Geochemistry of shales of Middle Permian Barren Measures Formation, West Bokaro Basin, India: Implications on provenance, paleodepositional and paleoclimatic conditions

doi:10.1016/j.jop.2024.08.011

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (0)

Download: PDF (6710 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Geochemical analyses of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks, such as shales, are significant since they portray the nature of the control factors from source to sink in a sedimentary basin, and help characterizing the heterogeneity in potential source and/or reservoir rocks. Bulk rock geochemistry (including major element oxides, trace elements and rare earth elements) of 20 shale samples from the Permian Barren Measures Formation, West Bokaro Basin, Peninsular India, is presented to decipher the provenance, paleo-weathering, paleotectonic, paleo-depositional and paleoredox conditions of the basin within the Lower Gondwana paleogeographic framework. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals an abundance of quartz, muscovite and clay minerals, viz., illite, kaolinite, etc., with less abundant feldspar and glauconite. The concentrations of the major element oxides, the trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) of the shale samples are compared with predefined standards such as PAAS and UCC. The CIA (chemical index of alteration) and the A-CN-K values, based on the ratios of the major element oxides, signify intense chemical weathering. The ratios of Sr/Cu versus Rb/Sr and K₂O/Al₂O₃versus Ga/Rb, and high ΣREE values indicate a temperate paleoclimate. Ratios of the major element oxides (e.g., K₂O/Na₂O versus SiO₂) suggest a passive tectonic setting. The Eu/Eu* and (Gd/Yb)_n values depict predominantly post-Archean granitic and gneissic source rocks. The ratios of trace elements, viz., Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr, La/Sc and Eu/Eu*, and the distribution pattern of the REEs (higher LREE in comparison to HREE) attest to a felsic-intermediate source from a nearby provenance. The redox sensitive trace elements, such as V and Ni, indicate a dysoxic condition that prevailed during deposition. The ratios of Fe₂O₃ versus MgO and Log(MgO/Al₂O₃) versus Log(K₂O/Al₂O₃), and the ternary plots of Fe₂O₃-MgO-SiO₂/Al₂O₃suggest a non-marine to deltaic transitional environment. Such evidence of marine influences during the sedimentation of the Permian Barren Measures Formation confirms the fluvio-marine transgressive paleogeography inferred from sedimentological and paleontological inputs from the Gondwana Basins in Peninsular India, and opens up a scope for regional correlations of paleogeographic changes during the Middle Permian (Guadalupian) across the Gondwanaland.

Key words： Guadalupian Lower Gondwana Passive margin rift basin Fluvial-marine transition Anoxic condition West Bokaro Basin

Received: 22 February 2024

Corresponding Authors: ^*Corresponding author: biplab.bhattacharya@es.iitr.ac.in; bbesiitr@gmail.com (B. Bhattacharya).Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors

Cite this article:

URL:

http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/10.1016/j.jop.2024.08.011 OR http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/Y2025/V14/I1/40

Abouelresh M.O., Slatt R.M., 2012. Lithofacies and sequence stratigraphy of the Barnett Shale in east-central Fort Worth Basin, Texas.AAPG Bulletin, 96, 1-22.
Ahmad A.H.M., Noufal K.N., Masroor A.M., Khan T., 2014. Petrography and geochemistry of Jumara Dome sediments, Kachchh Basin: Implications for provenance, tectonic setting and weathering intensity.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 33, 9-23.
Algeo T.J., Maynard J.B.,2004. Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-Type Cyclothems. Chemical Geology, 206, 289-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.009.
Amorosi A., Sammartino I., Dinelli E., Campo B., Guercia T., Trincardi F., Pellegrini C.,2022. Provenance and sediment dispersal in the Po-Adriatic source-to-sink system unraveled by bulk-sediment geochemistry and its linkage to catchment geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 234, 104-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104202.
Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Nagarajan R., Balaram V., Natalhy-Pineda O., 2015. Petrography and geochemistry of sands from the Chachalacas and Veracruz beach areas, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: Constraints on provenance and tectonic setting.Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 64, 199-216.
Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Nagarajan R., Madhavaraju J., Rosalez-Hoz L., Lee Y.I., Balaram V., Avila-Ramírez G., 2013. Geochemistry of the Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous shales from the Molango Region, Hidalgo, eastern Mexico: Implications for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting.Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 345(4), 185-202.
Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Ramos-Vázquez M.A., Zavala-León A.C., Montiel-García P.C., 2018. Provenance discrimination between Atasta and Alvarado beach sands, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: Constraints from detrital zircon chemistry and U-Pb geochronology.Geological Journal, 53(6), 2824-2848.
Baiyegunhi C., Liu K., Gwavava O., 2017. Geochemistry of sandstones and shales from the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: Implications for provenance, weathering and tectonic setting.Open Geosciences, 9(1), 340-360.
Balashov Y.A.,1964. The effects of climate and facies environment on the fractionation of rare earths during sedimentation.Geochemical International, 10, 951-969.
Bandhyopadhyay S.K.,1996. Scope of analog study in understanding some aspects of paleodrainage and coal seam formation in lower Gondwana Basin of Peninsular India.Geological Survey of India Special Publication, 20, 69-73.
Bauluz B., Mayayo M.J., Fernandez-Nieto C., Lopez J.M.G., 2000. Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): Implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting.Chemical Geology, 168(1-2), 135-150.
Beckmann B., Flögel S., Hofmann P., Schulz M., Wagner T., 2005. Orbital forcing of Cretaceous river discharge in tropical Africa and ocean response.Nature, 437(7056), 41-244.
Bhatia M.R., Crook K.A., 1986. Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins.Contributions to mineralogy and petrology, 92(2), 181-193.
Bhattacharjee J., Ghosh K.K., Bhattacharya B., 2017 Petrography and geochemistry of sandstone-mudstone from Barakar Formation (Early Permian), Raniganj Basin, India: Implications for provenance, weathering and marine depositional conditions during Lower Gondwana sedimentation. Geological Journal, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2946.
Bhattacharya B., Bandyopadhyay S., Mahapatra S., Banerjee S., 2012. Record of tide-wave influence on the coal-bearing Permian Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India.Sedimentary Geology, 267, 25-35.
Bhattacharya B., Banerjee P.P., 2015. Record of Permian Tethyan transgression in eastern India: A reappraisal of the Barren Measures Formation, West Bokaro coalfield.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 67, 170-179.
Bhattacharya B., Banerjee P.P., Roy P., 2022. Implications of marine Gastropoda Baylea DeKoninck, 1883 from the Permian Barren Measures Formation, Lower Gondwana, West Bokaro Basin, eastern India. Journal of Earth System Science, 131(4), 208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01950-w.
Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharjee J., Bandyopadhyay S., Banerjee S., Adhikari K., 2018. Early Permian transgressive-regressive cycles: Sequence stratigraphic reappraisal of the coal-bearing Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India.Journal of Earth System Science, 127, 1-17.
Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharjee J., Banerjee S., Bandyopadhyay S., Das R., 2016. Seismites in Permian Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India: Implications on Lower Gondwana basin evolution.Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 1-13.
Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharjee J., Banerjee S., Roy T., Bandyopadhyay S., 2021. Palaeogeographic implications of ichnotaxa assemblages from Early Permian fluvio-marine Barakar Formation, Raniganj Basin, India.Journal of Earth System Science, 130, 1-25.
Bhattacharya B., Bhattacharya H.N., 2012. Implications of mud-clast conglomerates within Late Paleozoic Talchir glaciomarine succession, Talchir Basin, India.Indian Journal of Geosciences, 66(1), 69-78.
Bhattacharya B., Saha A., 2020. Large soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) in the Permian Barren Measures Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India: Potential link to syn-rift palaeoearthquake events.Journal of Palaeogeography, 9, 1-18.
Bhattacharya H.N., Chakraborty A., Bhattacharya B., 2005. Significance of transition between Talchir Formation and Karharbari Formation in lower Gondwana basin evolution - A study in West Bokaro Coal Basin, Jharkhand, India.Journal of Earth System Science, 114, 275-286.
Bhuiyan M.A.H., Rahman M.J.J., Dampare S.B., Suzuki S., 2011. Provenance, tectonics and source weathering of modern fluvial sediments of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, Bangladesh: Inference from geochemistry.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 111(3), 113-137.
