Abstract：Soft sediment deformation structures were found by detailed observations of six wells' cores in the Miocene Keziloyi Formation and Anju'an Formation in the Yecheng sag of the West Kunlun Mountain piedmont,the southwestern margin of the Tarim Basin. These structures include liquefied sand veins,load and ball-and-pillow structures,injection structures,liquefied curl deformations,soft mud thixotropic deformations,liquefied diapirs,soft boudinages and syndepositional micro-faults,which were distributed widely and recurred. Compared with typical seismites,they are all sedimentary structures of seismic origin. Seismites in the Keziluoyi Formation and Anju'an Formation can be divided into four developing periods,which spans about 5 Ma(16-11 Ma). The first and second phases have a long time and strong tectonic activities,and the third and fourth phases have a short time and weak tectonic activities. This is the first discovery of seismites in the Neogene continental strata in the southwestern Tarim Basin. The development of these seismites is related to the periodic seismic activities that have been caused by the episodic uplift of the west Kunlun Mountains and the activities of multiple thrust faults in the frontal thrust belt of the west Kunlun Mountains in the Miocene.
Chen Quan-Jun,Lu Ting-Qing,Li Shuang et al. Seismites in the Miocene at Tarim Basin Yecheng sag of West Kunlun Mountain piedmont and its geological significance[J]. JOPC, 2021, 23(1): 142-152.
[1] 程晓敢,黄智斌,陈汉林,杜治利,李康,师骏. 2012. 西昆仑山前冲断带断裂特征及构造单元划分. 岩石学报, 28(8): 2591-2601. [Chen X G,Huang Z B,Chen H L,Du Z L,Li K,Shi J.2012. Fault characteristics and division of tectonic units of the thrust belt in the front of the West Kunlun Mountains. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28(8): 2591-2601] [2] 杜远生. 2011. 中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨. 古地理学报, 13(6): 581-586. [Du Y S.2011. Discussion about studies of earthquake event deposit in China. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition)(Chinese Edition), 13(6): 581-586] [3] 杜远生,余文超. 2017. 地震和非地震引发的软沉积变形. 古地理学报, 19(1): 65-72. [Du Y S,Yu W C.2017. Earthquake-caused and non-earthquake-caused soft-sediment deformations. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(1): 65-72] [4] 冯秀丽,周松望,林霖,刘涛,吴世强. 2004. 现代黄河三角洲粉土触变性研究及其应用. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 34(6): 1053-1056. [Feng X L,Zhou S W,Lin L,Liu T,Wu S Q.2004. The thixotropy of silt in Huanghe delta. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 34(6): 1053-1056] [5] 冯增昭,鲍志东,郑秀娟,王媛. 2017. 中国软沉积物变形构造及地震岩研究简评. 古地理学报, 19(1): 7-12. [Feng Z Z,Bao Z D,Zhen X J,Wang Y.2017. Researches of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites in China: a brief review. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(1): 7-12] [6] 龚一鸣. 1987. 事件沉积. 地质科技情报,(3): 21-26. [Gong Y M.1987. Event deposits. Geological Science and Technology Information,(3): 21-26] [7] 龚一鸣. 1988. 风暴岩、震积岩、海啸岩: 几个名词含义的商榷. 地质论评, 34(5): 481-482. [Gong Y M.1988. Tempestite,seismite and tsunamite: a discussion of several sedimentological terms. Geological Review, 34(5): 481-482] [8] 何碧竹,乔秀夫,许志琴,焦存礼,蔡志慧,张英利,苏德辰. 2010. 塔里木盆地满加尔坳陷及周缘晚奥陶世古地震记录及其地质意义. 地质学报, 84(12): 1805-1816. [He B Z,Qiao X F,Xu Z Q,Jiao C L,Cai Z H,Zhang Y L,Su D C.2010. Late Ordovician paleoseismic records of the Manjiaer Depression and adjacent areas in Tarim Basin,Xinjiang,and its geologic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(12): 1805-1816] [9] 何登发,贾承造,李德生,张朝军,孟庆任,石昕. 2005. 