1College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong Province, China; 2College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Abstract Coal, especially the inertinite in it, is highly sensitive to climate changes, showing an obvious response to paleoclimate conditions, in particular, to paleo-oxygen concentration (pO2). In this study, the inertinite abundance data of typical coal-forming periods in China were systematically collected and analyzed. Its characteristics and control factors were studied, and its evolution was established. Based on inertinite abundance data, pO2 evolution curves of various coal-forming periods in China were established, which fluctuated between 15% and 30% during the entire Phanerozoic. The inertinite abundance in coal deposits during Paleozoic in China was basically consistent with that of other areas of the world, while it was quite different globally from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. The results show that the inertinite abundance in coal deposits is controlled by pO2 and other factors including climatic zones, plant differentiation, sedimentary environments, and tectonic activities. The inertinite abundance in coal deposits in China during the Jurassic was high, suggesting dry paleoclimate of inland China.
. Characteristics and evolution of inertinite abundance and atmospheric pO2 during China’s coal-forming periods[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2021, 10(2): 259-283.
. Characteristics and evolution of inertinite abundance and atmospheric pO2 during China’s coal-forming periods[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2021, 10(2): 259-283.
[1] All China Commission of Stratigraphy. 2015. Chinese Stratigraphic Guide and Instruction Book, 2014 Edition. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese). http://dcw.cags.ac.cn/ [2] Belcher C.M.,J.C. McElwain.2008. Limits for combustion in low O2 redefine paleoatmospheric predictions for the Mesozoic.Science 321(5893): 1197-1200. [3] Belcher C.M.,L. Mander,G. Rein,F.X. Jervis,M. Haworth,S.P. Hesselbo,I.J. Glasspool, and J.C. McElwain.2010. Increased fire activity at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in Greenland due to climate-driven floral change.Nature Geoscience 3(6): 426-429. [4] Bergman N.M.,T.M. Lenton, and A.J. Watson.2004. COPSE: A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time.American Journal of Science 304(5): 397-437. [5] Berner R.A.1999. Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96(20): 10955-10957. [6] Berner R.A.2002. Examination of hypotheses for the Permo-Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99(7): 4172-4177. [7] Berner R.A.2005. The carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen from Middle Permian to Middle Triassic.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69(13): 3211-3217. [8] Berner R.A.2006. GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70(23): 5653-5664. [9] Berner R.A., Kothavala Z., 2001. GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series. # 2002-051. [10] Boudinot F.G.,J. Sepúlveda.2020. Marine organic carbon burial increased forest fire frequency during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2.Nature Geoscience 13(10): 693-698. [11] Brown S.A.E.,A.C. Scott,I.J. Glasspool, and M.E. Collinson.2012. Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system.Cretaceous Research 36(2): 162-190. [12] Bustin R.M.1997. Cold temperate peats and coals: Their sedimentology and composition. In: I.P. Martini, ed., Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes: Quaternary, Carboniferous-Permian and Proterozoic. New York: Oxford University Press. [13] Cai H.A.,B.F. Li,L.Y. Shao,De Bin Xu,K. Shao, and Y.Y. Zhou.2011. Sedimentary environments and coal accumulation patterns of the Lower Cretaceous Shahai Formation in Fuxin Basin, Liaoning Province.