A new early Visean coral assemblage from Azrou-Khenifra Basin, central Morocco and palaeobiogeographic implications

Abstract
References(120)
Related Articles(0)

Download: PDF (10329 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS) Supporting Info

Abstract A new early Visean coral assemblage has been recorded from turbidite facies in the southern part of the Azrou-Khenifra Basin, northwest of Khenifra, central Morocco. The newly discovered Ba Moussa West (BMW) coral fauna includes Siphonophyllia khenifrense sp. nov., Sychnoelasma urbanowitschi, Cravenia lamellata, Cravenia tela, Cravenia rhytoides, Turnacipora megastoma and Pleurosiphonella crustosa. The early Visean age of the coral assemblage is supported by foraminiferal and conodont data, with the recognition of the basal Visean MFZ9 Zone. This confirms that the first transgression in the Azrou-Khenifra Basin was during the earliest Visean. The allochthonous coral assemblage was recovered from coarse-grained proximal limestone debris flow and turbidite beds within a fault-bounded unit, lying to the west of a thrust syncline containing upper Visean limestones. No evidence exists of the former early Visean shallow-water platform from which the corals were derived. All other in situ platform carbonate rocks around the southern margin of the Azrou-Khenifra Basin are probably of late Visean (Asbian-Brigantian) age. The early Visean Ba Moussa West coral fauna can be compared with that at Tafilalt in eastern Morocco, as well as in other Saharian basins of Algeria. Many of the genera and species in the Ba Moussa West assemblage are identical to those in NW Europe, with which it must have had marine connections. The new rugose species described, Siphonophyllia khenifrense, is probably endemic to North Africa. Its ecological niche in NW Europe was occupied by S. cylindrica or S. aff. garwoodi.

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors

Key words: Mississippian Visean Corals Foraminifers Conodonts Palaeobiogeography Morocco

Corresponding Authors: ^* sergrodr@ucm.es

Cite this article:

. A new early Visean coral assemblage from Azrou-Khenifra Basin, central Morocco and palaeobiogeographic implications[J]. , 2020, 9(1): 1-20.

. A new early Visean coral assemblage from Azrou-Khenifra Basin, central Morocco and palaeobiogeographic implications[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2020, 9(1): 1-20.

URL:

http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/10.1186/s42501-019-0051-5 OR http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/Y2020/V9/I1/1


[1]	Aretz M.2010. Rugose corals from the upper Visean (Carboniferous) of the Jerada Massif (NE Morocco): taxonomy, biostratigraphy, facies and palaeobiogeography.Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 84(3): 323-344.

[2]	Aretz M.2011. Corals from the Carboniferous of the central Sahara (Algeria): the collection “Marie Legrand-Blain”.Geodiversitas 33(4): 581-624.

[3]	Aretz M.,H.G. Herbig.2010. Corals from the Visean of the central and southern part of Azrou-Khénifra Basin (Carboniferous, Central Moroccan Meseta) X Coral Symposium St Petersburg.Palaeoworld 19(3-4): 295-304.

[4]	Aretz M.,J. Denayer, and B. Mottequin.2013. Preliminary data on Visean (Carboniferous) corals and brachiopods from the strata between Djebel Begaa and the Gara el Itima (Eastern Tafilalt, Morocco). International Field Symposium “The Devonian and Lower Carboniferous of Northern Gondwana”, pp. 87-94.

[5]	Bamber E.W.,W.J. Sando.1985. Coral zonation of the Mississippian System in the Western Interior Province of North America.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1334, 1-61.

[6]	Beauchamp J.,A. Izart.1987. Early Carboniferous basins of the Atlas-Meseta domain (Morocco): sedimentary model and geodynamic evolution.Geology 15(9): 797-800.

[7]	Belka Z.1985. Lower Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy in the northeastern part of the Moravia-Silesia Basin.Acta Geologica Polonica 35(1-2): 3-60.

