焦悦, 吴朝东, 王家林, 焦国华, 张卫平, 关旭同. (2023). 天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组沉积特征与古环境对比* [J]. 古地理学报, 25(2): 277-293.
JIAO Yue, WU Chaodong, WANG Jialin, JIAO Guohua, ZHANG Weiping, GUAN Xutong. (2023). Comparative study on sedimentary characteristics and palaeoenvironment of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in eastern Tianshan Mountains[J]. Journal Of Palaeogeography, 25(2): 277-293.   
Doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2023.02.032
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天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组沉积特征与古环境对比*
焦悦1, 吴朝东1, 王家林1, 焦国华2, 张卫平2, 关旭同1
1 北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,地球与空间科学学院,北京 100871
2 中石化新疆新春石油开发有限责任公司,山东东营 257015
通讯作者简介 吴朝东,男,1965年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积学和储层地质学研究。E-mail: cdwu@pku.edu.cn。

第一作者简介 焦悦,女,1994年生,博士研究生,主要从事沉积学、沉积地球化学研究。E-mail: yuejiao_sess@pku.edu.cn。

收稿日期:2022-08-08 修回日期:2022-10-16
基金资助:*国家自然科学基金项目(编号: 420721125)资助
摘要

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组的沉积时代、沉积环境和构造背景存在争议。根据芦草沟组中发现的标准化石桃树园吐鲁番鳕、托姆介介形虫和孢粉化石组合,结合沉积地层中大量碎屑锆石最年轻峰值年龄261 Ma,认为芦草沟组的沉积时代为瓜德鲁普世(中二叠世)而非乌拉尔世(早二叠世)。近年来,在芦草沟组中发现典型海相指示矿物海绿石、海相或海陆交互相托姆介介形虫,加之超高盐度咸化湖盆的证实,认为芦草沟组主体为湖相沉积,但部分沉积时段受到海侵(泛)事件影响。天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地二叠系芦草沟组具有相似的岩石组合、动物群面貌和构造特征,但不同盆地古盐度、古气候、古氧化还原条件、古水深、初级生产力及热液输入强度等具有差异,分析认为芦草沟组形成于相似的伸展裂谷构造背景,但不同盆地之间沉积特征具有差异、不具备统一的沉积中心,为一系列弥散性裂谷盆地群。

关键词: 准噶尔盆地; 三塘湖盆地; 吐哈盆地; 芦草沟组; 沉积环境; 构造背景
中图分类号:P512.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1671-1505(2023)02-0277-17
Comparative study on sedimentary characteristics and palaeoenvironment of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in eastern Tianshan Mountains
JIAO Yue1, WU Chaodong1, WANG Jialin1, JIAO Guohua2, ZHANG Weiping2, GUAN Xutong1
1 Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution,Ministry of Education,School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University,Beijing 100871, China
2 Department of Xinjiang Exploration Project Management,Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Company,Shandong Dongying 257015, China
About the corresponding author WU Chaodong,born in 1965,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor of Peking University. He is mainly engaged in sedimentology and reservoir geology. E-mail: cdwu@pku.edu.cn.

About the first author JIAO Yue,born in 1994,is a Ph.D. candidate in Peking University. She is mainly engaged in sedimentology and sedimentary geochemistry. E-mail: yuejiao_sess@pku.edu.cn.

Fund:Financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.420721125)
Abstract

The depositional age,sedimentary environment and tectonic setting of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in eastern Tianshan Mountains are controversial. Based on the standard fossil assemblages of Turfania taoshuyuanensis and Tomiella found in the Lucaogou Formation,the large number of detrital zircons from the sedimentary strata with the youngest peak age of 261 Ma,it is believed that the deposition age of the Lucaogou Formation is Guadalupan(Middle Permian) rather than Uralian(Early Permian). Based on the discovery of typical marine indicator mineral glauconite,the discovery of marine facies or the interactional facies of Tomiella and the confirmation of ultra-high salinity saline lake basin,it is considered that the Lucaogou Formation was mainly lacustrine sediments,but some sedimentary periods were affected by transgression(flooding)events. In eastern Tianshan Mountains,the Permian Lucaogou Formaition of Junggar Basin,Santanghu Basin and Tu-Ha Basins has similar rock assemblages,faunal features and tectonic characteristics,but there are differences in paleo-salinity,paleo-water depth,paleo-climate,paleo-redox conditions and primary productivity among different basins,suggesting that the Lucaogou Formation was deposited in a series of dispersed rift basins,and there is no unified depositional center among different basins.