Bilobé J.A.,Takem Eyong, J., Samankassou, E., 2022. Provenance, paleoweathering, depositional setting and paleoclimatic constraints of Cretaceous and Neogene deposits of The Mamfe Basin, Southwest Cameroon. Heliyon, 8(9), e10304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10304.
Boruah A., Ganapathi S., 2015. Microstructure and pore system analysis of Barren Measures shale of Raniganj field, India.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 26, 427-437.
Bozkaya Ö., Yalçın H., Göncüoğlu M.C., 2012. Diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic characteristics of the Paleozoic series of the Istanbul Terrane (NW Turkey).Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 105, 183-201.
Calvert S.E., Pedersen T.F., 1993. Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: Implications for the geological record.Marine geology, 113(1-2), 67-88.
Casshyap S.M.,1979. Pattern of Sedimentation in Gondwana Basins. In: Proceedings Volume IVth International Gondwana Symposium 2, pp. 525-551.
Casshyap S.M., Tewari R.C., 1988. Depositional models and tectonic evolution of Gondwana basins of Peninsular India.The Palaeobotanist, 36, 59-66.
Chaudhuri A., Banerjee S., Chauhan G., 2020. Compositional evolution of siliciclastic sediments recording the tectonic stability of a pericratonic rift: Mesozoic Kutch Basin, western India.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 111, 476-495.
Cochran J.K., Carey A.E., Sholkovitz E.R., Surprenant L.D., 1986. The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal marine sediments and sediment pore waters.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50(5), 663-680.
Condie K.C.,1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: Contrasting results from surface samples and shales.Chemical Geology, 104(1-4), 1-37.
Cox R., Lowe D.R., Cullers R.L., 1995. The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(14), 2919-2940.
Crusius J., Calvert S., Pedersen T., Sage D., 1996. Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and sulfidic conditions of deposition.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145(1-4), 65-78.
Cullers R.L.,1994. The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones, and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age from uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform sediment in Kansas, USA.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(22), 4955-4972.
Cullers R.L.,2000. The geochemistry of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age, Colorado, USA: Implications for provenance and metamorphic studies.Lithos, 51(3), 181-203.
Cullers R.L.,2002. Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near Pueblo, CO, USA.Chemical Geology, 191(4), 305-327.
Cullers R.L., Podkovyrov V.N., 2000. Geochemistry of the Mesoproterozoic Lakhanda shales in southeastern Yakutia, Russia: Implications for mineralogical and provenance control, and recycling.Precambrian Research, 104(1-2), 77-93.
Cullers R.L., Podkovyrov V.N., 2002. The source and origin of terrigenous sedimentary rocks in the Mesoproterozoic Ui group, southeastern Russia.Precambrian Research, 117(3-4), 157-183.
Das B.K., Al-Mikhlafi A.S., Kaur P., 2006. Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: Implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6), 649-668.
Davies B.E.,1980. Applied Soil Trace Elements. Wiley, New York.
Dean W.E., Gardner J.V., Piper D.Z., 1997. Inorganic geochemical indicators of glacial-interglacial changes in productivity and anoxia on the California continental margin.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(21), 4507-4518.
Dill H.,1986. Metallogenesis of Early Paleozoic graptolite shales from the Graefenthal Horst (northern Bavaria-Federal Republic of Germany).Economic Geology, 81(4), 889-903.
Ekoa Bessa A.Z., Ndjigui P.D., Fuh G.C., Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Betsi T.B., 2021. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Ossa lake Complex sediments, Southern Cameroon: Implications for paleoweathering and provenance. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06591-9.
Englund J.O., Jørgensen P., 1973. A chemical classification system for argillaceous sediments and factors affecting their composition.Geologiska Föreningeni Stockholm Förhandlingar, 95(1), 87-97.
Ershova V.B., Prokopiev A.V., Khudoley A.K., Sobolev N.N., Petrov E.O., 2015. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from Late Paleozoic deposits of Bel’kovsky Island (New Siberian Islands): Critical testing of Arctic tectonic models.International Geology Review, 57(2), 199-210.
