Abstract This discussion of a review article by Gao et al. (2013), published in the Journal of Palaeogeography (2(1): 56-65), is aimed at illustrating that interpretations of ten ancient examples in China and one in the central Appalachians (USA) as deep-water deposits of internal waves and internal tides are unsustainable. This critical assessment is based on an in-depth evaluation of oceanographic and sedimentologic data on internal waves and internal tides derived from 332 print and online published works during 1838-January 2013, which include empirical data on the physical characteristics of modern internal waves and internal tides from 51 regions of the world��s oceans (Shanmugam, 2013a). In addition, core and outcrop descriptions of deep-water strata from 35 case studies worldwide carried out by the author during 1974-2011, and a selected number of case studies published by other researchers are evaluated for identifying the sedimentological challenges associated with distinguishing types of bottom-current reworked sands in the ancient sedimentary record. The emerging conclusion is that any interpretation of ancient strata as deposits of internal waves and internal tides is premature.
Fund:I thank Prof. Zeng-Zhao Feng (Editor-in-Chief) and Yuan Wang of the journal for their encouragement and help. I also thank two anonymous journal reviewers for their critical and helpful comments. As always, I am grateful to my wife Jean Shanmugam for her general comments.
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