Key words: Junggar Basin; Santanghu Basin; Tu-Ha Basin; Lucaogou Formation; sedimentary environment; tectonic setting
1 概述

天山东段地区的准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐鲁番— 哈密盆地(简称“ 吐哈盆地” )是中国西部重要的含油气盆地。近年来, 地质学者对该区构造、岩石、地层、古地理以及油气成藏等做了大量研究, 积累了丰富的基础资料, 取得了重要的研究成果, 为该区油气地质勘探开发做出了积极贡献(Carroll et al., 1995; 程政武等, 1997; 顾连兴等, 2001a; 柳益群等, 2002; Han et al., 2010; Han and Zhao, 2018; Yang et al., 2021)。其中, 二叠系芦草沟组(部分学者在研究吐哈盆地时也采用塔尔朗组)有机碳含量和生烃潜力较高, 是一套重要的烃源岩或油页岩资源, 目前已在准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷、三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷、吐哈盆地大河沿地区发现多个规模储量区(李新宁等, 2015; 张逊等, 2016; 王越, 2017; 林晓慧等, 2019; 范谭广等, 2021)。芦草沟组或塔尔朗组整体以碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩及火山碎屑岩等混合沉积为主, 其中广泛出露的黑色油页岩、厚层泥页岩在天山东段地区的准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地具有相似岩性组合和生物群(程政武等, 1997; 刘延莉和柳益群, 2004; 唐勇等, 2022), 基本可以对比追溯, 是研究天山东段地区古环境演化和构造背景的一个关键记录(Wang et al., 2019; 张奎华等, 2020; 王越等, 2021)。诸多学者对这套含油气地层开展了详细的岩石学、地球化学、储层地质学、烃源岩有机质分析、动植物化石鉴别、沉积相与沉积环境恢复等研究, 取得积极进展, 推进了芦草沟组的油气地质勘探(李婧婧, 2009; 张增宝, 2014; 邵雨等, 2015; 李红等, 2017; 王越, 2017; 柳益群等, 2018; Luo et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018; 林晓慧等, 2019; 范谭广等, 2021; 申博恒等, 2021; Yang et al., 2021; 唐勇等, 2022)。然而, 由于二叠系缺乏标志性海相化石和精确的同位素年代学数据约束, 加之植物化石、四足动物、孢粉化石组合带等容易受到区域沉积环境和气候变化影响而具有穿时性, 二叠系高精度的陆相年代地层格架与岩石地层对比研究一直较为缺乏(准噶尔盆地西北缘风城组、南缘芦草沟组、东北缘平地泉组的对比关系也始终悬而未决), 大范围跨盆地对比更是少之又少, 阻碍了对天山东段地区二叠纪地层关系、原型盆地范围和古气候差异等的深入解读, 一定程度造成了二叠系芦草沟组沉积时代、古环境和构造背景的巨大争议, 有时甚至存在完全相反的结论(刘俊, 2018; Wang et al., 2018a, 2019; 申博恒等, 2021; 唐勇等, 2022)。芦草沟组沉积时代被认为是早二叠世(Yang et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2022)或中二叠世(张致民和吴绍祖, 1991; 尹凤娟等, 2002; 欧阳舒等, 2004; Yang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2018a, 2019); 古环境被认为是湖相(Yang et al., 2010, 2019; 李红等, 2012; 邵雨等, 2015; Zhang et al., 2020)或海相(张义杰等, 1992; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 王家林等, 2016); 构造背景被认为是挤压(Carroll et al., 1995; Choulet et al., 2012)或伸展(Yang et al., 2013; 柳益群等, 2018)背景。随着同位素年代学、地球化学的发展, 尤其是以最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄估算碎屑样品最大沉积年龄(MDA)等方法的应用, 陆相地层对比的精度极大地提高(Dickinson and Gehrels, 2009; 刘俊, 2018; Sharman et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021)。

同时, 便携式XRF(X射线荧光光谱)原位检测技术和微区XRF面扫描技术的迅速发展, 为较大区域地层岩石矿物学特征对比提供了可能性(王祎亚等, 2020; 林照彬, 2021)。鉴于此, 笔者通过对比准噶尔盆地(南缘)、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地芦草沟组沉积特征、地层特征和沉积环境特征, 结合前人已发表的锆石年代学数据和地球化学数据, 对芦草沟组沉积时代进行讨论, 并进一步分析其矿物学特征、岩石组合特征、地球化学特征、沉积相分布及沉积体系时空演化特征, 以期恢复天山东段地区二叠纪芦草沟组沉积时期古环境及其形成构造背景。

