1School of Geosciences, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, Heilongjiang Province, China; 2Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Mineral, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong Province, China; 3Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; 4School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, Shandong Province, China; 5Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
Abstract An earthquake of magnitude M5.7 occurred in Yamutu village, Songyuan City, Jilin Province, NE China (45°16'12"N/124°42'35"E) on May 28, 2018, with a focal depth of 13 km. The epicenter is located at the intersection of the Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault, Second Songhua River Fault and Fuyu North Fault which lies northwest of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (Tan-Lu Fault). The earthquake-induced widespread liquefaction structures and ground surface fissures within 3 km from the epicenter, caused serious disasters to the local surroundings. The visible liquefied structures include sand volcanoes, liquefied sand mounds, sand dikes and sand sills. Sand volcanoes can be divided into sand volcano with a crater, sand volcano without a crater and water volcano (no sand). Other soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) induced by the earthquake include deformation lamination, load and flame structures, deformation folds, dish structures, convolute bedding and water-escape structures. The formation process of the sand volcanoes comprises three stages: (1) building up excess pore-fluid pressure in the liquefied layer, (2) cracking of the low-permeable overlying layer, and (3) mixture of sand-water venting out of the ground surface. During the upward movement, the liquefied sand is injected into the low-permeable layer to form sand veins, sand sills and various types of deformation structures. Vertical distribution of seismic liquefaction structure can be divided into four zones: the thoroughly liquefied zone, the lower liquefied zone with SSDS, the upper liquefied zone with SSDS, and the ground surface liquefied zone. The liquefaction occurred at a burial depth of 2-5 m, and the thickness of liquefied sand is 2 m. NE-SW (35°-215°) trending compressive stress is possibly the seismogenic trigger of the Songyuan M5.7 earthquake that caused the fault (Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault) to reactivate. The study of the Songyuan seismic liquefaction structures gives insight into the prediction of modern earthquakes and disaster-prone areas. Meanwhile it provides abundant basic material for studying earthquake-induced SSDS in both ancient and modern sediments. The research is obviously of great significance to reveal that the northern Tan-Lu Fault has entered a stage of active seismic activity since the 21st century.
. Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28, 2018 in Songyuan, Jilin Province, NE China and research implication[J]. , 2020, 9(1): 109-127.
. Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28, 2018 in Songyuan, Jilin Province, NE China and research implication[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2020, 9(1): 109-127.
Alfaro P.,J. Galindo-Zaldívar A. Jabaloy,Á.C. López-Garrido, and Sanz de Galdeano,C.2006. Estructuras sedimentarias de deformación interpretadas como sismitas en el Mioceno Superior (Turoliense) de la cuenca de Granada (Cordillera Bética).Geogaceta 40: 255-258.
[2]
Alfaro P.,L. Gibert,M. Moretti,F.J. García-Tortosa, Sanz de Galdeano,C. J. Galindo-Zaldívar, and Á.C. López-Garrido.2010. The significance of giant seismites in the Plio-Pleistocene Baza palaeo-lake (S Spain).Terra Nova 22(3): 172-179.
[3]
Alfaro P.,M. Moretti, and J.M. Soria.1997. Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by earthquakes (seismites) in Pliocene lacustrine deposits (Guadix-Baza Basin, Central Betic Cordillera).Eclogae Geologic Helvetiae 90: 531-540.
[4]
Allen J.R.L.1977. The possible mechanics of convolute lamination in graded sand beds.Journal of the Geological Society 134(1): 19-31.
[5]
Allen J.R.L.1982. Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-663.
[6]
Allen J.R.L.1986. Earthquake magnitude-frequency, epicentral distance, and soft-sediment deformation in sedimentary basins.Sedimentary Geology 46(1-2): 67-75.
[7]
Allen J.R.L.,N.L. Banks.1972. An interpretation and analysis of recumbent-folded deformed cross-bedding.Sedimentology 19(3-4): 257-283.
[8]
Alsop G.I.,S. Marco.2011. Soft-sediment deformation within seismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin.Journal of Structural Geology 33(4): 433-457.
[9]
Berra F.,F. Felletti.2011. Syndepositional tectonics recorded by soft-sediment deformation and liquefaction structures (continental Lower Permian sediments, Southern Alps, Northern Italy): Stratigraphic significance.Sedimentary Geology 235(3-4SI): 249-263.
[10]
Bhattacharya S.,M. Hyodo,K. Goda,T. Tazoh, and C.A. Taylor.2011. Liquefaction of soil in the Tokyo Bay area from the 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake.Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31(11): 1618-1628.
