Abstract During a period of 82 years (1931�C2013), 39 genetic terms were introduced for various deposits. Of the 39 terms, only ten are meaningful in understanding the true depositional origin (e.g., turbidites), the remaining 29 are just jargons (e.g., seismites, tsunamites, etc.). The genetic term ��seismites��, introduced by Seilacher (1969) for recognizing palaeoearthquakes in the sedimentary record, is a misnomer. The term was introduced in haste, based on an examination of a single exposure of the Miocene Monterey Formation (10 m) in California, without a rigorous scienti?c analysis. The fundamental problem is that earthquake is a triggering mechanism, not a depositional process. Type of triggers cannot be recognized in the ancient sedimentary record because evidence for triggers is not preserved by nature. Soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS), commonly used as the criteria for interpreting seismites, are a product of liquefaction. However, liquefaction can be induced by any one of 21 triggers, which include earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, sediment loading, among others. Brecciated clasts, typically associated with earthquake-induced deposits in the Dead Sea Basin, are also common depositional products of debris ?ows (i.e., synsedimentary product unrelated to earthquakes). Also, various types of SSDS, such as duplex-like structures and clastic injections, can be explained by synsedimentary processes unrelated to earthquakes. Case studies of sandstone petroleum reservoirs worldwide, which include Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Bay of Bengal, reveal that there is compelling empirical evidence for sediment loading being the primary cause of SSDS. The Krishna�CGodavari Basin, located on the eastern continental margin of India, is ideal for sediment failures by multiple triggering mechanisms where overpressure and liquefaction have led to multi-origin SSDS. Because tsunamis and meteorite impacts are important phenomena in developing extensive deposits, lateral extent of SSDS cannot be used as a unique distinguishing attribute of earthquakes. For these reasons, the genetic term ��seismites��, which has no redeemable scienti?c value, is obsolete.
Abreu, V., Sullivan, M., Pirmez, C., Mohrig, D., 2003. Lateral accretion packages (LAPs): an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20, 631�C648.
[2]
Ager, D.V., 1974. Storm deposits in the Jurassic of the Moroccan High Atlas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 15, 83�C93.
[3]
Agnon, A., Migowski, C., Marco, S., 2006. Intraclast breccias in laminated sequences reviewed: recorders of paleoearthquakes. In: Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., Stein, M. (Eds.), Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, GSA Special Paper, 401, pp. 195�C214.
[4]
Alexander, J.I.D., Watkinson, A.J., 1989. Microfolding in the Permian Castile formation: an example of geometric systems in multilayer folding, Texas and New Mexico. GSA Bulletin, 101, 742�C750.
[5]
Alfaro, P., 1995. Neotect��nica en la Cuenca del Bajo Segura (Cordillera B��tica oriental) (Ph.D. thesis). Universidad de Alicante, Spain, p. 219.
[6]
Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., Est��vez, A., Molina, J.M., Moretti, M., Soria, J.M., 2002. Liquefaction and ?uidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau), 91, 505�C513.
[7]
Alfaro, P., Gibert, L., Moretti, M., Garc��a-Tortosa, F.J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Jes��s Galindo-Zald��var, J., L��pez-Garrido, A.C., 2010. The signi?cance of giant seismites in the Plio-Pleistocene Baza palaeo-lake (S Spain). Terra Nova, 22, 172�C179.
Allen, J.R.L., 1982. Sedimentary Structures, vol. II. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 663.
[10]
Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and Physical Basis. Elsevier, Amsterdam. I, p. 593 and II, pp. 343?663.
[11]
Allen, J.R.L., 1986. Earthquake magnitude-frequency, epicentral distance, and soft-sediment deformation in sedimentary basins. Sedimentary Geology, 46, 67�C75.
[12]
Alves, T.M., 2015. Submarine slide blocks and associated soft-sediment deformation in deep-water basins: a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 67, 262�C285.
[13]
Andersen, J.C.?., Rasmussen, H., Nielsen, T.F.D., R?nsbo, J.G., 1998. The Triple Group and the Platinova gold and palladium reefs in the Skaergaard intrusion: stratigraphic and petrographic relations. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 93, 488�C509.
Sub-surface temperature oscillations and associated ?ow in the western Bay of Bengal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 21, 823�C834.
