A new ��superassemblage�� model explaining proximal-to-distal and lateral facies changes in ?uvial environments, based on the Proterozoic Sanjauli Formation (Lesser Himalaya, India)
Ananya Mukhopadhyaya,*, Priyanka Mazumdara, A.J. (Tom) van Loonb
a Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah,West Bengal 711103, India; b Geocom Consulting, Valle del Portet 17, 03726 Benitachell, Spain
Abstract Facies analysis of ?uvial deposits of the Proterozoic Sanjauli Formation in the Lesser Himalaya was combined with an architectural analysis. On this basis, a model was developed that may be applied to other ?uvial systems as well, whether old or recent. The new model, which might be considered as an assemblage of previous models, explains lateral variations in architecture and facies but is not in all respects consistent with the standard ?uvial models. The Sanjauli ?uvial model is unique in that it deals with lateral facies variations due to shifts of the base-level along with ?uctuations in accommodation space owing to changes in palaeoclimate.
. A new ��superassemblage�� model explaining proximal-to-distal and lateral facies changes in ?uvial environments, based on the Proterozoic Sanjauli Formation (Lesser Himalaya, India)[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2016, 5(4): 391-408.
. A new ��superassemblage�� model explaining proximal-to-distal and lateral facies changes in ?uvial environments, based on the Proterozoic Sanjauli Formation (Lesser Himalaya, India)[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2016, 5(4): 391-408.
Allen, J.R.L., 1982. Sedimentary Structures, their Character and Physical basis. Developments in Sedimentology, 30A(1) (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 593 pp.
[2]
Allen, J.R.L., 1983. Studies in ?uviatile, sedimentation: bars, bar-complexes and sandstone sheets (low-sinuosity braided streams) in the Brownstones (L. Devonian), Welsh borders. Sedimentary Geology, 33, 237�C293.
[3]
Allen, J.P., Fielding, C.R., 2007. Sequence architecture within a low-accommodation setting: an example from the Permian of the Galilee and Bowen basins, Queensland, Australia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 91, 1503�C1539.
[4]
Bell, C.M., Su��rez, M., 1995. Triassic alluvial braided plain and braided river deposits of the La Ternera Formation, Atacama region, northern Chile. Journal of South American Earth Science, 8, 1�C8.
[5]
Blair, T.C., 1987. Sedimentary processes, vertical strati?cation sequences, and geomorphology of the Roaring River alluvial fan, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57, 1�C18.
[6]
Blair, T.C., McPherson, J.G., 1992. The Trollheim alluvial fan and facies model revisited. GSA Bulletin, 104(6), 762�C769.
[7]
Blair, T.C., McPherson, J.G., 1994. Alluvial fans and their natural distinction from rivers based on morphology, hydraulic processes, sedimentary processes and facies assemblages. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 450�C489.
[8]
Bridge, J.S., 1985. Paleochannel patterns inferred from alluvial deposits: a critical evolution. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 579�C589.
[9]
Bristow, C.S., Best, J.L., 1993. Braided rivers: perspectives and problems. In: Best, J.L., Bristow, C.S. (Eds.), Braided Rivers. London, Geological Society Special Publications, 75, pp. 1�C11.
[10]
Foix, N., Paredes, J.M., Giacosa, R.E., 2013. Fluvial architecture variations linked to changes in accommodation space: R��o Chico formation (Late Paleocene), Golfo San Jorge Basin, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology, 294, 342�C355.
[11]
Frank, W., Bhargava, O.N., Miller, Ch, Banerjee, D.M., 2001. A review of the Proterozoic in the Himalaya and the northern Indian Shield. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Special Abstract Issue, 16th Himalaya�CKarakoram�CTibet Workshop, Austria, April 3�C5, 2001, 19(3A), 18.
[12]
Gibling, R.M., 2006. Width and thickness of ?uvial channel bodies and valley ?lls in the geological record: a literature compilation and classi?cation. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 5, 731�C770.
[13]
Jackson II, R.G., 1978. Preliminary evolution of lithofacies models for meandering alluvial streams. In: Miall, M.D. (Ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 5, pp. 543�C576.