Fazal A.G., Umar M., Shah F., Miraj M.A.F., Janjuhah H.T., Kontakiotis G., Jan A.K., 2022. Geochemical analysis of Cretaceous shales from the Hazara Basin, Pakistan: Provenance signatures and paleo-weathering conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(6), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060800.
Fu S., Liu Z., Guo Y.R., Ge J.W., Xu X.M., 2019. Lacustrine paleoshoreline determination under established sequence stratigraphic framework and its controls on sand bodies and hydrocarbon accumulations.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 110, 497-517.
Galarraga F., Reategui K., Martïnez A., Martínez M., Llamas J.F., Márquez G., 2008. V/Ni ratio as a parameter in palaeoenvironmental characterisation of nonmature medium-crude oils from several Latin American basins.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 61(1), 9-14.
Liu G., Zhou D.S., 2007. Application of microelements analysis in identifying sedimentary environment  Taking Qianjiang Formation in the Jianghan Basin as an example.Petroleum Experimental Geology, 29(3), 307-310.
Getaneh W.,2002. Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone, northern Ethiopia.Journal of African Earth Sciences, 35(2), 185-198.
Ghaznavi A.A., Khan I., Quasim M.A., Ahmad A.H.M., 2018. Provenance, tectonic setting, source weathering and palaeoenvironmental implications of Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks of Ler dome, Kachchh, western India: Inferences from petrography and geochemistry.Geochemistry, 78(3), 356-371.
Ghosh S., Sarkar S., 2010. Geochemistry of Permo-Triassic mudstone of the Satpura Gondwana Basin, Central India: Clues for provenance.Chemical Geology, 277(1-2), 78-100.
Glikson M., Chappell B.W., Freeman R.S., Webber E., 1985. Trace elements in oil shales, their source and organic association with particular reference to Australian deposits.Chemical Geology, 53(1-2), 155-174.
Hallberg R.O.,1976. A geochemical method for investigation of palaeoredox conditions in sediments. Ambio Special Report, 4(4), 139-147.
Haque M.M., Roy M.K., 2020. Sandstone-shale geochemistry of Miocene Surma Group in Bandarban Anticline, SE Bangladesh: Implications for provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting.Earth Sciences, 9(1), 38-51.
Hayashi K.I., Fujisawa H., Holland H.D., Ohmoto H., 1997. Geochemistry of ∼1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(19), 4115-4137.
Herron M.M.,1988. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data.Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5), 820-829.
Hieronymus B., Kotschoubey B., Boulègue J., 2001. Gallium behavior in some contrasting lateritic profiles from Cameroon and Brazil.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 72(2), 147-163.
Hofer G., Wagreich M., Neuhuber S., 2013. Geochemistry of fine-grained sediments of the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene Gosau Group (Austria, Slovakia): Implications for paleoenvironmental and provenance studies.Geoscience Frontiers, 4(4), 449-468.
Hossain H.Z., Hossain Q.H., Kamei A., Araoka D., Sultan-Ul-Islam M., 2020. Geochemical characteristics of Gondwana shales from the Barapukuria Basin, Bangladesh: Implications for source-area weathering and provenance.Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 1-12.
Hossain I., Roy K.K., Biswas P.K., Alam M., Moniruzzaman M., Deeba F., 2014. Geochemical characteristics of Holocene sediments from Chuadanga district, Bangladesh: Implications for weathering, climate, redox conditions, provenance and tectonic setting.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 33, 336-350.
Hosseini Z., Mahboubi A., Moussavi Harami S.R., Swennen R., Mahmudy-Gharaie M.H., Khajehzadeh Marvasti A., 2021. Geochemical analysis of Shemshak Shale Formation in Gushfil Mine (Iran): Paleo-depositional environment and organic matter thermal maturity.Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 11(2), 22-29.
Jones B., Manning D.A., 1994. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones.Chemical Geology, 111(1-4), 111-129.
Jung H.S., Lim D., Choi J.Y., Yoo H.S., Rho K.C., Lee H.B., 2012. Rare earth element compositions of core sediments from the shelf of the South Sea, Korea: Their controls and origins.Continental Shelf Research, 48, 75-86.