[16]
Arrhenius, G., 1963. Pelagic sediments. In: Hill, M.N. (Ed.), The Sea, vol. 3. Wiley, New York, pp. 655�C727.
[17]
Barrett, P.J., 1966. Effects of the 1964 Alaskan earthquake on some shallow-water sediments in Prince William Sound, southeast Alaska. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36, 992�C1006.
[18]
Barton, R., Bird, K., Herna'ndez, J.G., Grajales-Nishimura, J.M., Murillo-Mu��et��n, G., Herber, B., Weimer, P., Koeberl, C., Neumaier, M., Schenk, O., Stark, J., 2009/2010. High impact reservoirs. Oil?eld Review, 21, 14�C29.
[19]
Basilone, L., Lena, G., Gasparo-Morticelli, M., 2014. Synsedimentary-tectonic, soft-sediment deformation and volcanism in the rifted Tethyan margin from the Upper Triassic�CMiddle Jurassic deep-water carbonates in Central Sicily. Sedimentary Geology, 308, 63�C79.
[20]
Bastia, R., Nayak, P., Singh, P., 2006. Shelf delta to deep-water basin: a depositional model for Krishna�CGodavari Basin. In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, International Conference, Perth, Australia.http://www. searchanddiscovery.net/documents/2007/07011bastia/index.htm.
[21]
Bates, R.L., Jackson, J.A., 1980. Glossary of Geology, second ed. American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Virginia, p. 751.
[22]
Bea, R.G., Wright, S.G., Sicar, P., Niedoroda, A.W., 1983. Wave induced slides in South Pass Block 70, Mississippi Delta. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109, 619�C644.
[23]
Beck, C., 2009. Lake sediments as Late Quaternary palaeoseismic archives: examples in north-western Alps and clues for earthquake-origin assessment of sedimentary disturbances. Earth-Science Reviews, 96, 327�C344.
[24]
Behl, R.J., 1999. Since Bramlette (1946): the Miocene Monterey Formation of California revisited. In: Moores, E.M., Sloan, D., Stout, D.L. (Eds.), Classic Cordilleran Concepts: a View from California, GSA Special Paper, 338, pp. 301�C313.
Boggs Jr., S., 2001. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, third ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, p. 726.
[27]
Boulton, G.S., Dobbie, K.E., Zatsepin, S., 2001. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers and its coupling to the subglacial hydraulic system. Quaternary International, 86, 3�C28.
[28]
Bouma, A.H., 1962. Sedimentology of Some Flysch Deposits, a Graphic Approach to Facies Interpretation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 168.
[29]
Bourgeois, J., 2009. Geologic effects and records of tsunamis. In: Robinson, A.R., Bernard, E.N. (Eds.), The Sea, Volume 15: Tsunamis. Harvard University Press, pp. 53�C91.
[30]
Bourgeois, J., Hansen, T.A., Wiberg, P.L., Kauffman, E.G., 1988. A tsunami deposit at the Cretaceous?Tertiary boundary in Texas. Science, 241, 567�C570.
[31]
Boyd, R., Ruming, K., Goodwin, I., Sandstrom, M., Schr?der-Adams, C., 2008. Highstand transport of coastal sand to the deep ocean: a case study from Fraser Island, southeast Australia. Geology, 36, 15�C18.
Briggs, Derek E.G., 2014. Adolf Seilacher (1925�C2014) Palaeontologist who pioneered analysis of trace fossils. Nature, 509, 428.
[36]
Br?nnimann, C.S., 2011. Effect of Groundwater on Land-slide Triggering (Ph.D. thesis). ��cole Polytechnique F��d��rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, p. 239.
[37]
Brooke, C.M., Trimble, T.J., Mackay, T.A., 1995. Mounded shallow gas sands from the Quaternary of the North Sea: analogues for the formation of sand mounds in deep water Tertiary sediments? In: Hartley, A.J., Prosser, D.J. (Eds.), Characterisation of Deep Marine Clastic Systems, Geological Society Special Publications 94. Geological Society, London, pp. 95�C101.
[38]
Busby, C.J., Yip, G., Blikra, L., Renne, P., 2002. Coastal landsliding and catastrophic sedimentation triggered by Cretaceous?Tertiary bolide impact: a paci?c margin example? Geology, 30, 687�C690.