[8]	Belka Z.,E. Groessens.1986. Conodont succession across the Tournaisian-Visean Boundary Beds at Salet, Belgium.Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie 95(4): 257-280.

[9]	Bischoff G.1958. Die Conodonten-Stratigraphie des rheno-herzynischen Unterkarbons mit Berucksichtigung der Wocklumeria-Stufe und der Devon/Karbon-Grenze.Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesantes für Bodenforschung 19: 1-64.

[10]	Boland K.1997. Caninoid Rugose Corals of the Lower Tournaisian (Hastarian) of Belgium: systematics and evolution.Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Sección Geológica 91(1-4): 73-84.

[11]	Bouabdelli M.1989. Tectonique et sedimentation dans un bassin orogenique: le sillon viséen d’Azrou-Khenifra (Est du Massif hercynien central du Maroc). Thése Doctorat ès Sciences, 269 pp. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.

[12]	Branson E.B.,M.G. Mehl.1934. Conodonts from the Bushberg Sandstone and equivalent formations of Missouri.Columbia, University of Missouri Studies 8(4): 265-299.

[13]	Branson E.B.,M.G. Mehl.1938. Conodonts from the Lower Mississippian of Missouri, in E.B. Branson, M.G. Mehl, A.K. Miller, R. Peck, I.A. Keyte, and W.M. Furnish (Eds.),Stratigraphy and paleontology of the lower Missisippian of Missouri, Part 2: Columbia, University of Missouri Studies 13(4): 28-148.

[14]	Chanton-Güvenç N.,P. Huvelin, and P. Semenoff-Tian-Chansky.1971. Les deux series d’âge viséen supérieur du Jbel Hadid près de Khénifra (Maroc hercynien central).Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc 31: 7-10.

[15]	Conil R.,E. Groessens,M. Laloux,E. Poty, and F. Tourneur.1990. Carboniferous guide foraminifera, corals and conodonts in the Franco-Belgian and Campine basin and their potential for widespread correlation.Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 130: 15-30.

[16]	De Fromentel, E.1861. Introduction à l’étude des éponges fossiles. Société Linnéene de Normandie, Mémoires 11, 150 pp.

[17]	Degtiarev D.D.1972. Osnovnye etapy istoricheskogo razviti£a kamennougol'nykh korallov na Urale. Fauna i biostratigrafiya srednego i verkhnego paleozoia Urala.Sverdlovsk Gornyï Instituta Trudy 93: 79-92.

[18]	Denayer J.2015. Rugose corals at the Tournaisian-Visean transition in the Central Taurides (S Turkey) - Palaeobiogeography and palaeoceanography of the Gondwana margin.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 98: 371-398.

[19]	Denayer J.,E. Poty, and M. Aretz. 2011. Uppermost Devonian and Dinantian rugose corals from Southern Belgium and surrounding areas. In: M. Aretz, and E. Poty (Eds.), Field Guides 11th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera, Liège 2011. Kolner Forum von Geologie und Paleontologie 20: 151-201.

[20]	Devuyst F.-X.,J. Kalvoda.2007. Early evolution of the genusEoparastaffella(Foraminifera) in Eurasia: the “interecta group” and related forms, late Tournaisian to early Visean (Mississippian). Journal of Foraminiferal Research 37: 69-89.

[21]	Devuyst F.-X.,L. Hance,H.F. Hou,X.H. Wu,S.G. Tian,M. Coen, and G. Sevastopulo.2003. A proposed Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Visean Stage (Carboniferous): the Pengchong section, Guangxi, South China.Episodes 26: 105-115.

[22]	Dixon O.A.1970. Variation in the Visean coralCaninia benburbensis from north-west Ireland. Palaeontology 13(1): 52-63.

[23]	Dobrolyubova T.A.,N.B. Kabakovich, and T.A. Sayutina.1966. Lower Carboniferous Corals of the Kuznets Basin.Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 111: 1-276.