Khan T., Sarma D.S., Khan M.S., 2020. Geochemical study of the Neoproterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks of the Khambal Formation (Sindreth Basin), Aravalli Craton, NW Indian Shield: Implications for paleoweathering, provenance, and geodynamic evolution.Geochemistry, 80(1), 125596.
Khanna P.P.,2009. An appraisal of ICP-MS technique for determination of REEs: Long term QC assessment of silicate rock analysis.Himalayan Geology, 30, 95-99.
Lafuente B., Downs R.T., Yang H., Stone N., Armbruster T., Danisi R.M., 2015. The power of databases: the RRUFF project. Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, 1, 25.
Langmuir D.,1978. Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42(6), 547-569.
Lemiski R.T., Hovikoski D.J., Pemberton D.S.G., Gingras D.M., 2011. Sedimentological ichnological and reservoir characteristics of the low-permeability, gas-charged Alderson Member (Hatton gas field, southwest Saskatchewan): Implications for resource development.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 59(1), 27-53.
Lewan M.D., Maynard J.B., 1982. Factors controlling enrichment of vanadium and nickel in the bitumen of organic sedimentary rocks.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46(12), 2547-2560.
Liu R., Mei X., Zhang J., Zhao D.B., 2019. Characteristics of clay minerals in sediments of Hemudu area, Zhejiang, China in Holocene and their environmental significance.China Geology, 2(1), 8-15.
Long X., Yuan C., Sun M., Xiao W., Wang Y., Cai K., Jiang Y., 2012. Geochemistry and Nd isotopic composition of the Early Paleozoic flysch sequence in the Chinese Altai, Central Asia: Evidence for a northward-derived mafic source and insight into Nd model ages in accretionary orogen.Gondwana Research, 22(2), 554-566.
Loucks R.G., Ruppel S.C., 2007. Mississippian Barnett Shale: Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-watershale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas.AAPG Bulletin, 4, 579-601.
Mazumdar P., Mukhopadhyay A., Thorie A., Banerjee T., Rai S.K., 2021. Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic Chhaosa shales, Simla Group, Lesser Himalaya: Its implications on provenance and tectonics. Journal of Earth System Science, 130(3), 175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01673-4.
McLennan S.M.,1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary process.Review of Mineralogy, 21, 169-200.
McLennan S.M.,1993. Weathering and global denudation.Journal of Geology, 101, 295-303.
McLennan S.M., Nance W.B., Taylor S.R., 1980. Rare earth element-thorium correlations in sedimentary rocks, and the composition of the continental crust.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44(11), 1833-1839.
McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R., 1991. Sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution: Tectonic setting and secular trends.The Journal of Geology, 99(1), 1-21.
McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R., Kroner A., 1983. Geochemical evolution of Archean shales from South Africa, I, the Swaziland and Pogola Supergroups.Precambrian Research, 22, 93-124.
Mendhe V.A., Kumar S., Kamble A.D., Mishra S., Varma A.K., Bannerjee M., Mishra V.K., Sharma S., Buragohain J., Tiwari B.,2018. Organo-mineralogical insights of shale gas reservoir of Ib-River Mand-Raigarh Basin, India. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 59, 136-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.08.026.
Mikheeva E.A., Demonterova E.I., Ivanov A.V., 2021. Geochemistry of the Cheremkhovo and Lower Prisayan Formations from the Jurassic Irkutsk Coal-Bearing Basin: Evidence for Provenance and Climate Change in Pliensbachian-Toarcian.Minerals, 11(4), 357.
Mir A.R.,2015. Rare earth element geochemistry of Post- to Neo-Archean shales from Singhbhum mobile belt, Eastern India: Implications for tectonic setting and paleo-oxidation conditions.Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 34, 401-409.
Mukhopadhyay G., Mukhopadhyay S.K., Roychowdhury M., Parui P.K., 2010. Stratigraphic correlation between different Gondwana basins of India.Journal Geological Society of India, 76, 251-266.
Murthy S., Rajanikanth A., 2017. Palynology and palaeoenvironment of Late Permian Sawang OCM, East Bokaro Coalfield, Damodar Basin, India.Journal of Palaeosciences, 66(1-2), 61-70.
