1. Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India; 2. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
Abstract Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks constitute the Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone Formation, Ariyalur (India), and offer an opportunity to look into the broad spectrum of mixing of compositionally and genetically different components. The palaeogeographic reconstruction indicates that deposition in the nearshore zone differed strongly in energy and active processes operatives due to the presence of a shore-parallel river-mouth bar. The western wing of the Mississippi bird-foot delta is considered to be a present-day analogon. Facies analysis in combination with petrography clearly shows the variability in palaeoenvironmental characteristics, both biogenic and non-biogenic. It also indicates diagenetic uptake of carbonate that filled empty spaces and actively replaced original components. Chemical staining followed by limited application of cathodoluminescence and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) hint at intricacies in mixing arising from the compositional variations in the carbonate components. A model of siliciclastic-carbonate sediment mixing, including both the depositional and diagenetic developments, is presented; it is aimed at generating a better overview of, and a deeper insight into, the physical and chemical mechanisms involved.
Fund:The authors gratefully thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and criticisms. Subir Sarkar acknowledges the CAS (Phase V) and UPE II programmes of Jadavpur University. Nivedita Chakraborty and Anudeb Mandal acknowledge UGC and CSIR respectively for their financial support. The Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University provided infrastructural help.
Subir Sarkar,Nivedita Chakraborty,Anudeb Mandal et al. Siliciclastic-carbonate mixing modes in the river-mouth bar palaeogeography of the Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone (Ariyalur, India)[J]. , 2014, 3(3): 233-256.
Subir Sarkar,Nivedita Chakraborty,Anudeb Mandal et al. Siliciclastic-carbonate mixing modes in the river-mouth bar palaeogeography of the Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone (Ariyalur, India)[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2014, 3(3): 233-256.
Ayyasami, K., Banerji, R. K., 1984. Cenomanian-Turonian transition in the Cretaceous of southern India. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 33(1): 21-30.
Bathurst, R. G. C., 1975. Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis (2nd Edition). Developments in Sedimentology 12. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-658.
Belperio, A. P., Searle, D. E., 1988. Terrigenous and carbonate sedimentation in the Great Barrier Reef province. In: Doyle, L. J., Roberts, H. H., (eds). Carbonate-Clastic Transitions. Developments in Sedimentology 42. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 143-174.
Blanford, H. F., 1862. On the Cretaceous and other rocks of the South Arcot and Trichinopoly Districts, Madras. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 4(1): 1-217.
Boggs Jr., S., Krinsley, D., 2006. Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1-165.
Brand, U., Jiang, G. Q., Azmy, K., Bishop, J., Monta?ez, I P., 2012. Diagenetic evaluation of a Pennsylvanian carbonate succession (Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada, U.S.A.) �� 1: Brachiopod and whole rock comparison. Chemical Geology, 308-309: 26-39.
Buatois, L. A., M��ngano, M. G., 2011. Ichnology: Organism-Substrate Interactions in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-358.
Cant, D. J., Walker, R. G., 1978. Fluvial processes and facies sequences in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Sedimentology, 25(5): 625-648.
Chaudhuri, A., Howard, J. D., 1985. Ramgundam Sandstone: A Middle Proterozoic shoal-bar sequence. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55(3): 392-397.
Choquette, P. W., James, N. P., 1987. Diagenesis #12. Diagenesis in Limestones - 3. The Deep Burial Environment. Geoscience Canada, 14(1): 3-35.
Coleman, J. M., Roberts, H. H., Stone, G. W., 1998. Mississippi River Delta: An overview. Journal of Coastal Research, 14(3): 699-716.
Corn��e, J. J., L��tic��e, J. L., M��nch, P., Quill��v��r��, F., Lebrun, J. F., Moissette, P., Braga, J. C., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M., De Min, L., Oudet, J., Randrianasolo, A., 2012. Sedimentology, palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene carbonate platform of Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles forearc). Sedimentology, 59(5): 1426-1451.
Dromgoole, E. L., Walter, L. M., 1990. Iron and manganese incorporation into calcite: Effects of growth kinetics, temperature and solution chemistry. Chemical Geology, 81(4): 311-336.