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 13(5): 481-491 (in Chinese with English abstract). [14] Chang J.L.,Q. Gao.1993. A preliminary study of Carbo-Permian paleoclimate in Shanxi Province.Journal of Stratigraphy 17(2): 154-160 (in Chinese). [15] Chen X.W.,S.H. Li,Q.X. Fang,T. Alimujiang,B.Q. Li, and F.H. Ma.2013. Analysis on sequence stratigraphy based on Jurassic outcrop in Kuqa-Bai coalfield.Xinjiang Geology 31(1): 77-82 (in Chinese with English abstract). [16] Corrêa-da-Silva Z.C.,M. Wolf.1980. O poder refletor como parâmetro para a determinação do grau de carbonificação dos carvões gonduânicos do sul do Brasil.Pesquisas 13: 35-42. [17] Dai S.F.,C.L. Chou,M. Yue,K.L. Luo, and D.Y. Ren.2005. Mineralogy and geochemistry of a Late Permian coal in the Dafang Coalfield, Guizhou, China: Influence from siliceous and iron-rich calcic hydrothermal fluids.International Journal of Coal Geology 61(3-4): 241-258. [18] Dai S.F.,D. Li,C.L. Chou,L. Zhao,Y. Zhang,D.Y. Ren,Y.W. Ma, and Y.Y. Sun.2008. Mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite-rich coals: New insights from the Haerwusu Surface Mine, Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China.International Journal of Coal Geology 74(3-4): 185-202. [19] Dai S.F.,D.X. Han, and C.L. Chou.2006a. Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China.Fuel 85(4): 456-464. [20] Dai S.F.,D.X. Han, and C.L. Chou.2006b. Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China.Fuel 85(4): 456-464. [21] Dai S.F.,D.Y. Ren,X.Q. Hou, and L.Y. Zhao.2003. Geochemical and mineralogical anomalies of the Late Permian coal in the Zhijin coalfield of Southwest China and their origin.International Journal of Coal Geology 55: 117-138. [22] Diessel C.F.K.2010. The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite.International Journal of Coal Geology 81(4): 251-268. [23] Falcon R.M.S.1975. Application of palynology in sub-dividing the coal-bearing formations of the Karoo sequence in southern Africa.South African Journal of Science 71(11): 336-344. [24] Falcon R.M.S.1989. Macro- and micro-factors affecting coal-seam quality and distribution in southern Africa with particular reference to the No. 2 seam, Witbank coalfield, South Africa.International Journal of Coal Geology 12: 681-731. [25] Glasspool I.J.,A.C. Scott, D. Waltham, N. Pronina, and L.Y. Shao. 2015. The impact of fire on the Late Paleozoic Earth system. Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00756. [26] Glasspool I.J.,A.C. Scott.2010. Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal.Nature Geoscience 3(9): 627-630. [27] Glasspool I.J.,D. Edwards, and L. Axe.2006. Charcoal in the Early Devonian: A wildfire-derived Konservat-Lagerstätte.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 142(3-4): 131-136. [28] Golonka J.2011. Phanerozoic palaeoenvironment and palaeolithofacies maps of the Arctic region.Geological Society, London, Memoirs 35: 79-129. [29] Han D.X.1996. Coal Petrology of China. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology Press (in Chinese). [30] Han D.X.,Y.B. Wang,B. Quan, and D.S. Cheng.1993. The evolution of Devonian coal accumulation in China.Coal Geology and Exploration 21(5): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract). [31] Hower J.C.,J.M.K. O Keefe,C.F. Eble,A. Raymond,B. Valentim,T.J. Volk,A.R. Richardson,A.B. Satterwhite,R.S. Hatch,J.D. Stucker, and M.A. Watt.2011. Notes on the origin of inertinite macerals in coal: Evidence for fungal and arthropod transformations of degraded macerals.International Journal of Coal Geology 86(2-3): 231-240. [32] Huang K.X.,E.K. Hou.1988. Paleoclimate of Early and Middle Jurassic in northern Ordos Basin.Coal Geology and Exploration 16(3): 3-8 (in Chinese). [33] Huang W.H.,W.H. Ao,C.M. Weng,X.L. Xiao,D.M. Liu,X.Y. Tang,P. Chen,Z.G. Zhao,H. Wan, and B. Finkelman.2010. Characteristics of coal petrology and genesis of Jurassic coal in Ordos Basin.Geoscience 24(6): 1186-1197 (in Chinese with English abstract). [34] Huang Y.J.,C.S. Wang, and J. Gu.2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Research progress and forthcoming prospects.Acta Geologica Sinica 82(1): 21-30 (in Chinese with English abstract). [35] Hudspith V.,A.C. Scott,M.E. Collinson,N. Pronina, and T. Beeley.2012. Evaluating the extent to which wildfire history can be interpreted from inertinite distribution in coal pillars: An example from the Late Permian, Kuznetsk Basin, Russia.International Journal of Coal Geology 89: 13-25. [36] Huey R.B.,P.D. Ward.2005. Hypoxia, global warming, and terrestrial Late Permian extinctions.Science 308(5720): 398-401. [37] Hunt J.W.1989. Permian coals of eastern Australia: Geological control of petrographic variation.International Journal of Coal Geology 12: 589-634. [38] Hunt J.W.,M. Smyth.1989. Origin of inertinite-rich coals of Australian cratonic basins.International Journal of Coal Geology 11(1): 23-46. [39] Jin K.L.,Y. Qin.1989. Coal petrology and anomalous coalification of middle and late Pleistocene peat and soft brown coal from the Tengchong Basin, western Yunnan, People's Republic of China.International Journal of Coal Geology 13: 143-170. [40] Kutzbach J.E.,R.G. Gallimore.1989. Pangaean climates: Megamonsoons of the megacontinent.Journal of Geophysical Research 94(D3): 3341-3357. [41] Lenton T.M.,A.J. Watson, 2000. Redfield Revisited: 2. What regulates the oxygen content of the atmosphere?Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14(1): 249-268. [42] Li B.F.,X.D. Wen, X.F. Kang, and. G.D. Li. 1997. The application of high resolution sequence stratigraphy to paralic and terrestrial coal-bearing strata: Two case studies from western North China Paleozoic Basin and the Tulufan-Hami Jurassic Basin. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, ed. Q. Yang. Geology of Fossil Fuels Coal 18 (B): 1-19. [43] Li, J.H.,H.F. Jiang. 2013. Atlas of Global Paleoplate Reconstruction, Lithofacies Paleogeography and Paleoenvironment. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese). [44] Li S.T.,S.G. Yang,C.L. Wu,J.F. Huang,S.T. Cheng,W.C. Xia, and G.R. Zhao.1987. Late Mesozoic rifting in Northeast China and Northeast Asia fault basin system.Scientia Sinica (Series B) (2): 185-195 (in Chinese). [45] Li Z.X.,D.D. Wang,D.W. Lv,Y. Li,H.Y. Liu,P.L. Wang,Y. Liu,J.Q. Liu, and D.D. Li.2018. The geologic settings of Chinese coal deposits.International Geology Review 60(5-6): 548-578. [46] Liu, B.P.,Q.Q. Quan. 1996. Course of Geohistory (3rd edition). Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese). [47] Liu G.H.1990. Permo-Carboniferous paleogeography and coal accumulation and their tectonic control in the North and South China continental plates.International Journal of Coal Geology 16(1): 73-117. [48] Liu G.J.,P.Y. Yang,Z.C. Peng, and C.L. Chou.2004. Petrographic and geochemical contrasts and environmentally significant trace elements in marine-influenced coal seams, Yanzhou mining area, China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 23(4): 491-506. [49] Lu J.,L.Y. Shao,L.M. Ran,S.C. Su,K.M. Wei,Y.Z. Sun,J.F. Chen, and X.H. Yu.2008. A sequence stratigraphic analysis and coal accumulation of Late Triassic coal measures in the Baoding Basin.Coal Geology and Exploration 36(6): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract). [50] Marshall J.E.A.,J. Lakin,I. Troth, and S.M. Wallace-Johnson.2020. UV-B radiation was the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism. Science Advances 6 (22): eaba0768. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0768. [51] Mills B.J.W.,C.M. Belcher,T.M. Lenton, and R.J. Newton.2016. A modeling case for high atmospheric oxygen concentrations during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.Geology 44(12): 1023-1026. [52] Mu-Qiu, C. 1979. Microscopic characteristics of Late Carboniferous coal in China. In: 9th International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology. Washington and Champaign-Urbana 4: 555-559. [53] Petersen H.I.,S. Lindström.2012. Synchronous wildfire activity rise and mire deforestation at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.PLoS ONE 7(10): e47236. [54] Premovic P.I.2006. The Late Paleozoic oxygen pulse and accumulations of petroleum source rocks and coal.Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71(2): 143-147. [55] Preto N.,E. Kustatscher, and P.B. Wignall.2010. Triassic climates — State of the art and perspectives.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 290: 1-10. [56] Qi M.,X.L. Rong,D.Z. Tang,J. Xia, and M. Wolf.1994. Petrographic and geochemical characterization of pale and dark brown coal from Yunnan province, China.International Journal of Coal Geology 25(1): 65-92. [57] Qin J.B.,S.F. Wu,X.H. Wang,D.X. Yuan, and H.Y. Yu.2009. Coal accumulating law and resources prediction of Jurassic coalfield in northern Zhangjiakou.Acta Geologica Sinica 83(5): 738-747 (in Chinese with English abstract). [58] Querol X.,A. Alastuey,A. Lopez-Soler F. Plana,R.S. Zeng,J.H. Zhao, and X.G. Zhuang.1999. Geological controls on the quality of coals from the West Shandong mining district, eastern China.International Journal of Coal Geology 42(1): 63-88. [59] Querol X.,A. Alastuey,X.G. Zhuang,J.C. Hower,A. Lopez-Soler F. Plana, and R.S. Zeng.2001. Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Permian and Triassic coals in the Leping area, Jiangxi Province, southeast China.International Journal of Coal Geology 48(1): 23-45. [60] Retallack G.J.,J.J. Veevers, and R. Morante.1996. Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants.Geological Society of America Bulletin 108(2): 195-207. [61] Richardson A.R.,C.F. Eble,J.C. Hower, and J.M.K. O'Keefe.2012. A critical re-examination of the petrology of the No. 5 Block coal in eastern Kentucky with special attention to the origin of inertinite macerals in the splint lithotypes.International Journal of Coal Geology 98: 41-49. [62] Rimmer S.M.,A.C. Scott.2006. Charcoal (inertinite) in Late Devonian marine black shales: Implications for terrestrial and marine systems and for paleo-atmospheric composition. European Geosciences Union General Assembly, April 2-7, 2006, Vienna, Austria. Geophysical Research Abstracts 8: 07972. [63] Rimmer S.M.,S.J. Hawkins,A.C. Scott, and W.L. Cressler.2015. The rise of fire: Fossil charcoal in late Devonian marine shales as an indicator of expanding terrestrial ecosystems, fire, and atmospheric change.American Journal of Science 315(8): 713-733. [64] Robinson J.M.1989. Phanerozoic O2 variation, fire, and terrestrial ecology.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 75(3): 223-240. [65] Robinson J.M.1991. Phanerozoic atmospheric reconstructions: A terrestrial perspective.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97(1-2): 51-62. [66] Royer D.L.,R.A. Berner,I.P. Montañez N.J. Tabor, and D.J. Beerling.2004. CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate.GSA Today 14(3): 3-7. [67] Schobben M.,W.J. Foster,A.R.N. Sleveland,V. Zuchuat,H.H. Svensen,S. Planke,D.P.G. Bond,F. Marcelis,R.J. Newton,P.B. Wignall, and S.W. Poulton.2020. A nutrient control on marine anoxia during the end-Permian mass extinction.Nature Geoscience 13(9): 640-646. [68] Scotese C.R.2002. Paleomap. http://www.scotese.com. [69] Scott A.C.2000. The Pre-Quaternary history of fire.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164(1): 281-329. [70] Scott A.C.2002. Coal petrology and the origin of coal macerals: A way ahead?International Journal of Coal Geology 50(1): 119-134. [71] Scott A.C.,I.J. Glasspool.2006. The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(29): 10861-10865. [72] Scott A.C.,I.J. Glasspool.2007. Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals.International Journal of Coal Geology 70(1): 53-66. [73] Scott A.C.,B.H. Lomax,M.E. Collinson,G.R. Upchurch, and D.J. Beerling.2000. Fire across the K-T boundary: Initial results from the Sugarite Coal, New Mexico, USA.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164: 381-395. [74] Sellwood B.W.,P.J. Valdes.2008. Jurassic climates.Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 119(1): 5-17. [75] Sen S.,S. Naskar, and S. Das.2016. Discussion on the concepts in paleoenvironmental reconstruction from coal macerals and petrographic indices.Marine and Petroleum Geology 73: 371-391. [76] Shao K.,L.Y. Shao,Y.L. Qu,Q. Zhang,J. Wang,D. Gao,D.D. Wang, and Z. Li.2013. Study of sequence stratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous coal measures in northeastern China.Journal of China Coal Society 38(Supp. 2): 423-433 (in Chinese with English abstract). [77] Shao L.Y.,D. Gao,Z. Luo, and P.F. Zhang.2009. Sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Lower and Middle Jurassic coal measures in Turpan-Hami Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 11(2): 215-224 (in Chinese with English abstract). [78] Shao L.Y.,T. Jones,R. Gayer,S.F. Dai,S.S. Li,Y.F. Jiang, and P.F. Zhang.2003. Petrology and geochemistry of the high-sulphur coals from the Upper Permian carbonate coal measures in the Heshan Coalfield, southern China.International Journal of Coal Geology 55(1): 1-26. [79] Shao L.Y.,X.T. Wang,J. Lu,D.D. Wang, and H.H. Hou.2017. A reappraisal on development and prospect of coal sedimentology in China.