Nagarajan R., Madhavaraju J., Nagendra R., Armstrong-Altrin J.S., Moutte J., 2007. Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic shales of the Rabanpalli Formation, Bhima Basin, Northern Karnataka, southern India: Implications for provenance and paleoredox conditions.Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 24(2), 150-160.
Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites.Nature, 299(5885), 715-717.
Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M., 1984. Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 48(7), 1523-1534.
Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M., Mclennan S.M., Keays R.R., 1996. Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies.Journal of Geology, 104, 525-542.
Nyhuis C.J., Riley D., Kalasinska A., 2016. Thin section petrography and chemostratigraphy: Integrated evaluation of an Upper Mississippian mudstone dominated succession from the southern Netherlands.Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 95(1), 3-22.
Pandey S., Parcha S.K., 2017. Provenance, tectonic setting and source-area weathering of the Lower Cambrian sediments of the Parahio Valley in the Spiti Basin, India.Journal of Earth System Science, 126, 1-16.
Pathak A., Bhattacharya B., Banerjee M., Bhattacharya A.,2024. Sequence stratigraphic reappraisal of the nature of transition between two lithostratigraphic units (formations)  A study from the Permian Lower Gondwana succession, West Bokaro Basin, Eastern India. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 162, 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.106749.
Pettijohn F.J., Potter P.E., Siever R., 1972. Sand and Sandstone. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp. 1-618.
Phaye D.K., Bhattacharya B., 2023. Organofacies and source evaluation of Cambay Shale Formation to assess unconventional hydrocarbon potential in Jambusar-Broach area, Cambay Basin, India.Journal of Earth System Science, 132, 155.
Potter P.E.,1978. Petrology and chemistry of modern big river sands.The Journal of Geology, 86(4), 423-449.
Quasim M.A., Khan I., Ahmad A.H.M., 2017. Integrated petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical study of the Upper Kaimur Group of rocks, Son Valley, India: Implications for provenance, source area weathering and tectonic setting.Journal of the Geological Society of India, 90, 467-484.
Raja Rao, C.S., 1987. Coalfields of India.Bulletin Series, Geological Survey of India, 45A, 1-335.
Rashid S.A., Ganai J.A., 2018. Depositional environments, provenance and paleoclimatic implications of Ordovician siliciclastic rocks of the Thango Formation, Spiti Valley, Tethys Himalaya, northern India.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 157, 371-386.
Ratcliffe K.T., Morton A.C., Ritcey D.H., Evenchick C.A., 2007. Whole-rock geochemistry and heavy mineral analysis as petroleum exploration tools in the Bowser and Sustut basins, British Columbia, Canada.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 55(4), 320-336.
Resmi M.R., Achyuthan H., Babeesh C., 2021. Holocene evolution of the Palar River, Southern India: Tracking history of migration, provenance, weathering and tectonics.Quaternary International, 575, 358-374.
Rimmer S.M.,2004. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian-Mississippian black shales, central Appalachian Basin (USA).Chemical Geology, 206(3-4), 373-391.
Roser B.P., Korsch R.J., 1986. Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone-mudstone suites using SiO₂ content and K₂O/Na₂O ratio.The Journal of Geology, 94(5), 635-650.
Ross D.J., Bustin R.M., 2009. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas storage potential of shale gas reservoirs.Marine and petroleum Geology, 26(6), 916-927.
Roy P., Balaram V., Kumar A., Satyanarayanan M., Gnaneshwar Rao T., 2007. New REE and trace element data on two kimberlitic reference materials by ICP-MS.Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 31(3), 261-273.
Saha A., Bhattacharya B.,2022. Controls on near-surface and burial diagenesis of a syn-rift siliciclastic rock succession: A study from Permian Barren Measures Formation, Southern India. Sedimentary Geology, 436, 106170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2022.106170.
Saha A., Bhattacharya B., 2023. Controls of allogenic factors on the development of fluvial sequence stratigraphic architecture: A case study. Journal of Earth System Science, 132(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-02038-1.
Saha A., Chakrabarty S., Bhattacharya B., 2022. Evidence of the Permian marginal marine sedimentation recorded in sub-surface drill cores, Lower Gondwana successions, southern India. Journal of Earth System Science, 131(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01866-5.