[39]
Cannon, S.H., Kirkham, R.M., Parise, M., 2001. Wild?re-related debris-?ow initiation processes, Storm King Mountain, Colorado. Geomorphology, 39, 171�C188.
[40]
Carter, R.M., 1975. A discussion and classi?cation of subaqueous mass-transport with particular application to grain ?ow, slurry ?ow, and ?uxoturbidites. Earth-Science Reviews, 11, 145�C177.
[41]
Chang, A., Grimm, K.A., 1999. Speckled beds: distinctive gravity-?ow deposits in ?nely laminated diatomaceous sediments, Miocene Monterey Formation, California. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 122�C134.
[42]
Chatterjee, R., Singha, D.K., Paul, S., Mukhopadhyay, M., 2015. Overpressure zones in relation to in-situ stress for the Krishna?Godavari Basin, eastern continental margin of India: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity. In: Mukerjee, S. (Ed.), Petroleum Geosciences: Indian Contexts. Springer Geology, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 127�C142.
Cita, M.B., Camerlenghi, A., Rimoldi, B., 1996. Deep-sea tsunami deposits in the eastern Mediterranean: new evidence and depositional models. Sedimentary Geology, 10, 155�C173.
[45]
Claeys, P., Kiessling, W., Alvarez, W., 2002. Distribution of Chicxulub ejecta at the Cretaceous?Tertiary boundary. In: Koeberl, C., MacLeod, K.G. (Eds.), Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, GSA Special Paper, 356, pp. 55�C68.
Collinson, J.D., 1994. Sedimentary deformational structures. In: Maltman, A. (Ed.), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 95�C125.
[48]
Collot, J.Y., Lewis, K., Lamarche, G., Lallemand, S., 2001. The giant Ruatoria debris avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand: result of oblique seamount subduction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 19271�C19297.
[49]
Crawford, F.D., 1971. Petroleum potential of Santa Maria province, California. In: Cram, I.H. (Ed.), Future Petroleum Provinces of the United States d Their Geology and Potential. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp. 316�C328.
[50]
Damuth, J.E., Fairbridge, R.W., 1970. Equatorial Atlantic deep-sea sands and ice age aridity in tropical South America. GSA Bulletin, 81, 585�C601.
[51]
Dan, G., Sultan, N., Savoye, B., 2007. The 1979 Nice harbour catastrophe revisited: Trigger mechanism inferred from geotechnical measurements and numerical modeling. Marine Geology, 245, 40�C64.
[52]
Davies, G.R., 1997. Interpretites: the new universal, nongenetic, non-descriptive classi?cation of sedimentary products and environments. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Reservoir, 24, 22�C23.
[53]
Day, S., Maslin, M., 2005. Linking large impacts, gas hydrates, and carbon isotope excursions through widespread sediment liquefaction and continental slope failure: the example of the K?T boundary event. In: Kenkmann, T., H?rz, F., Deutsch, A. (Eds.), Large Meteorite Impacts III, Geological Society of America Special Paper 384. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp. 239�C258.
[54]
Dewangan, P., Ramprasad, T., Ramana, M.V., Mazumdar, A., Desa, M., Badesab, F.K., 2010. Seabed morphology and gas venting features in the continental slope region of Krishna�CGodavari Basin, Bay of Bengal: implications in gas-hydrate exploration. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27, 1628�C1641.
[55]
Dill, R.F., 1969. Earthquake effects on ?ll of Scripps Submarine Canyon. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 80, 321�C328.
[56]
Dillon, W.P., Zimmerman, H.P., 1970. Erosion by biological activity in two New England submarine canyons. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 40, 542�C547.
Du, Y.S., 2011. Discussion about studies of earthquake event deposit in China. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 13, 581�C590 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[59]
Dysthe, K., Krogstad, H.E., M?ller, P., 2008. Oceanic rogue waves. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 40, 287�C310.
[60]
Dzulynski, S., Ksiazkiewicz, M., Kuenen, Ph.H., 1959. Turbidites in ?ysch of the Polish Carpathian Mountains. GSA Bulletin, 70, 1089�C1118.
