作用更加重要,古沟谷的辨认可有效地判定物源供给方向及其控制下沉积物搬运散布模式,也可能成为潜在的储集空间(王星星等,2016 ...

2015

0.0

吴涛, 吴采西, 戚艳平, 姚爱国, 张顺存, 徐洋, 史基安. 2015. 准噶尔盆地地层剥蚀厚度定量恢复方法研究与应用: 以克拉玛依油田八区二叠系下乌尔禾组为例. 古地理学报, 17(1): 81-90.

[Wu

, Wu C

, Qi Y

, Yao A

, Zhang S

, Xu

, Shi J

. 2015. Quantitative resumption method of steatum denudation thickness and its application in Junggar Basin: A case study on the Permian Lower Urho Formation in Block 8 of Karamay Oilfield. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 17(1): 81-90]

The Permian Lower Urho Formation overlapped layer by layer in the Block 8 of Karamay Oilfield, Junggar Basin. It suffered from intense denudation because of the late strong thrusting and uplifting. Therefore,resuming stratum palaeothickness not only can rebuild the burial and evolution history of the study area,but also is an important base of quantitative estimation of petroleum resources. However,traditional calculation method of denudation thickness is constrained by low degree of exploration. According to actual data and geological conditions of the study area,a suite of quantitative calculation method is probed out. Based on a new way of seismic trend thickness integrated with sedimentary sequences analysis,denudation boundary of the Permian Lower Urho Formation has been outlined. A composite method of the thickness ratio of nearby layers and the change ratio of reference layer thickness have been applied in calculating true denudation thickness of the Member 3 of Lower Urho Formation. By analyzing evolution characteristics of the Member 3 of Lower Urho Formation in the key sedimentary periods,a sedimentary model of fan delta has been established in the study area. The distribution range of delta front subfacies is also depicted at the same time,which can provide reliable geological evidence for the future petroleum exploration.

1.Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay834000, Xinjiang 2.Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou730000, Gansu 3.PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang

准噶尔盆地克拉玛依油田八区二叠系下乌尔禾组逐层超覆,后期受强烈冲断作用而抬升,并遭受强烈剥蚀。恢复其地层古厚度不仅能够重建该区埋藏演化史,也是油气资源定量评价的重要基础。然而,研究区勘探程度低,传统剥蚀厚度计算方法受限。针对实际地质条件与现有资料,文中利用地震地层趋势法和沉积层序分析法,在准确圈定剥蚀边界的基础上,根据邻层厚度比值法和参考层厚度变化率法,计算出下乌尔禾组三段剥蚀厚度。在此基础上,通过分析下乌尔禾组三段关键时期的沉积演化特征,建立了研究区扇三角洲沉积模式,确定了扇三角洲前缘储集相带展布范围,为今后的油气勘探提供了可靠的地质依据。

... 根据其地震反射连续性较强、厚度相对稳定的特点,以此推算未剥蚀的地层顶界面(吴涛等,2015) ...

2005

0.0

... 随着实践方法和理论认识的进展,古地貌恢复研究从区域性的、定性的认识逐渐过渡到精细的、定量的分析,逐步提出了沉积学分析法、印模法、填平补齐法、层序地层学法以及碳酸盐岩沉积期微地貌恢复法等古地貌恢复方法(吴艳丽等,2005 ...

2000

0.0

吴智平, 周瑶琪. 2000. 一种计算沉积速率的新方法. 沉积学报, 18(3): 395-399.

[Wu Z

, Zhou Y

. 2000. Using the characteristic elements from meteotitic must in strata to calculate sedimentation rate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 18(3): 395-399]

In the study of sedimentology,one of the most fundamental quantities that geoscientists seek to measure is the sedimentation rate,and it is crucial to a complete understanding of depositional process. The meteoritic dust is a kind of extraterestrial material with high abundance of iridium and cobalt.Most people think that the deposition quantity of meteoritic dust per year is almost constant on earth surface,and the average abundance of some characteristic elements such as Ir and Co in meteoritic dust are fixed,so there is a correlation between sedimentation rate and Ir (or Co) concentration.The abundance of Ir (or Co) in the sedimentary sample with low sedimentation rate is higher than in the sample with high sedimentation rate.According to this,the abundance of the element Ir or Co in sediment can be used to measure the deposition rate as a dating tool.Based on the previous work,the theory and method of using characteristic element from meteoritic dust ot calculate sediment rate have been suggested,and the formulae can be pariticularly expressed as follows: V s= V (Co)/｛ ρ ×[ A (Co)- w (Co)× A ”(Co)] ｝ where V s is the sedimentation rate of the sample which we want to calculate, V (Co) is the deposition rate of Co from meteoritic dust (6.48×10 -7 g/cm 2a), ρ is the density of the sample, A (Co) is the total abundance of Co in the sample, A ”(Co) is the abundance of Co in the source rock and w (Co) is contribution coefficient of Co from the terrigenious sources. Using this method,the sedimentation rates of the Eogene-Neogene section in Linqu County of Shandong Province has been measured as a case in this paper. Comparing with common methods,the method of using characteristic element from meteoritic dust to calculate sedimentation rate is more practical and accurate.