2 研究区概况

天山东段地区位于中亚造山带(世界最大的显生宙增生造山带之一)南部(图1-A; Ş engö r et al., 1993; Windley et al., 2007), 呈现出“ 三山夹两盆” 的构造格局(图1): 阿尔泰山、博格达山— 哈尔里克山、觉罗塔格山夹持准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地和吐哈盆地(图1-B; 李锦轶和肖序常, 1999)。

图1 天山东段地区地质图、主要盆地及采样剖面位置
A— 中亚造山带构造位置图(Ş engö r et al., 1993); B— 天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地相对位置及采样剖面示意图Fig.1 Geological map showing location of the main basins and sampling sections in eastern Tianshan Mountains

自石炭纪开始, 随着额尔齐斯— 斋桑洋、阿尔曼太洋和卡拉麦里洋相继闭合, 东准噶尔地区和三塘湖地区形成一系列碰撞造山带和缝合带, 逐渐进入陆内演化阶段, 广泛发育海陆过渡相、陆相巨厚基性酸性火山岩和局部山麓堆积相沉积(图2; Filippova et al., 2001; Windley et al., 2007; 张元元和郭召杰, 2010; Choulet et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013, 2015b); 准噶尔盆地南缘西部的北天山洋也相继闭合形成北天山缝合带, 进入后碰撞伸展阶段, 开始陆相断陷盆地(rift basin)的演化(庞志超等, 2020); 准噶尔盆地南缘东部的博格达山地区可能由弧后裂谷(back-arc basins)向后碰撞裂谷(post-collisional rift basins)转变, 海水也开始从东部退去(Memtimin et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020)。二叠纪, 天山东段地区整体进入后碰撞裂谷伸展阶段, 至中二叠世, 博格达海道逐渐关闭, 天山东段地区进入陆内演化阶段(图3; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 盖云飞等, 2016; 李峰等, 2016; 张奎华等, 2021)。新生代, 印度— 欧亚板块碰撞远程效应导致卡拉麦里山和博格达山强烈隆升, 形成现今的盆— 山格局(顾连兴等, 2001b; 柳益群等, 2006; 夏林圻, 2013; 柳益群等, 2018)。

图2 准噶尔盆地及其周缘造山带石炭纪构造演化示意图(修编自张元元和郭召杰, 2010; Zhang et al., 2013, 2015b; Wang et al., 2018a)Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the Carboniferous tectonic evolution of Junggar Basin and its surrounding orogenic belts (modified from Zhang and Guo, 2010; Zhang et al., 2013, 2015b; Wang et al., 2018a)

图3 天山东段地区吐哈盆地— 准噶尔盆地(南缘)-三塘湖盆地二叠系地层划分对比(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1999; 李晴晴, 2016; 王家林等, 2016)Fig.3 Division and correlation of the Permian strata from Turpan-Hami Basin to Junggar Basin(south margin)to Santanghu Basin in eastern Tianshan Mountains(after Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1999; Li, 2016; Wang et al., 2016)

3 研究资料与方法
3.1 研究资料

为对比吐哈盆地、准噶尔盆地和三塘湖盆地沉积特征, 笔者重点采集了准噶尔盆地四工河附近钻井岩心样品(N 44° 2'2″, E 88° 8'10″; 芦草沟组为连续取心段), 采用型号为Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton XL3t的手持式X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析仪, 对全部样品进行了主微量分析。此外, 为进一步限定芦草沟组形成时代, 采集准噶尔盆地芦草沟剖面井井子沟组(沉)凝灰岩一套(图1-B), 从中挑选出锆石颗粒, 采用激光剥蚀— 电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对锆石进行了U-Pb年代学分析。

3.2 研究方法

使用手持式XRF分析仪进行元素测试前, 按照设备操作规范进行校正, 对样品进行原位及全岩粉末压饼测试, 测试仪光斑半径4 mm, 每次测定时间为140 s。同时, 收集了大量前人已发表的主微量元素数据进行对比分析, 收集数据详见附表1(准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地与吐哈盆地样品元素含量和古环境指标对比), 涉及剖面及其位置详见图1-B。