[61]
Einsele, G., Chough, S.K., Shiki, T., 1996. Depositional events and their records d an introduction. Sedimentary Geology, 104, 1�C9.
[62]
Elverh?i, A., De Blasio, F., Butt, F.A., Issler, D., Harbitz, C.B., Engvik, L., Solheim, A., Marr, J.G., 2002. Submarine mass-wasting on glacially-in?uenced continental slopes: processes and dynamics. In: Dowdeswell, J.A., O'Cofaigh, C. (Eds.), Glacier-In?uenced Sedimentation on HighLatitude Continental Margins, Geological Society Special Publications, London, 203, pp. 73�C87.
[63]
Elverh?i, A., Norem, H., Anderson, E.S., Dowdeswell, J.A., Fossen, I., Ha?idason, H., Kenyon, N., Laberg, J.S., King, E.L., Sejrup, H.P., Solheim, A., Vorren, T.O., 1997. On the origin and ?ow behavior of submarine slides on deep-sea fans along the Norwegian-Barents Sea continental margin. Geo-Marine Letters, 17, 119�C125.
[64]
Ettensohn, F.R., Rast, N., Brett, C.E., 2002. Ancient seismites. GSA Special Paper, 359, 190.
[65]
Ettensohn, R., Zhang, C., Gao, L., Lierman, R.T., 2011. Soft-sediment deformation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleoseismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenic indicator: accordion folds. Sedimentary Geology, 235, 222�C233.
[66]
Ezquerro, L., Moretti, M., Liesa, C.L., Luz��na, A., Sim��na, J.L., 2015. Seismites from a well core of palustrine deposits as a tool for reconstructing the palaeoseismic history of a fault. Tectonophysics, 655, 191�C205.
[67]
Feldhausen, P.H., Stanley, D.J., Knight, R.J., Maldonado, A., 1981. Homogenization of gravity emplaced muds and uni?tes: models from the Hellenic Trench. In: Wezel, F.C. (Ed.), Sedimentary Basins of Mediterranean Margins. Tecnoprint, Bologna, pp. 203�C226.
[68]
Feng, Z.Z., Bao, Z.D., Zheng, X.J., Wang, Y., 2016. Researches of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites in China d a brief review. Journal of Palaeogeography, 5(4), 311�C317.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2016.06.001.
[69]
Finn, W.D.L., Siddharthan, R., Martin, G.R., 1983. Response of sea?oor to ocean waves. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 109, 556�C572.
Flint, R.F., Sanders, J.E., Rodges, J., 1960. Diamictite: a substitute term for symmictite. GSA Bulletin, 71, 1809�C1810.
[72]
Forsberg, C.F., Solheim, A., Kvalstad, T.J., Vaidya, R., Mohanty, S., 2007. Slope instability and mass transport deposits on the Godavari River Delta, East Indian margin from a regional geological perspective. In: Lykousis, V., Sakellariou, D., Locat, J. (Eds.), Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: 3rd International Symposium, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol. 27. Springer, pp. 19�C27.
[73]
Gani, R., 2004. From turbid to lucid: a straightforward approach to sediment gravity ?ows and their deposits. Sedimentary Record, 3, 4�C8.
[74]
Gao, H.C., Zheng, R.C., Chen, F.L., Zhu, B.B., Song, P., Liu, X.Y., Fu, X.N., 2010. Recognition and signi?cance of seismites of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu Sag. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 12, 384�C398 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[75]
Gaudin, M., Berne, S., Jouanneau, J.M., Palanques, A., Puig, P., Mulder, T., Cirac, P., Rabineau, M., Imbert, P., 2006. Massive sand beds attributed to deposition by dense water cascades in the Bourcart canyon head, Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Marine Geology, 234, 111�C128.
[76]
Godfrey, J.D., 1954. The origin of ptygmatic structures. Journal of Geology, 62, 375�C387.
[77]
Gong, Y.M., 1988. Tempestite, seismite and tsunamite: a discussion of several sedimentological terms. Geological Review, 34, 481�C482 (in Chinese).
[78]
Goud, K.M., Bhavana, P.R., 2010. Prediction of high pressures in HP?HT well d a case study from KG Basin, east coast of India. In: 8th Biennial International Conference and Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics. Society of Petroleum Geophysics, Hydrerabad, India, p. 93.