Dunbar, G. B., Dickens, G. R., 2003. Late Quaternary shedding of shallow-marine carbonate along a tropical mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf: Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Sedimentology, 50(6): 1061-1077.
Dworschak, P. C., Rodrigues, S. de A., 1997. A modern analogue for the trace fossil Gyrolithes: Burrows of the thalassinidean shrimp Axianassa australis. Lethaia, 30(1): 41-52.
Fielding, C. R., 1986. Fluvial channel and overbank deposits from the Westphalian of the Durham coalfield, NE England. Sedimentology, 33(1): 119-140.
Folk, R. L., Andrews, P. B., Lewis, D. W., 1970. Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 13(4): 937-968.
Gibling, M. R., 2006. Width and thickness of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills in the geological record: A literature compilation and classification. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76(5): 731-770.
Gingras M. K., MacEachern, J. A., Dashtgard, S. E., 2012. The potential of trace fossils as tidal indicators in bays and estuaries. Sedimentary Geology, 279: 97-106.
Govindan, A., Ravindran, C. N., Rangaraju, M. K., 1996. Cretaceous stratigraphy and planktonic foraminiferal zonation of Cauvery Basin, South India. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 37: 155-187.
Govindan, A., Yadagiri, K., Ravindran, C. N., Kalyanasundar, R., 1998. A Field Guide on Cretaceous Sequences of Trichinopoly Area, Cauvery Basin, India. Chennai: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, 1-53.
Grossman, E. L., Mii, H. S., Zhang C. L., Yancey T. E., 1996. Chemical variation in Pennsylvanian brachiopod shells: Diagenetic, taxonomic, microstructural, and seasonal effects. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66(5): 1011-1022.
Grover, G., Read, J. F., 1983. Paleoaquifer and deep burial related cements de?ned by regional cathodoluminescent patterns, Middle Ordovician carbonates, Virginia. AAPG Bulletin, 67(8): 1275-1303.
Hart, M. B., Tewari, A. T., Watkinson, M. P., 1996. Wood borings from the Trichinopoly Sandstone of the Cauvery Basin, South-East India. In: Pandey, J., Azmi, R. J., Bhandari, A., Dave, A., (eds). Contributions to XV Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy. Dehra Dun: The K. D. Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration and the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 529-539.
Holmes, C. W., Evans, R. G., 1963. Sedimentology of Gullivan Bay and vicinity, Florida. Sedimentology, 2(3): 189-206.
Howe, S. A., Marshall, A. T., 2002. Temperature effects on calcification rate and skeletal deposition in the temperate coral, Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 275(1): 63-81.
Kale, A. S., Lotfalikani, A., Phansalkar, V. G., 2000. Calcareous nanofossils from the Uttatur group of Trichinopoly Cretaceous, South India. In: Govindan, A., (ed). Cretaceous Stratigraphy��An Update. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 46: 213-227.
Kaufmann, B., 1997. Diagenesis of Middle Devonian carbonate mounds of the Mader Basin (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67(5): 945-956.
Kidwell, S. M., 1991. Taphonomic feedback (live/dead interactions) in the genesis of bioclastic beds: Keys to reconstructing sedimentary dynamics. In: Einsele, G., Ricken, W., Seilacher, A., (eds). Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 268-280.
Knaust, D., Costamagna, L. G., 2012. Ichnology and sedimentology of the Triassic carbonates of North-west Sardinia, Italy. Sedimentology, 59(4): 1190-1207.
Larcombe, P., Woolfe, K. J., 1999. Terrigenous sediments as influences upon Holocene nearshore coral reefs, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Science, 46(1): 141-154.
Larsonneur, C., Bouyssee, P., Auffret, J., 1982. The superficial sediments of the English Channel and its western approaches. Sedimentology, 29(6): 851-864.
Li, W. G., Bhattacharya, J. P., Zhu, Y. J., Garza, D., Blankenship, E., 2011. Evaluating delta asymmetry using three-dimensional facies architecture and ichnological analysis, Ferron ��Notom Delta', Capital Reef, Utah, USA. Sedimentology, 58(2): 478-507.