锆石U-Pb年代学分选主要包括以下步骤: 首先, 样品的锆石分选在河北省廊坊市诚信地质服务有限公司进行; 其次, 制成激光样品靶后在北京锆年领航科技有限公司进行了透射光、反射光和阴极发光的照相工作, 以选取潜在目标微区; 然后, 在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。样品的同位素比值和元素含量数据处理采用GLITTER 4.4.2程序计算(Jackson et al., 2004), 普通铅校正使用Andersen(2002)给出的程序计算, 加权平均年龄及谐和图的绘制使用Isoplot 3.0完成(Ludwig, 2003)。分析数据误差为1σ , 置信度95%。测试结果数据详见附表2(准噶尔盆地中二叠统井井子沟组(沉)凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄分析数据)。

4 实验结果

本研究采用手持式XRF元素分析仪对四工河剖面钻井连续取心样品进行了82个点位的主微量元素测试, 测试数据结果见附表1(准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地与吐哈盆地样品元素含量和古环境指标对比)。测试后对相关数据进行相关性和主成分分析, 识别出活动性元素及氧化物主要包括: CaO、MgO、Na2O、Sr、Ba、Cr; 不活动性元素及氧化物主要有: Al2O3、Fe2O3T O3T、MnO、K2O、TiO2、Ti、V、Cu、Ni。不活动性元素比值、活动元素比值、不活动性元素与活动性元素比值等用于古环境的辅助分析。测试结果显示阜康地区芦草沟组Sr/Ba值为0.19~3.1, 普遍高于0.5, 具有较高的Sr/Ba值; V/(V+Ni)值介于0.5~0.8之间, 纵向相对变化较小; Sr/Cu值为2.3~28.5, 主体分布于5~20之间, 但变化较大; (Al+Fe)/(Ca+Mg)值处于0.1~5.8之间, 普遍大于0.5、小于2; Ba/Al值为0.004~0.03, 略高于三塘湖盆地和吐哈盆地; (Fe+Mn)/Ti值介于5~63之间, 虽普遍小于15, 但少部分也大于15。

井井子沟组(沉)凝灰岩中的26颗锆石U Pb定年结果如图4-A和附表2(准噶尔盆地南缘中二叠统井井子沟组(沉)凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄分析数据)所示, 锆石 206Pb/238U年龄分布于268~772 Ma之间, 锆石 206Pb/238U概率分布图主要峰值有438 Ma、338 Ma、315 Ma、304 Ma、269 Ma, 其中, 年龄较大的峰值年龄438 Ma、338 Ma、315 Ma、304 Ma可能代表早期岩浆作用, 为捕获锆石年龄; 年龄较小的峰值年龄269 Ma, 可能代表同沉积岩浆作用, 为沉积最大年龄。

图4 准噶尔盆地南缘井井子沟组、芦草沟组最大沉积年龄计算
A— 准噶尔盆地南缘井井子沟组、芦草沟组砂岩碎屑锆石 206Pb/238U年龄概率分布图(本文; Wang et al., 2018a); B— 准噶尔盆地南缘井井子沟组、芦草沟组最大沉积年龄(MDA)计算(Zhao et al., 2020)Fig.4 Maximum depositional age(MDA)calculations for the Jingjingzigou and Lucaogou Formations in southern margin of Junggar Basin

5 讨论
5.1 芦草沟组沉积特征对比

天山东段地区准噶尔盆地(南缘)、三塘湖盆地和吐哈盆地的二叠系芦草沟组最早被称为“ 油页岩层” , 20世纪60年代中期, 新疆地质局区测大队创名为“ 妖魔山组” , 直到1976年, 西北地层会议因考虑其与甘肃省奥陶系妖魔山组重名而改称“ 芦草沟组” , 沿用至今。芦草沟组主要出露砂质页岩、油页岩夹粉砂岩、白云岩和白云质灰岩, 局部地区可见凝灰岩, 含鱼类、介形类、双壳类、孢粉、古植物、脊椎动物等生物化石(吴绍祖, 1993; 程政武等, 1997; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 柳益群等, 2018; 唐勇等, 2022), 但不同地区地层特征、沉积特征等有所差异(图3)。