[79]
Gradmann, S., Beaumont, C., Ings, S.J., 2012. Coupled ?uid ?ow and sediment deformation in margin-scale salt-tectonic systems: 1. Development and application of simple, single-lithology models. Tectonics, 31. TC4010.
[80]
Grajales-Nishimura, J.M., Cedillo-Pardo, E., Rosales-Dom��nguez, C., Mor��n-Zenteno, D., Alvarez, W., Claeys, P., Ru��z-Morales, J., Garc��a-Hern��ndez, J., Padilla-Avila, P., S��nchez-R��os, A., 2000. Chicxulub impact: the origin of reservoir and seal facies in the southeastern Mexico oil ?elds. Geology, 28, 307�C310.
[81]
Greb, S.F., Ettensohn, F.R., Obermeier, S.F., 2002. Developing a classi?cation scheme for seismites. In: GSA North-central and Southeastern Section Annual Meeting Abstracts with Programs.
[82]
Greene, H.G., Murai, L.Y., Watts, P., Maher, N.A., Fisher, M.A., Paull, C.E., Eichhubl, P., 2006. Submarine landslides in the Santa Barbara Channel as potential tsunami sources. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 6, 63�C88.
[83]
Grimm, K.A., Orange, D.L., 1997. Synsedimentary fracturing, ?uid migration, and subaqueous mass wasting; intrastratal microfractured zones in laminated diatomaceous sediments, Miocene Monterey Formation, California, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67, 601�C613. Hale, R.P., Nittrouer, C.A., James, T., Liu, J.T., Keil, R.G., Ogston, A.S., 2012. Effects of a major typhoon on sediment accumulation in Fangliao Submarine Canyon, SW Taiwan. Marine Geology, 326�C328, 116�C130.
[84]
Hampton, M.A., 1972. The role of subaqueous debris ?ows in generating turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 42, 775�C793.
[85]
Harland, W.B., Herod, K.N., Krinsley, D.H., 1966. The de?nition and identi?cation of tills and tillites. Earth-Science Reviews, 2, 225�C256.
[86]
He, B., Qiao, X., 2015. Advances and overview of the study on paleo-earthquake events: a review of seismites. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 89, 1702�C1746.
[87]
Heezen, B.C., Ewing, M., 1952. Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake. American Journal Science, 250, 849�C873.
[88]
Helwig, J., 1970. Slump folds and early structures, northeastern Newfoundland Appalachians. Journal of Geology, 78, 172�C187.
[89]
Henstock, T.J., McNeill, L.C., Tappin, D.R., 2006. Sea?oor morphology of the Sumatran subduction zone: surface rupture during megathrust earthquakes? Geology, 34, 485�C488.
[90]
Hieke, W., 1984. A thick Holocene Homogenite from the Ionian Abyssal Plain (Eastern Mediterranean). Marine Geology, 55, 63�C78.
[91]
Hiscott, R.N., 1979. Clastic sills and dikes associated with deep-water sandstones, Tourelle Formation, Ordovician, Quebec. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 1�C10.
[92]
Hollister, C.D., 1967. Sediment Distribution and Deep Circulation in the Western North Atlantic (Ph.D. thesis). Columbia University, New York, p. 467.
[93]
Hs��, K.J., 1989. Physical Principles of Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 233.
[94]
Hurst, A., Cartwright, J., 2007. Sand injectites: implications for hydrocarbon exploration. AAPG Memoir, 87, 288.
[95]
Isaacs, C.M., Pisciotto, K.A., Garrison, R.E., 1983. Facies and diagenesis of the Miocene Monterey Formation, California: a summary. In: Siever, R., Iijima, A., Hein, J.R. (Eds.), Siliceous Deposits in the Paci?c Region, Developments in Sedimentology, vol. 36, pp. 247�C282.
[96]
Jain, C.K., Yerramilli, S.S., Yerramilli, R.C., 2012. A case study on blowout and its control in Krishna?Godavari (KG) Basin, East Coast of India: safety and environmental perspective. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2, 49�C60.