[24]	Dybowski W.N.1873. Monographie der Zoantheria, Sclerodermata Rugosa aus der Silurformation Estlands, Nord-Livlands und der Insel Gotland. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Est- und Kurlands Serie 1, 5: 257-414.

[25]	Ehrenberg C.G.,1834. Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben.Abhandlungen der Könichlicher Akademie der Wissenschaften 1932: 225-380.

[26]	Falces S.,S. Rodríguez.2002. Occurrence of reworked specimens of the rugose coral genusSychnoelasma in the Guadiato valley (Serpukhovian, SW Spain). Coral Research Bulletin 7: 47-52.

[27]	Fedorowski J.1981. Carboniferous corals: distribution and sequence.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 26(2): 87-160.

[28]	Fontaine H.1980. Sychnoelasma urbanowitschi Stuckenberg, espece corallienne du Carbonifère de Normandie, de la Sarthe et du Morvan. Bulletin de la Societé d'Histoire Naturelle et des Amis du Muséum d'Autun 95: 19-26.

[29]	Frey H.,G.G.F.R. Leuckart.1847. Beiträge zur Kenntniss wirbelloser Thiere mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fauna des Norddeutschen Meeres, 170 pp.

[30]	Garwood E.J.1916. The faunal succession in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmoreland and North Lancashire.Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 27: 1-43.

[31]	Gigout M.1951. Etudes géologiques sur la Meseta marocaine occidentale.Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc 86: 1-506.

[32]	Groessens E.1975. Preliminary range chart of conodont biozonation in the Belgian Dinantian. In: Bouckaert, J., and Streel, M. (eds.) International Symposium on Belgian Micropaleontological Limits from Emsian to Visean, Namur. Geological Survey of Belgium, 17: 1-193, Brussels (imprinted 1974).

[33]	Hill D.1938. A Monograph on the Carboniferous Rugose Corals of Scotland. Palaeontological Society of London Monograph, Pt. 1 (1-78), Pt. 2 (79-114), Pt. 3 (115-204).

[34]	Hill D.1981. Rugosa and Tabulata In: Teichert, C. (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part F (Supplement 1) Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas (2 vols) 762 pp.

[35]	Hoepffner, Ch., A. Soulaimani,A. Piqué.2005. The Moroccan Hercynides.Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 144-165.

[36]	Howell E.J.1938. Rugose corals from Mid-Avonian Limestones of West Glamorgan.Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11(1): 1-22.

[37]	Hubbard J.A.1970. Sedimentological factors affecting to growth of Visean caninoid corals in Northwest Ireland.Palaeontology 13(2): 191-209.

[38]	Hudson R.G.1928. On the Lower Carboniferous coralsCravenia rhytoides and Cravenia tela, gen. et spp. nov. Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Scientific section 1: 252-257.

[39]	Huvelin P.1969. Mouvements hercyniens precoces et structure du Jebel Hadid près de Khenifra (Maroc).Comptes Rendus Académie Science, Paris, Serie D 269: 2305-2308.

[40]	Huvelin P.,B. Mamet.1997. Transgressions, faulting and redeposition phenomenon during the Visean in the Khenifra area, western Moroccan Meseta.Journal of African Earth Sciences 25(3): 393-399.

[41]	Izart A.,E. Poty, and J.L. Vieslet.1989. Le Viséen de la boutonière de Skoura (Haut Atlas, Maroc).Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc 335: 67-75.

[42]	Jia H.,S. Xu.1977. Rugosa and Tabulata.Paleontological Atlas of Central South China 2: 109-272 (in Chinese).

[43]	Lafuste J.1983. Passage des microlamelles aux fibres dans la muraille d’un Tabulé “Michelinomorphe” du Viséen du Sahara Algérien.Geobios 16(6): 755-758.

[44]	Lafuste J.G.,Y. Plusquellec.1985. Structure et microstructure de quelques Micheliniidae et Michelinimorphes (Tabulata paléozoïques).Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C. Sciences de la Terre, Paléontologie, Géologie, Minéralogie 7: 13-63.