塔里木多旋回叠合盆地的形成与演化. 石油与天然气地质, 26(1): 64-77. [He D F,Jia C Z,Li D H,Zhang C J,Meng Q R,Shi X.2005. Formation and evolution of polycyclic superimposed Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 26(1): 64-76] [10] 胡建中,谭应佳,张平,张艳秋. 2008. 塔里木盆地西南缘山前带逆冲推覆构造特征. 地学前缘, 15(2): 222-231. [Hu J Z,Tan Y J,Zhang P,Zhang Q Y.2008. Structural features of Cenozoic thrust-fault belts in the piedmont of southwestern Tarim basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 15(2): 222-231] [11] 贾承造. 2004. 塔里木盆地中新生代构造特征与油气. 北京: 石油工业出版社. [Jia C Z.2004. Tectonic Characteristics and Hydrocarbon in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic of Tarim Basin. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press] [12] 李丽华,陈轮,高盛焱. 2010. 翠湖湿地软土触变性试验研究. 岩土力学, 31(3): 765-768. [Li L H,Chen L,Gao S Y.2010. Experimental research on thixotropy of wetland soft soil in Cuihu. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 31(3): 765-768] [13] 廖晓. 2018. 塔里木盆地西南坳陷中新生代构造演化特征及对油气成藏的控制作用. 西北大学博士论文. [Liao X.2018. Meso-Cenozoic Tectonic evolution characteristics and its controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Southwest Depression of Tarim Basin. Doctoral dissertation of Northwest University] [14] 马华东,杨子江. 2003. 塔里木盆地西南新生代盆地演化特征. 新疆地质, 21(1): 92-95. [Ma H D,Yang Z J.2003. Evolution of the Cenozoic in southwestern Tarim Basin. Xinjiang Geology, 21(1): 92-95] [15] 乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,李海兵,高劢,宋彪,张巧大. 1994. 碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列. 地质学报, 68(1): 16-34. [Qiao X F,Song T R,Gao L Z,Peng Y,Li H B,Gao M,Song B,Zhang Q D.1994. Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction. Acta Geologica Sinica, 68(1): 16-34] [16] 乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志. 1997. 华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律. 地学前缘, 4(3-4): 155-161. [Qiao X F,Li H B,Gao L Z.1997. Sinian-Early Paleozoic seismic rhythms on the North China Platform. Earth Science Frontiers, 4(3-4): 155-161] [17] 乔秀夫,宋天瑞,高林志,李海兵,彭阳,张传恒,章雨旭. 2006. 地层中地震记录(古地震). 北京: 石油工业出版社. [Qiao X F,Song T R,Gao L Z,Li H B,Peng Y,Zhang C H,Zhang Y X.2006. Seismic Records in Strata(Palaeo Earthquakes). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press] [18] 乔秀夫,李海兵. 2008. 枕、球—枕构造: 地层中的古地震记录. 地质论评,(6): 721-730. [Qiao X F,Li H B.2008. Pillow,ball-and-pillow structures: Paleo-seismic records within strata. Geological Review,(6): 721-730] [19] 乔秀夫,李海兵,王思恩,郭宪璞,司家亮,宗文明. 2008. 新疆境内塔拉斯—费尔干纳断裂早侏罗世走滑的古地震证据. 地质学报, 82(6): 721-730. [Qiao X F,Li H B,Wang S E,Guo X P,Si J L,Zong W M.2008. Paleoseismic evidence of the Talas-Ferghana strike-slip fault during early Jurassic,Xinjiang. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82(6): 721-730] [20] 乔秀夫,李海兵. 2009. 沉积物的地震及古地震效应. 古地理学报, 11(6): 593-610. [Qiao X F,Li H B.2009. Effect of earthquake and ancient earthquake on sediments. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 11(6): 593-610] [21] 乔秀夫,郭宪璞. 2011. 新疆西南天山下侏罗统软沉积物变形研究. 地质论评, 57(6): 761-769. [Qiao X F,Guo X P.2011. On the Lower Jurassic soft-sediment deformation of Southwestern Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,China. Geological Review, 57(6): 761-769] [22] 乔秀夫,郭宪璞,叶留生,何碧竹,周玮. 2011. 新疆塔中卡塔克隆起加里东构造运动的古地震证据. 岩石学报, 27(1): 243-252. [Qiao X F,Guo X P,Ye L S,He B Z,Zhou W.2011. Paleoseismic evidence of the Caledonian Movement at Kartarke Uplift in the central Tarim,Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(1): 243-252] [23] 乔秀夫,李海兵,邱祝礼. 2013. 震积岩: 沉积岩中的古地震记录. 见: 冯增昭主编. 