[97]
Jewell, H.E., Ettensohn, F.R., 2004. An ancient seismite response to Taconian far-?eld forces: the Cane Run Bed, Upper Ordovician (Trenton) Lexington Limestone, Central Kentucky (USA). Journal of Geodynamics, 37, 487�C511.
[98]
Jolly, R.J.H., Lonergan, L., 2002. Mechanisms and control on the formation of sand intrusions. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 159, 605�C617.
[99]
Kale, M.G., Pundalik, A.S., Duraiswami, R.A., Karmalkar, N.R., 2016. Soft sediment deformation structures from Khari River section of Rudramata member, Jhuran Formation, Kutch: a testimony of Jurassic seismites. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 87, 194�C204.
[100] Kastens, K.A., Cita, M.B., 1981. Tsunami induced sediment transport in the Abyssal Mediterranean Sea. GSA Bulletin, 89, 591�C604.
[101] Kearey, P., Klepeis, K.A., Vine, F.J., 2009. Global Tectonics, third ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 496.
[102] Kennett, J.P., Fackler-Adams, B.N., 2000. Relationship of clathrate instability to sediment deformation in the Upper Neogene of California. Geology, 28, 215�C218.
[103] Khvorova, I.V., 1978. Terrigenous clastic formations of oceans and certain seas. Lithologiya i Polenzye Iskopaemye, 3, 3�C24.
[104] Kirkland, D.W., Anderson, R.Y., 1970. Microfolding in the Castile and Todilto Evaporites, Texas and New Mexico. GSA Bulletin, 81, 3259�C3282.
[105] Kirkland, D.W., Denison, R.E., Dean, W.E., 2000. Parent brine of the Castile Evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70, 749�C761.
[106] Klein, G.D., 1971. A sedimentary model for determining paleotidal range. GSA Bulletin, 82, 2585�C2592.
[107] Klein, G.D., 1998. Clastic tidalites d a partial retrospective view. In: Alexander, C.R., Davis, R.A., Henry, V.J. (Eds.), Tidalites: Processes and Products, Special Publication 61. SEPM, Tulsa, pp. 5�C14.
[108] Kuenen, Ph.H., 1948. Slumping in the Carboniferous rocks of Pembrokeshire. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 104, 365�C380.
[109] Kuenen, Ph.H., 1957. Sole markings of graded greywacke beds. Journal of Geology, 65, 231�C258.
[111] Kuenen, Ph.H., Migliorini, C.I., 1950. Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding. Journal of Geology, 58, 91�C127.
[112] Kuribayashi, E., Tatsuoka, F., 1975. Brief review of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan. Soils Found, 15, 81�C92.
[113] Labaume, P., Mutti, E., Seguret, M., 1987. Megaturbidites: a depositional model from the Eocene of the SW-Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain. Geo-Marine Letters, 7, 91�C101.
[114] LaFond, K.G., Rao, C.P., 1954. Vertical oscillations of tidal periods in the temperature structure of the sea. Andhra University Memoirs, 1, 109�C116.
[115] Lawson, D.E., 1981. Mobilization, movement and deposition of active subaerial sediment ?ows, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geology, 90, 279�C300.
[116] Lawton, T.F., Shipley, K.W., Aschoff, J.L., Giles, K.A., Vega, F.J., 2005. Basinward transport of Chicxulub ejecta by tsunami-induced back?ow, La Popa basin, northeastern Mexico, and its implications for distribution of impact-related deposits ?anking the Gulf of Mexico. Geology, 33, 81�C84.
[117] Le Heron, D.P., Etiene, J.L., 2005. A complex subglacial clastic dyke swarm, S��lheimaj?kull, Southern Iceland. Sedimentary Geology, 181, 25�C37.
[118] Le Roux, J.P., G��mez, C., Fenner, J., Middleton, H., 2004. Sedimentological processes in a scarp-controlled rocky shoreline to upper continental slope environment, as revealed by unusual sedimentary features in the Neogene Coquimbo Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology, 165, 67�C92.
[119] Le Roux, J.P., Nielsen, S.N., Kemnitz, H., Henriquez, A., 2008. A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile. Sedimentary Geology, 203, 164�C180.
[120] Lee, F.H., Foo, S.L., 1990. Undrained cyclic loading on a saturated dense sand stratum. G��otechnique, 40, 451�C465.