吐哈盆地二叠系自下而上依次出露: 大河沿组、芦草沟组(塔尔朗组)、红雁池组、泉子街组、梧桐沟组和锅底坑组。其中, 芦草沟组主要岩性为黄绿色、灰绿色、灰黑色油页岩、泥岩、砂质泥岩及少量砂岩和砾岩; 下与大河沿组红色粗碎屑岩整合接触; 上与灰绿色、黄绿色砾岩夹砂岩、泥岩的泉子街组整合过渡, 砾岩增多、泥岩减少为二者划分标志。芦草沟组在吐哈盆地的托克逊凹陷、台北凹陷、哈密坳陷分布较广, 在盆地西端的艾维尔沟、北缘的塔尔朗等地也有出露, 整体上由盆地边缘向中心依次发育扇三角洲— 滨浅湖— 半深湖— 深湖沉积(张增宝, 2014; 李晴晴, 2015)。

准噶尔盆地南缘和博格达山地区二叠系自下而上依次出露石人子沟组、塔什库拉组、乌拉泊组、井井子沟组、芦草沟组、红雁池组、泉子街组、梧桐沟组和锅底坑组。其中, 芦草沟组主要岩性为灰黑色、黑色、褐灰色页岩、油页岩、粉砂岩夹白云岩和少量砂岩, 油页岩发育为本组典型特征; 下与井井子沟组整合接触, 以凝灰岩消失、油页岩出现为界; 上与红雁池组整合过渡, 以油页岩剧减为界。芦草沟组在博格达山的吉木萨尔凹陷、乌鲁木齐米东等地区广泛出露, 整体上为典型的河湖相沉积, 主要发育滨湖相、浅湖相、半深湖— 深湖相沉积环境(彭雪峰等, 2011; 申华梁, 2015), 盆地边缘也发育扇三角洲沉积(王正和等, 2016)。

三塘湖盆地二叠系自下而上依次出露卡拉岗组、芦草沟组、条湖组和下仓房沟群(大多地方缺失上二叠统)。其中, 芦草沟组主要为灰黑色碳质页岩、油页岩夹灰白色硅质、白云质泥岩、粉砂岩, 偶含火山岩和凝灰岩, 见燧石结核和硅质条带; 下与卡拉岗组不整合接触, 以火山岩骤减、油页岩出现为界; 上与条湖组大规模火山岩整合过渡。芦草沟组主要分布于盆地内部的条湖凹陷、马朗凹陷和三塘湖乡一带, 整体上为湖相沉积, 以半深湖— 深湖静水还原环境为主(申华梁, 2015)。

虽然不同地区岩石特征略有差异, 但黑色油页岩发育是本组典型特征, 在天山东段地区具备对比研究的条件。同时, 准噶尔盆地、吐哈盆地和三塘湖盆地具备相似的Anthraconauta— Mrassiella— Microdonta双壳类化石组合(新疆地质矿产局地质矿产研究所和新疆地质矿产局第一区调大队, 1991)、Callipteris— Comia— Iniopteris植物化石组合(新疆地质矿产局地质矿产研究所和新疆地质矿产局第一区调大队, 1991; 张致民和吴绍祖, 1991)、Turfania-Tienshaniscus-Chichia鱼类化石组合(尹凤娟等, 2002)、Cordaitina— Hamiapolleniees— Vittatina孢粉化石组合(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1999; 唐勇等, 2022; 齐雪峰等, 2013)和Darwinuloides puris— Tomiella incondita介形类化石组合(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1999), 动物群面貌基本相同, 可以进行较好的对比分析。

5.2 芦草沟组沉积时代: 早二叠世或中二叠世?

一直以来, 大多数学者均认为芦草沟组沉积时代为中二叠世, 但Yang等(2010)采用CA-ID-TIMS锆石U-Pb年代学方法报道了吐哈盆地北缘桃树园地区大河沿组下部和红雁池组顶部凝灰岩(Ash-fall tuff)中的锆石年龄, 给芦草沟组时代研究带来了诸多疑问。

该研究在大河沿组下部的凝灰岩中报到了晚石炭世的锆石年龄(301.26± 0.05 Ma), 而红雁池组顶部火山灰的CA-ID-TIMS锆石U-Pb年龄为乌拉尔世/早二叠世(281.39± 0.1 Ma), 由此将芦草沟组时代限定为乌拉尔世/早二叠世, 远远早于前人认为的瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世(Yang et al., 2010)。火山灰年代地层学的快速发展, 为天山东段地区地层对比提供了可能性, 但Yang等(2010)报道的锆石U-Pb年龄与前人生物地层学和碎屑锆石年代学研究结果相互矛盾。