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica 35(5): 1016-1031 (in Chinese with English abstract). [80] Shao L.Y.,Y.J. Li,F.X. Jin,C.X. Gao,C. Zhang,W.L. Liang,G.M. Li,Z.S. Chen,Z.Q. Peng, and A.G. Cheng.2014. Sequence stratigraphy and lithofacies palaeogeography of the Late Triassic coal measures in South China.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 16(5): 613-630 (in Chinese with English abstract). [81] Shaviv N.J.,J. Veizer.2003. Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?GSA Today 13(7): 4-10. [82] Shi H.N.,F.Y. Meng, and J.J. Tian.2011. Coal-forming environment and sedimentary characteristics of Badaowan Formation in Yili Basin.Journal of Xi'an University of Science and Technology 31(1): 33-38 (in Chinese with English abstract). [83] Silva M.B.,W. Kalkreuth.2005. Petrological and geochemical characterization of Candiota coal seams, Brazil — Implication for coal facies interpretations and coal rank.International Journal of Coal Geology 64(3-4): 217-238. [84] Silva M.B.,W. Kalkreuth, and M. Holz.2008. Coal petrology of coal seams from the Leão-Butiá Coalfield, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil — Implications for coal facies interpretations.International Journal of Coal Geology 73(3): 331-358. [85] Snyman C.P.1961. A comparison between the petrography of South African and some other Palaeozoic coals. Nuwe Reeks 15: 33 pp. [86] Spicer R.A.2003. Changing climate and biota. In: P. Skelton, (ed.), The Cretaceous World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 85-163. [87] Stach E.1990. Stach’s Textbook of Coal Petrology, 3rd Edition. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House (in Chinese). [88] Sun S.L.2013. National Coal Resources Potential Evaluation. Beijing: China Coal Geology Administration (in Chinese) [89] Sun Y.Z.,W. Püttmann W. Kalkreuth, and B. Horsfield.2002. Petrologic and geochemical characteristics of Seam 9-3 and Seam 2, Xingtai Coalfield, Northern China.International Journal of Coal Geology 49(4): 251-262. [90] Tabor N.J.,C.J. Poulsen.2008. Palaeoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes: A review of climate indicators, their distribution, and relation to palaeophysiographic climate factors.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 268(3-4): 293-310. [91] Tan C.2017. Sedimentary Characteristics and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Upper Permian-Middle Upper Triassic Series in the Ordos Basin [PhD Thesis]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(in Chinese). [92] Taylor G.H.,M. Teichmüller A. Davis,C.F.K. Diessel,R. Littke, and P. Robert.1998. Organic Petrology. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, pp. 10-205. [93] Taylor G.H.,S.Y. Liu, and C.F.K. Diessel.1989. The cold-climate origin of inertinite-rich Gondwana coals.International Journal of Coal Geology 11(1): 1-22. [94] Teichmüller M.1989. The genesis of coal from the viewpoint of coal petrology.International Journal of Coal Geology 12(1): 1-87. [95] Teichmüller M.,1952. Vergleichende mikroskopische Untersuchungen versteinerter Torfie des Ruhrkarbons und der daraus entstanden Steinkohlen. 3rd Carboniferous Congress, Heerlen, 1951, pp. 607-613. [96] Tian Y.,Z.X. Li,L.Y. Shao,D.D. Wang, and M.P. Li.2011. Upper Triassic Series Wayaobu Formation sequence stratigraphic and coal accumulation characteristic studies in Ordos Basin.Coal Geology of China 23(8): 13-17, 27 (in Chinese with English abstract). [97] Vail P.R.,R.M. Mitchum Jr., and S. Thompson III. 1977. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 4: Global cycles of relative changes of sea level. In: C.E. Payton (ed.), Seismic Stratigraphy: Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration. AAPG Memoir 26: 83-97. [98] Van Niekerk, D., G.D. Mitchell,J.P. Mathews.2010. Petrographic and reflectance analysis of solvent-swelled and solvent-extracted South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals.International Journal of Coal Geology 81(1): 45-52. [99] Virgili C.2008. The Permian-Triassic transition: Historical review of the most important ecological crises with special emphasis on the Iberian Peninsula and Western-Central Europe.Journal of Iberian Geology 34(1): 123-158. [100] Wang D.D.,Q. Mao,G.Q. Dong,S.P. Yang,D.W. Lv, and L.S. Yin.2019. The genetic mechanism of inertinite in the Middle Jurassic inertinite-rich coal seams of the southern Ordos Basin.Journal of Geological Research 1(3): 1-15. [101] Wang