[121] Lisitsyn, A.P., 1986. Avalanche sedimentation in seas and oceans. Part V: special mechanisms of transport of sedimentary matter and formation of sedimentary bodies of the second global level. Gravitites, their classes and series. Lithologiya i Polenzye Iskopaemye, 4, 3�C28.
[122] Locat, J., Lee, H.J., 2002. Submarine landslides, advances and challenges. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 193�C212.
[123] Logan, W.E., 1863. Report on the Geology of Canada. John Lovell, Montreal, Canada, p. 464.
[124] Lowe, D.R., 1975. Water escape structures in coarse grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 157�C204.
[125] Lowe, D.R., 1979. Sediment gravity ?ows: their classi?cation, and some problems of application to natural ?ows and deposits. In: Doyle, L.J., Pilkey, O.H. (Eds.), Geology of Continental Slopes, SEPM Special Publication, 27, pp. 75�C82.
[126] Lowe, D.R., 1982. Sediment gravity ?ows, II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52, 279�C297.
[127] Lowe, D.R., LoPiccolo, R.D., 1974. The characteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, 484�C501.
[128] Madsen, O.S., 1978. Wave-induced pore pressures and effective stresses in a porous bed. Ge'otecnique, 28, 377�C393.
[129] Malkawi, A.I.H., Alawneh, A.S., 2000. Paleoearthquake features as indicators of potential earthquake activities in the Karameh Dam Site. Natural Hazards, 22, 1�C16.
[130] Maltman, A., 1984. On the term soft-sediment deformation. Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 589�C592.
[131] Maltman, A., 1994a. Introduction and overview. In: Maltman, A. (Ed.), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 1�C35.
[132] Maltman, A., 1994b. Deformation structures preserved in the rocks. In: Maltman, A. (Ed.), The Geological Deformation of Sediments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 261�C307.
[133] Marr, J.G., Harff, P.A., Shanmugam, G., Parker, G., 2001. Experiments on subaqueous sandy gravity ?ows, the role of clay and water content in ?ow dynamics and depositional structures. GSA Bulletin, 113, 1377�C1386.
[135] Mascarenhas, A., 2004. Oceanographic validity of buffer zones for the east coast of India: a hydrometeorological perspective. Current Science, 86, 399�C406.
[136] Maslin, M., Owen, M., Day, S., Long, D., 2004. Linking continental slope failures and climate change: testing the gun hypothesis. Geology, 32, 53�C56.
[137] Mazumder, R., Van Loon, A.J., Arima, M., 2006. Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Earth's oldest seismites. Sedimentary Geology, 186, 19�C26.
[138] Mazumder, R., Van Loon, A.J., Malviya, V.P., Arima, M., Ogawa, Y., 2016. Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mio-Pliocene Misaki Formation within alternating deep-sea clays and volcanic ashes (Miura Peninsula, Japan). Sedimentary Geology, in press,http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.02.010.
[139] Merriam, D.F., Neuhauser, K.R., 2009. Seismite indicates Pleistocene earthquake activity in Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 112, 109�C112.
[140] Meyer, D., Zarra, L., Yun, J., 2007. From Baha to Jack d evolution of the lower Tertiary Wilcox trend in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The Sedimentary Record, 5, 4�C9. Middleton, G.V., 1993. Sediment deposition from turbidity currents. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 21, 89�C114.
[141] Middleton, G.V., Hampton, M.A., 1973. Sediment gravity ?ows: mechanics of ?ow and deposition. In: Middleton, G.V., Bouma, A.H. (Eds.), Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation, Paci?c Section SEPM, pp. 1�C38. Los Angeles, California.
[142] Mills, P.C., 1983. Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures d a review. Sedimentary Geology, 35, 83�C104.
[143] Mohindra, R., Bagati, T.N., 1996. Seismically induced soft-sediment structures (seismites) around Sumdo in the lower Spiti valley (Tethys Himalaya). Sedimentary Geology, 101, 69�C83.
[144] Montenat, C., Barrier, P., Ott d��Estevou, P., Hibsch, C., 2007. Seismites: an attempt at critical analysis and classi?cation. Sedimentary Geology, 196, 5�C30.
[145] Moretti, M., 2000. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in Middle?Late Pleistocene Aeolian deposits (Apulian foreland, southern Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 135, 167�C179.