中国沉积学(第二版). 北京: 石油工业出版社,507-606. [Qiao X F,Li H B,Qiu Z L.2013. Seismites: Palaeo earthquakes records in sedimentary rocks. In: Feng Z Z(ed). Sedimentology of China(Second Edition). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,507-606] [24] 乔秀夫,李海兵,苏德辰,何碧竹,田洪水,郭宪璞,宋天锐,吕洪波,高林志,贺静,袁效奇,周玮,张淼,孙爱萍,王安东. 2017. 软沉积物变形构造: 地震与古地震记录. 北京: 地质出版社,1-264. [Qiao X F,Li H B,Su D C,He B Z,Tian H S,Guo X P,Song T R,Lü H B,Gao L Z,He J,Yuan X Q,Zhou W,Zhang M,Sun A P,Wang A D.2017. Soft Sediment Deformation Structures: Records of Earthquake and Paleoearthquake. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1-264] [25] 山穆玕,冯增昭,刘敏. 2017. 地震岩问题. 古地理学报, 19(1): 19-64. [Shanmugam G,Feng Z Z,Liu M.2017. The seismite problem. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(1): 19-64] [26] 宋天锐. 1988. 北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列. 科学通报, 38(8): 609-611. [Song T R.1988. A possible suit of seismo-tsunami sequence in Precambrian carbonate rock stratum in Shisanling in Beijing. Chinese Science Bulletin, 38(8): 609-611] [27] 苏德辰,乔秀夫. 2018. 黏性沉积物中的古地震触变流动变形. 古地理学报, 20(4): 609-622. [Su D C,Qiao X F.2018. Thixotropic deformation features of cohesive sediments triggered by palaeoearthquakes. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 20(4): 609-622] [28] 田洪水,王华林,祝介旺,杨传成,吕明英,张慎河. 2015a. 山东安丘地区软土震陷及地震产生的土层构造新启示. 岩土工程学报, 37(4): 734-740. [Tian H S,Wang H L,Zhu J W,Yang C C,Lü M Y,Zhang S H.2015a. New revelation from seismic subsidence of soft soils and earthquake-induced soil-layer deformation structures in Anqiu area Shandong Province. China Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 37(4): 734-740] [29] 田洪水,张爱社,张慎河,张邦花,祝介旺,吕明英. 2015b. 饱和灰泥模拟地震试验与液化变形. 北京: 地震出版社,1-78. [Tian H S,Zhang A S,Zhang S H,Zhang B H,Zhu J W,Lü M Y.2015b. Simulation Earthquake Tests and Liquefied Deformations of the Saturated Lime-mud. Beijing: Seismological Press,1-78] [30] 田洪水,Antonius Johannes VAN LOON,王华林,张慎河,祝介旺. 2016. 大盛群中的震积岩: 郯庐断裂带强构造与地震活动新证据. 中国科学: 地球科学, 46(1): 79-96. [Tian H S,Antonius Johannes VAN LOON,Wang H L,Zhang S H,Zhu J W.2016. Seismites in the Dasheng Group: new evidences of strong tectonic and earthquake activities of the Tanlu Fault Zone. Scientia Sinica(Terrae), 46(1): 79-96] [31] 田洪水,祝介旺,王华林,张增奇,张邦花,张慎河. 2017. 沂沭断裂带及其近区地震事件地层的时空分布及意义. 古地理学报, 19(3): 393-417. [Tian H S,Zhu J W,Wang H L,Zhang Z Q,Zhang B H,Zhang S H.2017. Spatio-temporal distribution and significance of seismic event horizon in the Yishu Fault Zone and its adjacent area. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(3): 393-417] [32] 王安东,周瑶琪,闫华,王瑞,张振凯,王子阳. 2013. 山东省灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造特征. 古地理学报, 15(5): 717-728. [Wang A D,Zhou Y Q,Yan H,Wang R,Zhang Z K,Wang Z Y.2013. Characteristics of soft sediments structures of the Early Cretaceous in Lingshan Island of Shandong Province. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 15(5): 718-728] [33] 魏垂高,张世奇,姜在兴,朱井泉. 2007. 塔里木盆地志留系震积岩特征及其意义. 地质学报, 86(6): 827-834. [Wei C G,Zhang S Q,Jiang Z X,Zhu J Q.2007. Character and significance of Silurian seismite in the Tarim Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 86(6): 827-834] [34] 邬光辉,孙建华,郭群英,唐涛,陈志勇,冯晓军. 2010. 塔里木盆地碎屑锆石年龄分布对前寒武纪基底的指示. 地球学报, 31(1): 65-72. [Wu G H,Sun J H,Guo Q Y,Tang T,Chen Z Y,Feng X J.2010. The distribution of detrital zircon U-Pb ages and its significance to Precambrian basement in Tarim Basin. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 31(1): 65-72] [35] 吴海辉,杨宝忠,曲学臣,张新勇,阎琨,周发侨. 2017. 新疆柯坪地区二叠纪卡仑达尔组震积岩的发现及意义. 