Department of Resources Science,University of Petroleum,Dongying Shandong 257062

地球每时每刻都在接受宇宙尘埃的沉降,且其年沉降量相对稳定,加之宇宙尘埃中的Ir、Co等特征元素的平均含量较恒定,因此沉积物中宇宙尘埃特征元素Ir、Co的丰度值能够体现出沉积物的沉积速率。当沉积速率较慢时,沉积物中宇宙尘埃特征元素的丰度值较大,反之,则较小。本文在前人工作的基础上,对利用宇宙尘埃特征元素计算沉积速率的方法和原理进行了探讨,并运用该方法对山东临朐N/E界线地层的沉积速率进行了实例研究。与传统方法相比,依据宇宙尘埃特征元素在地层中的分布特征计算沉积速率具有更好的实用性和准确性。

... 其中,钴元素(Co)含量与沉积物沉积期沉积速率密切相关,能够用于古水深定量恢复(吴智平和周瑶琪,2000) ...

2017

0.0

... 鲜本忠等,2017) ...

... 剥蚀区一体化古地貌恢复,即根据地层发育样式和层序划分,将K4砂组的底界面作为上覆地层的顶界面,将目的层底界面即K1底作为底界面作地层等厚图(图 10),该方法有助于进行剥蚀区古水系与沉积区古流向整体恢复(鲜本忠等,2017) ...

2008

0.0

邢凤存, 陆永潮, 刘传虎, 向奎. 2008. 车排子地区构造—古地貌特征及其控砂机制. 石油与天然气地质, 29(1): 78-83.

[Xing F

, Lu Y

, Liu C

, Xiang

. 2008. Structural-paleogeomorphologic features of Chepaizi area and mechanism of their control on sand bodies. Oil & Gas Geology, 29(1): 78-83]

Seismic,log,and test data as well as the backstripping technique and trend analysis method of erosion restoration,were employed in the synsedimentary palaeogeomorphology reconstruction of basal boundaries of the lowstand system tracts(LST) of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group sequence,the LST of the Paleogene sequence and the lacustrine expanding system tract of the Miocene Shawan Formation sequence in the Chepaizi area,Junggar basin.The paleogeomorphologic features of these three stages and their control on glutenite in incised valley,fan deltaic glutenite and longshore sandbody were analyzed.Based on the results of these studies,this paper summarizes the controlling patterns of the geomorphology on sandbody distributions during these three stages.The LST of the Tugulu Group sequence is characterized by sand supply from the uplift,diversion of the low uplift and "ridge",transportation along the valley,and accumulation in the sag.The LST of the Paleogene sequence shares the similar features with the Tugulu Group sequence except for the insignificant feature of transportation along the valley,while the lacustrine expanding system tract of the Miocene Shawan Formation features in control of slope-break zone and low uplift zone on transportation and deposition of sand.

1. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 2. School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; 3. Xinjiang Company of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Shengli Oilfield Com

利用地震、测井及测试资料,采用回剥技术及剥蚀量的趋势分析方法,恢复了准噶尔盆地车排子地区下白垩统吐谷鲁群层序低位体系域、古近系层序低位体系域及新近系中新统沙湾组层序湖扩体系域的底界面同沉积期古地貌.并分析了3个时期古地貌特征及其对下切谷砂砾岩体、扇三角洲砂砾岩体及滩坝砂体的控制作用.在此基础上,总结了3个时期地貌控砂模式,认为吐谷鲁层序低位期具隆起区供砂,低隆起区和"梁"分砂,沟谷输砂,凹陷聚砂的特点;古近系层序低位期古地貌控砂机制与吐谷鲁层序低位期的相似,但沟谷输砂特点不明显;沙湾组层序湖扩期具坡折带控砂和低隆起区控砂的特点.

... 邢凤存等(2008)运用趋势分析法对车排子凸起白垩系的同沉积期古地貌进行了恢复,总结出#cod#x0201c ...

2003

0.0

杨桥, 漆家福. 2003. 碎屑岩层的分层去压实矫正方法. 石油实验地质, 25(2): 206-210.