Liu, Y. G., Miah, M. R. U., Schmitt, R. A., 1988. Cerium: A chemical tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(6): 1361-1371.
Longhitano, S. G., Nemec, W., 2005. Statistical analysis of bed-thickness variation in a Tortonian succession of biocalcarenitic tidal dunes, Amantea Basin, Calabria, southern Italy. Sedimentary Geology, 179(3-4): 195-224.
Lorens, R. B., 1981. Sr, Cd, Mn and Co distribution coefficients in calcite as a function of calcite precipitation rate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45(4): 553-561.
Machel, H. G., 1983. Facies and diagenesis of some Nisku buildups and associated strata, Upper Devonian, Alberta, Canada. In: Harris, P. M., (ed). Carbonate Buildups. SEPM Core Workshop Notes, 4: 144-181.
Machel, H. G., 1984. Facies and dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Nisku Formation in the Brazeau, Pembina, and Bigoray areas, Alberta, Canada. In: Eliuk, L., (ed). Carbonates in Subsurface and Outcrop. 1984 CSPG Core Conference, 191-224.
Machel, H. G., 2000. Application of cathodoluminescence to carbonate diagenesis. In: Pagel, M., Barbin, V., Blanc, P., Ohnenstetter, D., (eds). Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 271-301.
Machel, H. G., Mason, R. A., Mariano, A. N., Mucci, A., 1991. Causes and emission of luminescence in calcite and dolomite. In: Barker, C. E., Kopp, O. C., (eds). Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications. SEPM Short Course Notes, 25: 9-25.
Madden, R. H. C., Wilson, M. E. J., 2013. Diagenesis of a SE Asian Cenozoic carbonate platform margin and its adjacent basinal deposits. Sedimentary Geology, 286-287: 20-38.
Major, R. P., 1991. Cathodoluminescence in Post-Miocene carbonates. In: Barker, C. E., Kopp, O. C., (eds). Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications. SEPM Short Course Notes, 25: 149-153.
Meyers, W. J., 1974. Carbonate cement stratigraphy of the Lake Valley Formation (Mississippian), Scaramento Mountains, New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44(3): 837-861.
Meyers, W. J., 1991. Calcite cement stratigraphy: An overview. In: Barker, C. E., Kopp, O. C., (eds). Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications. SEPM Short Course Notes, 25: 133-148.
Miall, A. D., 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1-582.
Morse, J. W., Mackenzie, F. T., 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. Developments in Sedimentology 48. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-707.
Mount, J. F., 1984. Mixing of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments in shallow shelf environments. Geology, 12(7): 432-435.
Mucci, A., Morse, J. W., 1983. The incorporation of Mg2+ and Sr2+ into calcite overgrowths: Influences of growth rate and solution composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(2): 217-233.
Nagendra, R., Kamalak Kannan, B. V., Sen, G., Gilbert, H., Bakkiaraj, D., Reddy, A. N., Jaiprakash, B. C., 2011. Sequence surfaces and paleobathymetric trends in Albian to Maastrichtian sediments of Ariyalur area, Cauvery Basin, India. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28(4): 895-905.
Nagendra, R., Patel, S. J., Deepankar, R., Reddy, A. N., 2010. Bathymetric significance of the ichnofossil assemblages of the Kulakkalnattam Sandstone, Ariyalur area, Cauvery Basin. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 76(5): 525-532.
Niemann, J. C., Read, J. F., 1988. Regional cementation from unconformity-recharged aquifer and burial fluids, Mississippian Newman Limestone, Kentucky. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58(4): 688-705.
Pearson, N. J., Gingras, M. K., 2006. An ichnological and sedimentological facies model for muddy point-bar deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76(5): 771-782.
P��rez-L��pez, A., P��rez-Valera, F., 2012. Tempestite facies models for the epicontinental Triassic carbonates of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain). Sedimentology, 59(2): 646-678.
Pettijohn, F. J., 1975. Sedimentary Rocks (3rd Edition). New York: Harper and Row, 1-628.