一是前人生物地层学研究表明, 天山东段地区芦草沟组发现有标准化石Turfania taoshuyuanensis(桃树园吐鲁番鳕)和Tomiella— Permiana(介形虫组合), 其中, 桃树园吐鲁番鳕年代距今约260 Ma, 根据最新的国际地层学年代划分方案应为瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世(附表3:天山东段地区芦草沟组代表性化石主要特征)。同时, Tienshaniscus(天山鳕)和Chichia(芨芨鳕)也时有发现, 被认为是二叠纪海相或海陆过渡相的典型代表(齐雪峰等, 2013)。此外, Cordaitina uralensis— Hamiapolleniees mutabilis孢粉化石组合也广泛产于芦草沟组, 时代被定为瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世早期(张致民和吴绍祖, 1991; 尹凤娟等, 2002; 欧阳舒等, 2004)。

二是据大量沉积地层中的碎屑锆石最年轻峰值年龄推断井井子沟组的最大沉积年龄为266 Ma或269 Ma(图4-A; Wang et al., 2018a), 因芦草沟组整合于井井子沟组之上, 指示芦草沟组最大沉积年龄应小于266 Ma, 应为瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世(Wang et al., 2018a)。此外, Zhao等(2020)采用detritalPy软件计算了芦草沟组碎屑锆石多种最年轻峰值年龄(YC1σ (2+)和YC2σ (3+)), 以期准确限定芦草沟组的最大沉积年龄, 尽可能降低或剔除因锆石铅丢失导致的偏年轻年龄。研究结果表明, 芦草沟组最大沉积年龄为261 Ma(图4-B; Dickinson and Gehrels, 2009; Sharman et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2020), 指示其沉积时代应为瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世, 这与标准化石指示时代相吻合。

三是深时火山灰年代地层学的应用受到一些限制, 可能造成地层对比的混乱。一方面, 由于博格达山南缘吐鲁番地区构造复杂, 尤其是受新生代印度— 欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影响, 区域地壳抬升, 地形地貌错位, 构造变形较大, Yang等(2010)报道的火山灰层可能为遭受二次剥蚀、搬运后再沉积的产物, 从中分离出的锆石可能为早期碎屑颗粒。另一方面, 早期继承的锆石随岩浆喷发后沉积为火山灰也会导致所取得锆石年龄大于沉积年龄, 这在基性火山岩中较为普遍(赵越等, 2006)。

综上所述, 作者认为芦草沟组的沉积时代应仍划归为瓜德鲁普世/中二叠世, 但不排除二叠纪地层存在显著穿时现象, 从而导致博格达山南北两侧芦草沟组沉积时代有所差异。下一步, 还需开展大量高精度同位素年龄测定和地层序列对比等更为深入细致的研究。

5.3 芦草沟组古环境: 海相或陆相?

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组主体上为湖相沉积基本得到学者共识(Yang et al., 2010; 李红等, 2012; 邵雨等, 2015; 王家林等, 2016; 徐希旺等, 2017; Chen et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2018; 柳益群等, 2018; Luo et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018, 2020; Yang et al., 2019), 但近年来也发现一些海侵事件影响的迹象: 一是陆申童(2017)在吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组发现典型海相指示矿物— — 海绿石。二是齐雪峰等(2013)在三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组发现大量古鳕类化石, 并可见古鳕类鱼鳞与海相化石共生, 古鳕类化石在欧洲和格陵兰二叠纪地层中均发现于海相地层, 在中国宁夏、内蒙等地晚石炭世地层中也主要在海相或海陆过渡相中出现。三是张义杰等(1992)在研究准噶尔盆地东部地区中二叠统平地泉组时认为介形类Tomiella和Permiana生活环境与海水关系密切, 主要产于海陆交互相地层中, Tomiella分子在天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组中广泛产出, 反映芦草沟组沉积时期可能存在海侵事件。四是王越(2017)、Yang等(2019)、Zhang等(2020)、徐银波等(2022)等诸多学者认为芦草沟组古盐度较高, 为典型的咸化湖盆, 这一观点也得到介形类化石Tomiella和Kelameilia 等典型喜盐分子的佐证, 沉积水体盐度较高可能是淡水与海水混合作用的结果。五是准噶尔盆地芦草沟组生物标志化合物比值(长侧链三环萜烷C22/C21与C24/C23、C31R/C30藿烷)主要分布于湖相沉积区域, 少量数据显示海相沉积(图5; 附表4:准噶尔盆地芦草沟组生物标志化合物特征; 盖云飞等, 2016; Luo et al., 2018, Ding et al., 2019; 蒋中发等, 2020)。以上现象表明: 芦草沟组的沉积与海水关系密切, 该时期主体为湖相沉积, 但部分时段受到海侵(泛)事件影响, 可能为陆缘近海湖泊环境。