[45]	Lang W.D.,S. Smith, and H.D. Thomas.1940. Index of Palaeozoic Coral Genera. London: British Museum (Natural History), 231 pp.

[46]	Lecointre G.1926. Recherches géologiques dans la Meseta marocaine.Mémoires du Sociéte des Sciences naturelles du Maroc 14: 1-158.

[47]	Leleshus V.L.1991. Ein letzter Vertreter der Thecostegidae (Tabulata) aus dem Mittelkarbon von Darwas (Tadzhikische SSR).Paläontologiches Zeitschrift 65: 71-75.

[48]	Lewis H.P.1927. Caninia cylindrica Scouler and other large Caninia from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Society of Dublin 18(30): 373-382.

[49]	Mamet B.L.1974. Une zonation par foraminiferes du Carbonifere inferieur de la Tethys occidentale. In: Comptes Rendus du 7me Congres International de Stratigraphie et de Geologie du Carbonifere, Krefeld 1971, 3: 391-408.

[50]	Matley C.A.,A. Vaughan.1906. The Carboniferous rocks at Rush (County Dublin). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 62: 275-323.

[51]	McCoy, F. 1844. A synopsis of the characters of the Carboniferous Limestone fossils of Ireland, University Press, Dublin: 1-207.

[52]	Michard A.,A. Soulaimani,C. Hoepffner,H. Ouanaimi,L. Baidder,E.C. Rjimati, and O. Saddiqi.2010. The south-western branch of the Variscan Belt: Evidence from Morocco.Tectonophysics 492: 1-24.

[53]	Michelin H.1843. Iconographie zoophytologique, description par localites et terrains des polypiers fossiles de France et pays environnants. Paris, 348 pp.

[54]	Milne-Edwards, H,J. Haime.1850-1855. A Monograph of the British fossil corals. 1850 (p. 1-71), 1852 (p. 147-210), 1853 (p. 211-244), 1855 (p. 245-299). Palaeontographical Society, London.

[55]	Mitchell M.1973. The base of the Visean in south-west and north-west England.Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 39: 151-160

[56]	Mitchell M.1989. Biostratigraphy of Visean (Dinantian) Rugose coral faunas of Britain Isles.Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 47(3): 233-247.

[57]	Mitchell M.,I.D. Somerville.1988. A new species ofSychnoelasma(Rugosa) from the Dinantian of the British Isles: its phylogeny and biostratigraphical significance. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 47(2): 155-162.

[58]	Ogar V.2006. Corals at the Tournaisian-Visean boundary, the Middle Tien-Shan. In: P.F. Gozhik (ed.) Paleontological and biostratigraphic problems of the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic of Ukraine, Institute Heolohičnych Nauk, p. 58-65.

[59]	Ogar V.,M. Falahatgar, and M. Mosaddegh.2013. Visean corals of the Kiyasar area (North of Iran).Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 16(3): 375-396.

[60]	Phillips J.1836. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, Part 2: The Mountain Limestone District. John Murray, London: 1-253.

[61]	Poty E.1981. Recherches sur les Tétracoralliaires et les Hétérocoralliaires du Viséen de la Belgique. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 35-1: 1-161.

[62]	Poty E.1983. Distribution stratigraphique des tetracoralliaires et heterocoralliaires dans Le Viseen de la Belgique.Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 106: 57-68.

[63]	Poty E.1985. A rugose coral biozonation from the Dinantian of Belgium as a basis for a coral biozonation of the dinantian of Eurasia. Compte Rendu X International Carboniferous Congress, IGME, Madrid, 1: 29-31.

[64]	Poty E.1989. Distribution and palaeogeographic affinities of Belgian Tournaisian rugose corals.Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 8: 267-273.

[65]	Poty, E. and K. Boland.1996. Revision des tetracoralliaires caninomorphes de l'Hastarien (Tournaisien) belge.Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 117(1): 201-225.

[66]	Poty E.,D. Hannay.1994. Stratigraphy of rugose corals in the Dinantian of the Boulonnais (France).Mémoires de l'Institut géologique de l'Université de Louvain 35: 51-82.