Pierson, B. J., 1981. The control of cathodoluminescence in dolomite by iron and manganese. Sedimentology, 28(5): 601-610.
Pingitore Jr., N. E., Eastman, M. P., 1986. The coprecipitation of Sr2+ with calcite at 25 ��C and 1 atm. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50(10): 2195-2203.
Pirrie, D., Ditchfield, P. W., Marshall, J. D., 1994. Burial diagenesis and pore-fluid evolution in a Mesozoic back-arc basin: The Marambio Group, Vega Island, Antarctica. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64(3a): 541-552.
Ramasamy, S., Banerji, R. K., 1991. Geology, petrography and systematic stratigraphy of the pre-Ariyalur sequence in Trichinopoly district, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 37: 577-594.
Rameil, N., Immenhauser, A., Csoma, A. ��. and Warrlich, G., 2012. Surfaces with a long history: The Aptian top Shu��aiba Formation unconformity, Sultanate of Oman. Sedimentology, 59(1): 212-248.
Ramkumar, M., St��ben, D., Berner, Z., 2004. Lithostratigraphy, depositional history and sea level changes of the Cauvery Basin, southern India. Annales G��ologiques de la P��ninsule Balkanique, 65: 1-27.
Ryan-Mishkin, K., Walsh, J. P., Corbett, D. R., Dail, M. B., Nittrouer, J. A., 2009. Modern sedimentation in a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate coral reel environment, La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science, 45(2-3): 151-167.
Sastry, M. V. A., Rao, B. R. J., Mamgian, V. D., 1968. Biostratigraphic zonation of the Upper Cretaceous formations of the Trichinopoly district, South India. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 2: 10-17.
Schmidt, D. N., Elliott, T., Kasemann, S. A., 2008. The influences of growth rates on planktic foraminifers as proxies for palaeostudies �� A review. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 303: 73-85.
Shand, R. D., Bailey, D. G., Shepherd, M. J., 2001. Longshore realignment of shore-parallel sand-bars at Wanganui, New Zealand. Marine Geology, 179(3-4): 147-161.
Sundaram, R., Henderson, R. A., Ayyasami, K., Stilwell, J. D., 2001. A lithostratigraphic revision and palaeoenvironmental assessment of the Cretaceous System exposed in the onshore Cauvery Basin, southern India. Cretaceous Research, 22(6): 743-762.
Terakado, Y., Taniguchi, M. 2006. A new method for the study of trace element partitioning between calcium carbonate and aqueous solution: A test case for Sr and Ba incorporation into calcite. Geochemical Journal, 40(2): 161-170.
Terwindt, J. H. J., 1988. Palaeo-tidal reconstructions of inshore tidal depositional environments. In: de Boer, P. L., van Gelder, A., Nio, S. D., (eds). Tide-Influenced Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 233-263.
Tewari, A., Hart, M. B., Watkinson, M. P., 1996. A revised lithostratigraphical classification of the Cretaceous rocks of Trichinopoly District, Cauvery Basin, Southeast India. In: Pandey, J., Azmi, R. J., Bhandari, A., Dave, A., (eds). Contributions to XV Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy. Dehra Dun: The K. D. Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration and the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 789-800.
Tewari, A., Hart, M. B., Watkinson, M. P., 1998. Teredolites from the Garudamangalam Sandstone Formation (Late Turonian-Coniacian), Cauvery Basin, Southeast India. Ichnos, 6(1-2): 75-98.
Tucker, M. E., 1981. Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1-252.
van Heerden, I. L., Roberts, H. H., 1988. Facies development of Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: A modern bayhead delta. AAPG Bulletin, 72(4): 439-453.
Watkinson, M. P., Hart, M. B., Joshi, A., 2007. Cretaceous tectonostratigraphy and the development of the Cauvery Basin, Southeast India. Petroleum Geoscience, 13(2): 181-191.
Wright, E. E., Hine, A. C., Goodbred Jr., S. L., Locker S. D., 2005. The effect of sea-level and climate change on the development of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate, deltaic coastline: Suwannee River, Florida, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 75(4): 621-635.
2014, Vol. 3 
|