[146] Moretti, M., Sabato, L., 2007. Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant��Arcangelo Basin (Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sedimentary Geology, 196, 31�C45.
[147] Moretti, M., Van Loon, A.J., 2014. Restrictions to the application of ��diagnostic�� criteria for recognizing ancient seismites. Journal of Palaeogeography, 3, 162�C173.
[148] Mosher, D.C., Shipp, R.C., Moscardelli, L., Chaytor, J.D., Baxter, C.D.P., Lee, H.J., Urgeles, R., 2010. Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences. In: Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol. 28. Springer, p. 786.
[149] Mulder, T., Migeon, S., Savoye, B., Faug��res, J.-C., 2002. Reply to discussion by Shanmugam on Mulder et al. (2001, Geo-Marine Letters, 21: 86?93) Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean. A record of deposits from ?ood-generated turbidity currents? GeoMarine Letters, 22, 112�C120.
[150] Mulder, T., Philippe, R., Faug��res, J.-C., G��rard, J., 2011. Reply to the discussion by Roger Higgs on ��Hummocky cross-strati?cation-like structures in deep-sea turbidites: Upper Cretaceous Basque basins (Western Pyrenees, France)�� by Mulder et al., Sedimentology, 56, 997?1015. Sedimentology, 58, 571�C577.
[151] Mutti, E., 1992. Turbidite Sandstones. Special Publication. Agip, Milan, p. 275.
[152] Mutti, E., Ricci Lucchi, F., Segure, T.M., Zanzucchi, G., 1984. Seismoturbidites: a new group of resedimented deposits. In: Cita, M.B., Ricci Lucchi, F. (Eds.), Seismicity and Sedimentation. Elsevier Scienti?c Publication, Amsterdam, pp. 103�C116.
[153] Mutti, E., Tinterri, R., Remacha, E., Mavilla, N., Angella, S., Fava, L., 1999. An Introduction to the Analysis of Ancient Turbidite Basins from an Outcrop Perspective. In: AAPG Continuing Education Course Note Series 39, p. 61. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
[154] Narasimha Rao, T.V., 2001. Time-dependent strati?cation in the Gauthami�CGodavari estuary. Estuaries, 24, 18�C29.
[155] Natland, M.L., 1967. New classi?cation of water-laid clastic sediments. AAPG Bulletin, 51, 476.
[156] Ni, L.T., Zhong, J.H., Shao, Z.F., Li, Y., Mao, C., Liu, S., 2015. Characteristics, genesis, and sedimentary environment of duplex-like structures in the Jurassic sediments of Western Qaidam Basin, China. Journal of Earth Science, 26, 677�C689.
[157] NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2005. NOAA News Online, Story 2365. URL:
[158] Norris, R.D., Firth, J.V., 2002. Mass wasting of Atlantic continental margins following the Chicxulub impact event. In: Koeberl, C., MacLeod, K.G. (Eds.), Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, GSA Special Paper, 356, pp. 79�C95.
[159] Obermeier, S., Pond, E., Olson, S., Green, R., 2002. Paleoliquefaction studies in continental settings. GSA Special Paper, 359, 13�C27.
[160] Obermeier, S.F., 1989. The New Madrid earthquakes: an engineering-geologic interpretation of relict liquefaction features. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1336-B, 114.
[161] Obermeier, S.F., 1996. Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis d an overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes. Engineering Geology, 44, 1�C76.
[162] Obermeier, S.F., 1998. Seismic Liquefaction Features: Examples from Paleoseismic Investigations in the Continental United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report, pp. 98�C488.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-488/.
[163] Obermeier, S.F., Olson, S.M., Green, R.A., 2005. Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking. Engineering Geology, 76, 209�C234.
[164] Odonne, F., Callot, P., Debroas, E.J., Sempere, T., Hoareau, G., Maillard, A., 2011. Soft-sediment deformation from submarine sliding: favourable conditions and triggering mechanisms in examples from the Eocene Sobrarbe delta (Ainsa, Spanish Pyrenees) and the Mid-Cretaceous Ayabacas Formation (Andes of Peru). Sedimentary Geology, 235, 234�C248.
2016, Vol. 5 