[67]	Poty E.,F.-X. Devuyst, and L. Hance.2006. Upper Devonian and Mississippian foraminiferal and rugose coral zonations of Belgium and northern France: a tool for Eurasian correlations.Geological Magazine 143: 829-857.

[68]	Rhodes F.H.T.,R.L. Austin, and E.C. Druce.1969. British Avonian (Carboniferous) conodont faunas, and their value in local and intercontinental correlation.Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Supplement 5: 1-313.

[69]	Rodríguez, S.,I.D. Somerville. 2007. Comparisons of rugose corals from the Upper Visean of SW Spain and Ireland: implications for improved resolutions in late Mississippian coral biostratigraphy. In: B. Hubmann, and W.E. Piller (Eds.) Fossil Corals and Sponges. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera, Graz, 2003. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen, 17: 275-305.

[70]	Rodríguez S.1984. Corales rugosos del Este de Asturias. Ed. Complutense 109/84: 1-529.

[71]	Rodríguez S.,I.D. Somerville,I. Said, and P. Cózar.2012. Late Visean coral fringing reef at Tiouinine (Morocco): implications for the role of rugose corals as building organisms in the Mississippian.Geological Journal 47: 462-476.

[72]	Rodríguez S.,I.D. Somerville,I. Said, and P. Cózar.2013. An upper Visean (Asbian-Brigantian) and Serpukhovian coral succession at Djebel Ouarkziz (Northern Tindouf Basin, Southern Morocco).Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 119(1): 3-17.

[73]	Rodríguez S.,I. Said,I.D. Somerville,P. Cozar, and I. Coronado.2016a. Serpukhovian coral assemblages from Idmarrach and Tirhela Formations (Adarouch, Morocco).Geologica Belgica 19(1-2): 29-42.

[74]	Rodríguez S.,I.D. Somerville,P. Cozar,I. Coronado, and I. Said.2016b. Inventory and analysis of the distribution of Visean corals from the Guadiato Area, SW Spain.Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 31(1): 181-220.

[75]	Said I.2005. Estudio de los corales rugosos con disepimentos del Mississippiense del NE de la Meseta marroquí (sectores de Adarouch y Agouaraï). Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: 1-240.

[76]	Said I.,M. Berkhli, and S. Rodríguez. 2007. Preliminary data on the coral distribution in the Upper Visean (Mississippian) succession from Adarouch area (NE Central Morocco). In: B. Hubmann, and W. Piller (Eds.) Fossil Corals and Sponges. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera. Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommission 17: 353-364.

[77]	Said I.,I.D. Somerville,S. Rodríguez, and P. Cózar.2013. Mississippian coral assemblages from the Khenifra area, Central Morocco: biostratigraphy, biofacies, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography.Gondwana Research 23: 367-379.

[78]	Salée A.1913. Formes nouvelles du genre “Caninia”. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie 26: 41-49.

[79]	Sando W.J.,E.W. Bamber.1985. Coral zonation of the Mississippian system in the Western Interior Province of North America.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1334: 1-61.

[80]	Sando W.J.1990. Global Mississippian coral zonation.Courier Forschung Institut Senckenberg 130: 173-187.

[81]	Sayutina T.A.1976. On the genusSychnoelasma in the Lower Carboniferous deposits of the northern Urals [rode Sychnoelasma iz Niznekamennougolnij otlozhenii severnogo Urala]. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalist. Geological Series 51(1): 111-123 (in Russian).

[82]	Schindewolf O.H.1938. Zur Kenntniss der GattungZaphrentis(Anthozoa, Tetrakorallia) und er sogennanten Zaphrentiden des Karbons. Jahrbuch der Preussische geologische Landesanstalt 58: 439-454.

[83]	Schouppé A.V.,P. Stacul.1955. Die Genera Verbeekiellia Penecke, Timorphyllum Gerth, Wannerophyllum n.gen., Lophophyllidium Grabau us dem Perm von Timor. Palaeontographica Suppl. 4, pt. 5, no. 3, 95-196.