地质科技情报, 36(1): 20-25. [Wu H H,Yang B Z,Qu X C,Zhang X Y,Yan K,Zhang F Q.2017. Discovery and geological significance of seismites of Permian Kalundaer Formation in Keping area,Xinjiang. Geological Science and Technology Information, 36(1): 20-25] [36] 吴贤涛,尹国勋. 1992. 四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义. 沉积学报, 10(1): 19-26. [Wu X T,Yin G X.1992. Features and significance of seismites from Upper Jurassic lacustrine deposits of Emei,Sichuan. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 10(1): 19-26] [37] 闫淑玉,张进江,王晓先,陈竹新,雷永良. 2018. 塔西南叶城地区新生代沉积物源分析: 来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据. 大地构造与成矿学, 42(2): 392-422. [Yan S Y,Zhang J J,Wang X X,Chen Z X,Lei Y L.2018. Provenance of Cenozoic sediments in Yecheng,Southwest Tarim basin: constraints from detrital zircons U-Pb geochronology. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 42(2): 392-422] [38] 余卓颖,何碧竹,乔秀夫,焦存礼,曹自成,王珍,陈威威,刘士林,邱华标,岳信东. 2016. 塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区早中志留世震积岩: 高分辨构造事件的记录. 地球学报, 37(3): 313-325. [Yu Z Y,He B Z,Qiao X F,Jiao C L,Cao Z C,Wang Z,Chen W W,Liu S L,Qiu H B,Yue X D.2016. Seismites in the Early and Middle Silurian strata of Shuntuoguole area in Tarim Basin: records of high-resolution tectonic events. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 37(3): 313-325] [39] 张虎臣. 1989. 淤泥地基地震触变研究. 岩土工程学报, 11(3): 78-85. [Zhang H C.1989. Study on the earthquake thixotropy of mucky soil foundation. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 11(3): 78-85] [40] Liang L J,Dai F C,Jiang H C,Zhong N.2018. A preliminary study on the soft-sediment deformation structures in the Late Quaternary lacustrine sediments at Tashkorgan,Northeastern Pamir,China. Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition), 92(4): 1574-1591. [41] Moretti M,Sabato L.2007. Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant Arcangelo Basin(Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sedimentary Geology, 196(1-4): 31-45. [42] Moretti M,Soria J M,Alfaro P,Nicola W.2001. Asymmetrical soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by rapid sedimentation in turbiditic deposits(Late Miocene,Guadix Basin,Southern Spain). Facies, 44(1): 283-294. [43] Obermeier S F.1998. Seismic liquefaction features examples from paleoseismic investigations in the continental United States. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-488. CD-ROM. [44] Owen G,Moretti M,Alfaro P.2011. Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: current understanding and future directions. Sedimentary Geology, 235(3-4): 133-140. [45] Seilacher A.1969. Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13(1-2): 155-159. [46] Seilacher A.1984. Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events. Marine Geology, 55(1-2): 1-12. [47] Spalletta C,Vai G B.1984. Upper Devonian intraclast parabreccias interpreted as seismites. Marine Geology, 55(1-2): 133-144. [48] Tian H S,(Tom)Wagoner Loon A J,Zhang Z Q,Zhang S H,Zhang B H,Lu M Y,Li F C,Ma X M.2015. Neogene paleoseismic events and the Shanwang Biota's burial in the Linqu Area,Shandong Province,China. Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition), 89(4): 1103-1119. [49] Wagoner Loon A J.2009. Soft sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: an overview. Geology,(15): 3-55. [50] Wagonerneste K,Meghraoui M,Camelbeeck T.1999. Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the Feldbiss Fault,Lower Rhine Graben system. Tectonophysics, 309(1): 57-79.