J.2002. Experimental Study on the Influence of Coal Quality (Species) Characteristics on Power Plant Boilers [Master Thesis]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University (in Chinese). [102] Wang Y.,L.Q. Li, and X.Q. Zhang.2016. Inertinite of coal-rocks and its application to the paleoenvironment reconstruction of peat and mire.Geological Review 62(2): 375-380 (in Chinese with English abstract). [103] Ward P.,C. Labandeira,M. Laurin, and R.A. Berner.2006. Confirmation of Romer's Gap as a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(45): 16818-16822. [104] Wildman R.A.,L.J. Hickey,M.B. Dickinson,R.A. Berner,J.M. Robinson,M. Dietrich,R.H. Essenhigh, and C.B. Wildman.2004. Burning of forest materials under Late Paleozoic high atmospheric oxygen levels.Geology 32(5): 457-460. [105] Wollenweber J.,J. Schwarzbauer,R. Littke,H. Wilkes,A. Armstroff, and B. Horsfield.2006. Characterisation of non-extractable macromolecular organic matter in Palaeozoic coals.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240(1-2): 275-304. [106] Wu K.P.,Y.X. Liu,B.Z. Ji, and Y.P. Lu.2008. Sedimentary coal-accumulating environment and prospecting coal prospect of Meihe Basin.Jilin Geology 27(3): 24-29, 33 (in Chinese with English abstract). [107] Xiao X.M.,B.Q. Zhao,Z.L. Thu,Z.G. Song, and R.W.T. Wilkins.2005. Upper Paleozoic petroleum system, Ordos Basin, China.Marine and Petroleum Geology 22(8): 945-963. [108] Yan Z.M.,L.Y. Shao,I.J. Glasspool,J. Wang,X.T. Wang, and H. Wang.2019. Frequent and intense fires in the final coals of the Paleozoic indicate elevated atmospheric oxygen levels at the onset of the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event.International Journal of Coal Geology 207: 75-83. [109] Yang Y.K.1996. Atlas for Coal Petrography of China. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology Press (in Chinese). [110] Zhang G.C.,Z.X. Li,Y.P. He,H.H. Zhang,L. Jing,H.L. Shen, and N. Fu.2010. Coal geochemistry of Qiongdongnan Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience 21(5): 693-699 (in Chinese with English abstract). [111] Zhang Q.,J.J. Wu.1996. Trend of correlation between macerals and palynological types in coal in Huanglong Coalfield.Coal Geology and Exploration 24(1): 15-19 (in Chinese). [112] Zhang T.1995. Depositional Environment and Coal-accumulating Regularities of Main Coal-accumulating Stages of China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese with English table of contents and abstract). [113] Zhang Z.H.,C.S. Wang, D.W. Lv, W.W. Hay, T.T. Wang, and S. Cao. 2020. Precession-scale climate forcing of peatland wildfires during the early Middle Jurassic greenhouse period. Global and Planetary Change 184: 103051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103051. [114] Zhao X.D.,D.R. Zheng,G.W. Xie,H.C. Jenkyns,C.G. Guan,Y.N. Fang,J. He,X.Q. Yuan,N.H. Xue,H. Wang,S. Li,E.A. Jarzembowski,H.C. Zhang, and B. Wang.2020. Recovery of lacustrine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction.Geology 48(6): 609-613. [115] Zhao Y.,B. Chen,S.H. Zhang,J.M. Liu,J.M. Hu,J. Liu, and J.L. Pei.2010. Pre-Yanshanian geological events in the northern margin of the North China Craton and its adjacent areas.Geology in China 37(4): 900-915 (in Chinese with English abstract). [116] Zhao Y.N.,D.N. Wang, and X.Y. Sun.1995. Early Tertiary palynoflora: Its relation to paleoclimate, paleogeography and paleoecology of China.Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 26(2): 115-123 (in Chinese with English abstract). [117] Zheng Z.H.2008. Early Carboniferous sedimentary environments and coal forming characteristics of Guangxi Province, China.Nanfang Guotu Ziyuan (1): 39-40 (in Chinese). [118] Zhou H.T.,Z.M. Fu,Z. Li,Q. Zeng,S.Q. Du, and Z.J. Song.1990. Depositional environments and coal-forming sedimentary characteristics of Taiyuan Formation of Late Carboniferous in Pingdingshan coal-field, Henan Province.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica 8(3): 35-45 (in Chinese with English abstract). [119] Zhuang X.G.,X. Querol,A. Alastuey,F. Plana,N. Moreno,J.M. Andrés, and J.L. Wang.2007. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the coals from the Chongqing and Southeast Hubei coal mining districts, South China.International Journal of Coal Geology 71(2): 263-275.
2021, Vol. 10 