图5 准噶尔盆地芦草沟组生物标志化合物比值
A— 长侧链三环萜烷C22/C21; B— 长侧链三环萜烷C24/C23; C— C31R/C30藿烷。数据收集自Luo et al., 2018; Ding et al., 2019Fig.5 Biomarker ratios in the Lucaogou Formation, Junggar Basin

5.4 芦草沟组形成构造背景: 伸展或挤压?泛湖盆或孤立湖盆?

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组沉积时期, 地层沉积厚度南北向和东西向均差异巨大, 沉积环境具有强烈的横向和纵向相变, 盆地形态具有不对称性, 地震剖面上显示大量同沉积正断层分布(图6), 这些现象表明该时期为伸展裂谷背景, 而非前陆挤压环境。目前陆内裂谷盆地被广大学者所认可(Wartes et al., 2002; 方世虎等, 2006; Yang et al., 2010, 2013; 王家林等, 2016; Obrist-Farner and Yang, 2017; 柳益群等, 2018; Wang et al., 2019), 从天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、吐哈盆地、三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组岩石特征、生物特征、古环境特征等看, 动物群面貌基本相同, 均以油页岩为典型岩性特征, 盆地之间具有较高相似性, 指示中二叠世天山东段地区具有相似的构造背景, 但不同盆地之间古水深、古氧化还原条件、古气候、古沉积厚度等沉积特征具有差异。

图6 准噶尔盆地典型地震剖面构造解释图(数据资料来自新疆油田分公司, 剖面位置详见图1-B)Fig.6 Structural interpretation diagrams of typical seismic profiles in Junggar Basin (Data are from Xinjiang Oilfield Company, see Fig.1-B for position)

通过对比三塘湖盆地、准噶尔盆地(南缘)和吐哈盆地的古盐度、古氧化还原条件、古气候、古水深、初级生产力和热液输入强度等特征(图7; 附表1:准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地与吐哈盆地样品元素含量和古环境指标对比), 可以发现: 古盐度方面, 自三塘湖盆地至准噶尔盆地, 再到吐哈盆地, 湖水盐度总体逐渐减小(图7-A)。前人研究显示卡拉麦里山前湖盆与上述地区相比盐度略低, 局部出现盐度较低的湖沼环境; 而准噶尔盆地西北缘地区湖水偏淡, 未见到喜盐动物群(张义杰等, 1992; 齐雪峰等, 2013), 湖水盐度的这一变化规律与当时古地理背景相匹配, 即从三塘湖盆地→ 准噶尔盆地南缘→ 吐哈盆地→ 准噶尔盆地西北缘, 往西逐渐远离海盆, 受海水影响程度也逐渐降低(图8)。

图7 吐哈盆地— 准噶尔盆地— 三塘湖盆地古环境特征对比
A— 古盐度特征对比; B— 古氧化还原条件对比; C— 古气候特征对比; D— 古水深对比; E— 初级生产力特征对比; F— 热液影响作用对比。吐哈盆地数据收集自Miao et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2018, 2019b; Song et al., 2018; 王越等, 2019; Mao et al., 2021; 张奎华等, 2021。准噶尔盆地数据来自本研究; 王东营等, 2008; 李婧婧, 2009; 彭雪峰等, 2011; 涂其军和徐仕琪, 2016; 张逊等, 2016; 陆申童, 2017; 王越等, 2017; Liu et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b; 马东正等, 2018; 王正和等, 2018; Wang et al., 2018b, 2022; 张帅等, 2018; 张逊等, 2018; 蒋中发, 2019; 林晓慧等, 2019; 王越等, 2019; 杨焱钧等, 2019; 蒋中发等, 2020; 史燕青等, 2021; 张奎华等, 2021; 王欢等, 2022。 三塘湖盆地数据收集自焦鑫, 2017; Zhang et al., 2018; 李哲萱, 2020; Pan et al., 2020; 潘永帅等, 2022; 徐银波等, 2022Fig.7 Comparison of paleo-environmental characteristics of Turpan-Hami Basin, Junggar Basin and Santanghu Basin

