The Carboniferous period was a unique period for reef developments during the Late Paleozoic; however, in past years, studies dealing with the Carboniferous reefs in China were very rare. In recent years, the Carboniferous reefs were studied in detail and diverse types of reefs have been discovered in different areas of China. In these areas, the Mississippian reefs were primarily built of bryozoans and rugose corals, which were associated with various kinds of calcareous algae. During the Pennsylvanian, in South China, the reef builders were composed of the rugose coral Fomichevella and phylloid algae, whereas in North China, the reef builders were composed of Chaetetes, bryozoans and corals. There are two main reef-building communities within Carboniferous reefs in China; an algal reef-building community and a reef-building community dominated by colonial coral. No evolutionary rela-tionships between these two types of communities can be detected, thus indicating that two different linerages of reef-building communities evolved during the Carboniferous; the former community consists of cyanobacteria, bacteria and calcareous algae, while the latter one consists of various skeletal metazoan organisms. Through careful study of the developments of Chinese Carboniferous reefs, the evidence indicates that various communities of organisms played important reef-building functions during this period. The occurrence of these metazoan framework reefs also indicates that, during the Carboniferous, most areas in China would have been dominated by the environments with a tropical or subtropical climate.