[84]	Semenoff-Tian-Chansky P.1974. Recherches sur les Tétracoralliaires du Carbonifére du sahara Occidental.Editions du Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Ser. 6, Science de la Terre 30: 1-316.

[85]	Semenoff-Tian-Chansky, P. 1985. Corals. In: R.H. Wagner, C.F. Winkler-Prins, and L.F. Granados (Eds.), The Carboniferous of the World, II, Australia, Indian subcontinent, South Africa, South America and North Africa, 20: 374-381. IUGS Publication.

[86]	Sibly T.F.1906. On the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of the Mendip Area (Somerset), with special reference to the palaeontological sequence.Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 62: 324-380.

[87]	Smyth L.B.1925. A contribution to the geology of Great Ome's Head.Science Proceedings of the Royal Society of Dublin 18: 141-164.

[88]	Sokolov B.S.1947. Novye Tabukata ordovika Grenlandii (New Ordovician Tabulata from Greenland). AkademiyaNauk SSSR Doklady, 58(3): 469-472. (in Russian).

[89]	Somerville I.D.1994. Early Carboniferous rugose coral assemblages from the Dublin Basin, Ireland: possible bathymetric and palaeoecologic indicators.Courier Forschung Institut Senckenberg 172: 223-229.

[90]	Somerville I.D.1997. Rugose coral faunas from Upper Visean (Asbian-Brigantian) buildups and adjacent platform limestones, Kingscourt, Ireland.Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Sección Geológica 92(1-4): 35-47.

[91]	Somerville I.D.2008. Biostratigraphic zonation and correlation of Mississippian rocks in Western Europe: some case studies in the late Visean/Serpukhovian.Geological Journal 43: 209-240.

[92]	Somerville I.D.,M. Mitchell, and A.R.E. Strank.1986. An Arundian fauna from the Dyserth area, North Wales and its correlation within the British Isles.Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 46(1): 57-75.

[93]	Somerville I.D.,S. Rodríguez I. Said, and P. Cózar.2012. Mississippian coral assemblages from Tabainout mud-mound complex, Khenifra area, Central Morocco.Geologica Belgica 15(4): 308-316.

[94]	Somerville I.D.,P. Cózar,I. Said,D. Vachard,P. Medina-Varea, and S. Rodríguez.2013. Palaeobiogeographic constraints on the distribution of foraminifers and rugose corals in the Carboniferous Tindouf Basin, S. Morocco.Journal of Palaeogeography 2: 1-18.

[95]	Somerville I.D.,S. Rodríguez, and I. Said.2016. Carboniferous aulate corals from Azrou-Khenifra Basin (Morocco): distribution and phylogenetic relationships Geobios 49(4): 303-317.

[96]	Stuckenberg A.A.1895. Koralli i mshanki kamennougolnij otlodzhenii Urala i Timana.Trudy Geologicheski Komite 3: 3-178 (in Russian).

[97]	Tyson R.V.1993. Palynofacies analysis. In Applied Micropalaeontology, ed. D.J. Jenkins. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 153-191.

[98]	Tyson R.V.1995. Sedimentary Organic Matter: Organic Facies and Palynofacies. London: Chapman and Hall.

[99]	Tchudinova I.I.1970. New Tabulata from the Paleozoic of Transcaucasia: In New species of Paleozoic bryozoans and corals. Nauka, pp. 97-111 Moscow. (in Russian).

	[100] Tchudinova I.I.1986. Sostav sistema i filogeniya iskopaemij korallov. Otriad siringoporida.Trudy Paleontologicheski Institut 216: 1-204.

	[101] Termier H.1936. Études géologiques sur le Maroc central et le Moyen-Atlas meridional; t. 1: Les terrains primaires et le Permo-Trias., Notes et Mémoires du Service de Mines Carte géologique Maroc 33: 1-743.