[Yang

, Qi J

. 2003. Method of delaminated decompaction correction. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 25(2): 206-210]

The uniform porosity depth function drawing up on observed data does not express the compaction history of beds because different clastic beds are different in lithology and compaction process in a well or an identical region.The original porosity lied on clastic size and lithofacies so that the original porosity of a sort clastic bed can be considered as the same,but the compaction process could be different from each other.For the sake of reliability of decompaction correction,this paper provides a method of delaminated decompaction correction.First,beds in a well or an identical region are delaminated into some "compaction unit beds" based on their lithology,age,compaction process and so on.Then,the respective porosity depth function which expresses each delaminated "compaction unit bed" needs to be found.The original porosity in the porosity depth function could be determined by modeling sediments.The "compaction model" of delaminated "compaction unit bed" in a well or an identical region could be different or same but it should be reasonable to express their compaction process.And last,using the back strip method computes the paleao thickness and original thickness based on "conversation law of solid thickness of beds".

Lab of Hydrocarbon Accumulation, Petroleum University, Beijing 102200, China

由于同一探井或同一地区中的不同层段的碎屑岩层在岩性和埋藏的动力学过程等方面存在差异,根据观测数据建立的统一的孔隙度-深度函数并不能真实地反映出各岩层的压实历史。同种类的沉积岩石的初始孔隙度值可能相差不大,它们主要受碎屑颗粒大小和沉积相影响,但是其压实过程可能会存在较大的差异。为了提高碎屑岩层去压实校正的精度,该文提出一种分层去压实校正方法。首先,可以按岩性和地层时代等划分"地层压实单元",然后,分别建立各"地层压实单元"的孔隙度-深度函数。不同的"地层压实单元"可以分别采用能反映它们的压实过程的压实模型,并通过实验方法确定各"地层压实单元"的初始孔隙度。在此基础上再根据"地层骨架厚度不变"原理进行去压实校正。

... 深度数据来建立岩层的孔深函数,再根据地层骨架体积不变原理进行去压实校正,恢复岩层的压实埋藏过程(杨桥和漆家福,2003) ...

2011

0.0

... 2 层序地层格架前人对车排子地区白垩系层序开展了大量研究,通过钻测井标定、地震识别等方法,对湖平面升降、沉积特征及不整合面进行研究:杨勇等(2011)将白垩系划分为2个三级层序 ...

2011

0.0

张才利, 高阿龙, 刘哲, 黄静, 杨亚娟, 张艳. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地长7油层组沉积水体及古气候特征研究. 天然气地球科学, 22(4): 582-587.

[Zhang C

, Gao A

, Liu

, Huang

, Yang Y

, Zhang

. 2011. Study of character on sedimentary water and palaeoclimate for Chang7 Oil Layer in Ordos Basin. Nature Gas Geoscience, 22(4): 582-587]

Based on Sr concentration,the ratios of Sr/Br and Th/U,and biogliph fossil,we discuss the water condition and paleoclimate for the deposition of Chang7 oil layer in the Ordos basin.The results show that the ratio of Sr/Br and Th/U is from 0.19 to 0.65,and 0.36 to 5.03,respectively,indicating the water during the Chang7 Period was continental freshwater.The V/Ni ratio of 1.75-5.53 is fallen into the score of the reducing environment.The element assemblage,biogliph fossil,and Co quantitative match indicate that the water depth at the Chang7 Period was half-deep to deep lake,with the maximum depth of 50\|120 m.The paleoclimate was confirmed as warm and humid climate by sporopollen assemblage.

1.Research Institute of Exploration and Development,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Xi′an 710021,China; 2.National Engineering Laboratory for Low\|permeability Petroleum Exploration and Development,Xi′an 710021,China; 3.No.3 Oil Recovery Plant of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company,Yinchuan 750006,China; 4.Department of Exploration,Changqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Xi′an 710021,China

以Sr含量、Sr/Ba值和Th/U值等地球化学指标及生物遗迹化石作为判识标志，对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组沉积环境水介质条件与古气候进行了分析：结果表明长7油层组沉积期古水介质Sr/Ba值为0.19～0.65、Th/U值为0.36～5.03，属陆相淡水环境；V/Ni值为1.75～5.53，属于还原环境；通过元素组合及生物遗迹化石、钴元素定量计算显示水体深度介于半深湖—深湖之间，最大古水深为50～120 m；孢粉组合分析古气候属较温暖潮湿气候。

... 3 古水深恢复古水深恢复是古湖泊学和古环境研究的重要内容,对盆地分析、层序地层研究、古地貌恢复、古积水盆地的沉积历史、评价生、储、盖层的条件都有重要意义(张才利等,2011 ...

2011

0.0

... 朱筱敏等(2011)、董艳蕾等(2015)考虑层序发育的时间跨度,将车排子地区下白垩统划分为4个三级层序,认为白垩系发育湖侵体系域和湖退体系域 ...

2008

0.0

... 古地貌分为构造古地貌、剥蚀古地貌和沉积古地貌(Allen,2008 ...