图8 准噶尔盆地南缘及邻区中二叠统芦草沟组残余地层厚度图(修编自王家林, 2019)Fig.8 Residual stratum thickness map of the Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin and its adjacent areas(modified from Wang, 2019)

古氧化还原条件方面, 准噶尔盆地、吐哈盆地和三塘湖盆地均存在缺氧强分层、缺氧弱分层和贫氧状态。其中, 准噶尔盆地南缘(现博格达山地区)样品在缺氧强分层区域变化趋势较快, 以还原为主, 水体分层强; 吐哈盆地样品在偏氧化区域较多, 显示其水体更氧化(图7-B; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 魏信祥等, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; 张奎华等, 2021)。古气候方面, 三塘湖盆地相较于准噶尔盆地和吐哈盆地更为炎热干旱, 蒸发作用更为强烈(图7-C; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 魏信祥等, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; 张奎华等, 2021)。古水深方面, 准噶尔盆地南缘(现博格达山地区)发育深湖相沉积, 三塘湖盆地整体以滨浅湖— 半深湖沉积为主, 吐哈盆地从滨浅湖至深湖相沉积均有发育, 整体上准噶尔盆地古水深最大, 其次是吐哈盆地, 三塘湖盆地水深最小(图7-D), 准噶尔盆地芦草沟组巨厚残余地层在博格达山地区也最厚(图8), 与古环境指标相呼应。初级生产力方面, 准噶尔盆地南缘有相对较高的初级生产力, 而三塘湖盆地和吐哈盆地均略低于准噶尔盆地(图7-E; 齐雪峰等, 2013; 魏信祥等, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; 张奎华等, 2021)。热液输入强度方面, 准噶尔盆地和三塘湖盆地均发育凝灰岩、白云质喷积岩等(Yu et al., 2019; Jiao et al., 2020), 黑色页岩具有较高的(Fe+Mn)/Ti值, 白云岩Yb/Ca— Yb/La值也指示火山成因(Yang et al., 2019), 显示2个盆地受到不同程度的热液输入影响(图7-F; Zhang et al., 2015a, 2018, 2020; 柳益群等, 2018; Jiao et al., 2020; Pan et al., 2020; Meng et al., 2022)。但吐哈盆地较少发现喷积岩, 且(Fe+Mn)/Ti值较低, 指示吐哈盆地较少接受热液输入。

综上所述, 吐哈盆地、准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组时期沉积环境具有一定相似性, 但不同盆地之间也有所差异。古盐度自三塘湖盆地向准噶尔盆地, 再向吐哈盆地依次递减, 指示远离海盆方向。古水深显示准噶尔盆地深度最大, 吐哈盆地次之, 三塘湖盆地最小, 推测主裂陷槽位于准噶尔盆地南缘博格达山一带(图8), 这与博格达山地区芦草沟组发育较强的热液作用相吻合; 同时, 自西向东湖水深度不断变化, 指示天山东段地区不同盆地之间不具备统一的沉积中心, 但在湖侵或海侵过程时相互之间可能联通, 为一系列弥散性裂谷盆地群(图9), 不同盆地受到东天山— 北山残留海影响的程度也有所差异。

图9 天山东段地区吐哈盆地— 准噶尔盆地(南缘)— 三塘湖盆地二叠纪古地理示意图Fig.9 Schematic diagram of the Permian palaeogeography of Tuha Basin-southern margin of Junggar Basin-Santanghu Basin in eastern Tianshan Mountains

6 结论

1)天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组的沉积时代应仍划归为瓜德鲁普世(中二叠世), 但不排除二叠纪地层存在穿时现象, 从而导致博格达山南北两侧芦草沟组沉积时代有所差异。

2)二叠系芦草沟组时期主体为湖相沉积, 但其沉积与海水关系密切, 部分时段受到海侵(泛)事件影响, 可能为陆缘近海湖泊环境。

3)天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地中二叠统芦草沟组具有相似的岩石组合、动物群面貌和构造特征, 但不同盆地之间沉积特征具有差异, 不具备统一的沉积中心, 为一系列弥散性裂谷盆地群。

(责任编辑 李新坡; 英文审校 李攀)

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