[14]
Jo, H.R., 2003. Depositional environments, architecture, and controls of Early Cretaceous non-marine successions in the northwestern part of Kyongsang Basin, Korea. Sedimentary Geology, 161(3�C4), 269�C294.
[15]
Jo, H.R., Chough, S.K., 2001. Architectural analysis of ?uvial sequences in the northwestern part of Kyongsang Basin (Early Cretaceous), SE Korea. Sedimentary Geology, 144, 307�C334.
[16]
Kraus, M.J., 1996. Avulsion deposits in lower Eocene alluvial rocks, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 354�C363.
[17]
Kumar, R., Brook?eld, M.E., 1987. Sedimentary environments of the Simla Group (Upper Precambrian), Lesser Himalaya, and their paleotectonic signi?cance. Sedimentary Geology, 52, 27�C43.
[18]
Makaske, B., 2001. Anastomosing rivers: a review of their classi?cation, origin and sedimentary products. Earth-Science Reviews, 53, 149�C196.
[19]
Miall, A.D., 1977. A review of the braided river depositional environment. Earth-Science Reviews, 13, 1�C62.
[20]
Miall, A.D., 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical pro?le models in braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall, A.D. (Ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 5, pp. 597�C604.
[21]
Miall, A.D., 1985. Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to ?uvial deposits. Earth-Science Reviews, 22, 261�C308.
[22]
Miall, A.D., 1988. Architectural elements and bounding surfaces in ?uvial deposits: anatomy of the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic), southwest Colorado. Sedimentary Geology, 55, 233�C262.
[23]
Miall, A.D., 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis, and Petroleum Geology. Springer, Verlag, Berlin, 582 pp.
[24]
Miall, A.D., 1994. Reconstructing ?uvial macroform architecture from 2dimensional: examples from the Castlegate sandstone, Book Cliffs, Utah. Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section B; Stratigraphy and Global Studies, 64B(2), 146�C158.
[25]
Nichols, G.J., Fisher, J.A., 2007. Processes, facies and architecture of ?uvial distributary system deposits. Sedimentary Geology, 195, 75�C90.
[26]
Olusola, J.O., Akande, O.S., 2012. Sedimentary facies relationships and depositional environments of the Maastrichtian Enagi formation, northern Bida Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 4, 136�C147.
[27]
R?e, S.-L., Hermansen, M., 1993. Processes and products of large, late Precambrian sandy rivers in northern Norway. In: Marzo, M., Puigdef��bregas, C. (Eds.), Alluvial Sedimentation. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 17, pp. 151�C166.
[28]
Rust, B.R., 1978. Depositional models for braided alluvium. In: Miall, A.D. (Ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 5, pp. 605�C625. Scherer, C.M.S., Goldberg, K., Bardola, T., 2015. Facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of an early post-rift ?uvial succession, Aptian Barbalha Formation, Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. Sedimentary Geology, 322, 43�C62.
[29]
Srikantia, S.V., Sharma, R.P., 1971. Simla group e a reclassi?cation of Chail Series, Jaunsar Series and Simla Slates in the Simla Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of India, 12(3), 234�C240.
[30]
S?nderholms, M., Tirsgaard, H., 1998. Proterozoic ?uvial styles: response to changes in accommodation space (Rivieradal sandstones, eastern North Greenland). Sedimentary Geology, 120, 257�C274.
[31]
Therrien, F., 2006. Depositional environments and ?uvial system changes in the dinosaur-bearing Sanpetru Formation (Late Cretaceous, Romania): post-orogenic sedimentation in an active extensional basin. Sedimentary Geology, 192, 183�C205.
[32]
Tooth, S., 1999. Floodouts in central Australia. In: Miller, A.J., Gupta, A. (Eds.), Varieties of Fluvial Form. Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 219�C247.
[33]
Walker, R.G., 1976. Facies and facies models, general introduction. In: Walker, R.G. (Ed.), Facies Models. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series, pp. 21�C24, 3(1).