Saini N.K., Mukherjee P.K., Rathi M.S., Khanna P.P., Purohit K.K., 1998. A new geochemical reference sample of granite (DG-H) from Dalhousie, Himachal Himalaya.Journal Geological Society of India, 52(5), 603-606.
Schieber J.,1992. A combined petrographical-geochemical provenance study of the Newland Formation, Mid-Proterozoic of Montana.Geological Magazine, 129(2), 223-237.
Schieber J.,1999. Distribution and deposition of mudstone facies in the Upper Devonian Sonyea Group of New York.Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 909-925.
Sen D.P.,1967. Turbidite structure from Barakar rocks of Ramgarh coalfield, India.Sedimentary Petrology, 37, 699-706.
Singh B.P.,2013. Evolution of the Paleogene succession of the western Himalayan foreland basin.Geoscience Frontiers, 4(2), 199-212.
Somasekhar V., Ramanaiah S., Sarma D.S., 2018. Geochemical characterization of the siliciclastic rocks of Chitravati Group, Cuddapah Supergroup: Implications for provenance and depositional environment.Journal of Earth System Science, 127, 1-27.
Srivastava A.K., Tewari R., 2001. Lower Gondwana plant fossils from Barren Measures of Jharia coalfield, Bihar India. In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Recent Advances in Geology of Coal and Lignite Basins of India. Geological Survey of India Special Publication, 54, 127-134.
Stankevica K., Vincevica-Gaile Z., Klavins M., Kalnina L., Stivrins N., Grudzinska I., Kaup E., 2020. Accumulation of metals and changes in composition of freshwater lake organic sediments during the Holocene.Chemical Geology, 539, 119502.
Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1-312.
Tewari A., Dutta S., Sarkar T., 2016. Organic geochemical characterization and shale gas potential of the Permian Barren Measures Formation, West Bokaro Subbasin, Eastern India.Journal of Petroleum Geology, 39(1), 49-60.
Tewari R.C.,1998. Channel sandstone bodies in fluvial Permian-Triassic Gondwana succession of Peninsular India.Journal Geological Society of India, 51, 747-754.
Tiwari B., Ghosh S., Kumar S., Varma A.K., 2023. Trace and rare earth elements in the Permian shales: geochemical paradigms. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16, 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11361-w.
Tobia F., Shangola S., 2016. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and depositional environment of the Beduh shale (lower Triassic), Northern Thrust Zone, Iraq.Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 25(4), 367-391.
Trabucho-Alexandre J., Dirkx R., Veld H., Klaver G., de Boer P.L., 2012. Toarcian black shales in the Dutch Central Graben: Record of energetic, variable depositional conditions during an oceanic anoxic event. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 82, 104-120.
Tribovillard N., Algeo T.J., Lyons T., Riboulleau A., 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update.Chemical Geology, 232(1-2), 12-32.
Vaidyanadhan R., Ramakrishnan M., 2010. Geology of India, Vol.2. Geological Society of India, Bangalore, 557-997.
Varma A.K., Hazra B., Samad S.K., Panda S., Mendhe V.A., 2014. Methane sorption dynamics and hydrocarbon generation of shale samples from West Bokaro and Raniganj basins, India.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 21, 1138-1147.
Verma S.P.,Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., 2013. New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments and their application to Precambrian basins. Chemical Geology, 355, 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.07.014.
Welton J.E.,1984. SEM Petrology Atlas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 9-20, pp. 35-84.
Xiong X.H., Xiao J.F., 2011. Geochemical tracing of sedimentary environments.Earth and Environment, 39, 405-414.
Yang J.H., Jiang S.Y., Ling H.F., Feng H.Z., Chen Y.Q., Chen J.H., 2004. Paleoceangraphic significance of redox-sensitive metals of black shales in the basal Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou Province, South China.Progress in Natural Science, Special Report, 14(2), 152-157.
Zhou C., Mao L., Tan Z., Zhou L., Liu L., 2021. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments from the Lubei Plain, China: Constraints for paleoclimate, paleosalinity, and paleoredox environment. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, X, 6, 100071.