	[102] Termier G.,H. Termier.1950. Paleontologie marocaine II. Invertebres de l'Ere Primaire. Foraminiferes, spongoaires et coelenteres.Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc 73: 1-220.

	[103] Thompson T.L.,L.D. Fellows.1970. Stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy of Kinderhookian and Osagean (Lower Mississippian) rocks of Southwestern Missouri and adjacent areas.Rolla: Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources, Report of Investigations 45: 1-263.

	[104] Tourneur F.,R. Conil, and E. Poty.1989. Donnees preliminaires sur les tabules et les chaetetides du Dinantien de la Belgique.Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie 98: 401-442.

	[105] Varker, W.J.,G.D. Sevastopulo. 1985. The Carboniferous System: Part 1 - Conodonts of the Dinantian Subsystem from Great Britain and Ireland. In: A.C. Higgins, and R.L. Austin (Eds.) A stratigraphical index of conodonts. The British Micropalaeontological Society, 167-209.

	[106] Vassiljuk N.P.1960. Lower Carboniferous corals of the Donets Basin,Trudy Acadamie Science Ukraine, SSR, Stratigraphy, Paleontology 13: 1-181 (In Russian).

	[107] Vaughan A.1905. The paleontological sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol area.Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 61: 181-307.

	[108] Verrill A.E.1865. Classification of polyps (Extract condensed from a synopsis of the polypi of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S.N.)Essex Institute Proceedings 4: 145-149.

	[109] Von Bitter, P.H., C.A. Sandberg,M.J. Orchard.1986. Phylogeny, speciation, and palaeoecology of the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) conodont genusMestognathus. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sciences Contributions 143: 1-115.

	[110] Vuillemin C.1990. Les Tétracoralliaires (rugosa) du Carbonifère Inférieur du Massif Armoricain (France). Cahiers de Paléontologie, Éditions du CNRS, Paris: 1-171.

	[111] Waagen W.H.,J. Wentzel.1886. Salt Range fossils, v. 1,Productus Limestone fossils; 6, Coelenterata. Paleontologica Indica, Series 13: 835-924.

	[112] Wang H.C.1950. A revision of the Zoantheria Rugosa in the light of their minute skeletal structures.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Section B 234: 175-246.

	[113] Wang X.D.,S.Z. Shen,T. Sugiyama, and R.R. West.2003. Late Palaeozoic corals of Tibet (Xizang) and West Yunnan, Southwest China: successions and palaeobiogeography.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 191: 385-397.

	[114] Webb G.E.2002. Latest Devonian and Early Carboniferous reefs: Depressed reef building after the Middle Paleozoic collapse. In: W. Kiessling, E. Flügel, and J. Golonka (Eds.) Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, 72. Oklahoma.

	[115] Wedekind R.1937. Einfuhrung in die Grundlagen der historischen Geologie, H. Band Mikrobiostratigraphie. Die Korallen und Foraminferenzeit. 1-136. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart.

	[116] Weyer D.1993. Korallen aus dem Obertournai und Untervise der Inseln Hiddensee und Rugen.Abhandlungen und Berichte fur Naturkunde 16: 31-69.

	[117] Weyer D.2000. Korallen im Unterkarbon Deutschlands.Abhandlungen und Berichte fur Naturkunde 23: 57-91.

	[118] Wilmore A.1910. On the Carboniferous limestone south of the Craven Fault (Grassington-Hellfield District).Quarterly Journal Geological Society London 66: 539-585

	[119] Wood G.D.,A.M. Gabriel, and J.C. Lawson. 1996. Palynological techniques - Processing and Microscopy. Chapter 3. In: J. Jansonius, and D.C. McGregor (Eds.) Palynology: principles and applications 1, 29-50. Dallas: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation.

	[120] Ziegler W.1960. Die Conodonten aus den Gerollen des Zechsteinconglomerate von Rossensay (sudwestlich Rheinberg/Niederrhein).Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland and Westfalen 6: 1-15.