[11]
Bonini M.2009. Mud volcano eruptions and earthquakes in the Northern Apennines and Sicily, Italy.Tectonophysics 474(3): 723-735.
[12]
Brogi A.,E. Capezzuoli,M. Moretti,E. Olvera-García P.F. Matera,V. Garduno-Monroy, and A. Mancini.2018. Earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformation structures (seismites) in travertine deposits.Tectonophysics 745: 349-365.
[13]
Burne R.V.1970. The origin and significance of sand volcanoes in the Bude Formation (Cornwall).Sedimentology 15(3-4): 211-228.
[14]
Capaccioni B.,M. Coltorti,M. Todesco,S. Cremonini,D. Di Giuseppe,B. Faccini, and U. Tessari.2017. Sand volcano generated by a violent degassing from methane-saturated aquifers: The case study of Medolla (Modena, Italy).Engineering Geology 221: 91-103.
[15]
Chen J.,H.S. Lee.2013. Soft-sediment deformation structures in Cambrian siliciclastic and carbonate storm deposits (Shandong Province, China): Differential liquefaction and fluidization triggered by storm-wave loading.Sedimentary Geology 288: 81-94.
[16]
Chen J.T.,A.J. van Loon,Z.Z. Han, and S.K. Chough.2009. Funnel-shaped, breccia-filled clastic dykes in the Late Cambrian Chaomidian Formation (Shandong Province, China).Sedimentary Geology 221: 1-6.
[17]
Chen Z.Q.,C.Z. Wu,S.J. Zhang,Y.M. Xiao, and D. Wang.2015. Sequence analysis of strong earthquake group in the M5.8 in 2013.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction 31(3): 11-15 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]
Collinson J.D.,N. Mountney, and D.B. Thompson.2006. Sedimentary Structures (3rd Edition). Harpenden: Terra, pp. 1-292.
[19]
Du Y.S.,W.C. Yu.2017. Earthquake-caused and non-earthquake-caused soft-sediment deformations.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 19(1): 65-72 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]
Feng Z.Z.2017. A successful symposium of "Multi-origin of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites".Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 19(1): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]
Feng Z.Z.,Z.D. Bao,X.J. Zheng, and Y. Wang.2017. Researches of soft-sediment deformation structures and seismites in China: A brief review.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 19(1): 7-12 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]
Friese N.,A. Vollbrecht,B. Leiss, and O. Jacke.2011. Cambrian sedimentary dykes in the Proterozoic basement of the Västervik area (southeast Sweden): Episodic formation inferred from macro- and microfabrics.International Journal of Earth Sciences 100(4): 741-752.
[23]
Ge R.F.,Q.L. Zhang,L.S. Wang,G.A. Xie,S.Y. Xu,J. Chen, and X.Y. Wang.2010. Tectonic evolution of Songliao Basin and the prominent tectonic regime transition in eastern China.Geological Review 56(2): 180-195 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]
Gibert L.,P. Alfaro,F.J. Garcia-Tortosa, and G. Scott.2011. Superposed deformed beds produced by single earthquakes (Tecopa Basin, California): Insights into paleoseismology.Sedimentary Geology 235(3-4SI): 148-159.
[25]
Glennie, K.,A. Hurst. 2007, Fluidization and associated soft-sediment deformation in eolian sandstones: Hopeman Sandstone (Permian), Scotland, and Rotliegend, North Sea, in: A. Hurst, and J. Cartwright, eds., Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir 87: 245-252.
[26]
Greb S.F.,A.W. Archer.2007. Soft-sediment deformation produced by tides in a meizoseismic area, Turnagain Arm, Alaska.Geology 35(5): 435-438.
[27]
Grippa A.,A. Hurst,G. Palladino,D. Iacopini,I. Lecomte, and M. Huuse.2019. Seismic imaging of complex geometry: Forward modeling of sandstone intrusions.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 513: 51-63.
[28]
Guo W.J.,S.L. Chen, and J. Liu.2007. Quaternary Holocene stratigraphy in Siping-Shuangliao area in the south margin of Song-Liao Basin.Geology and Resources 16(1): 7-11 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[29]
Han J.T.,Z.Y. Guo,W.Y. Liu,H.S. Hou,G.X. Liu,S. Han,L.J. Liu, and T.Q. Wang.2018. Deep dynamic process of lithosphere thinning in Songliao Basin.Chinese Journal of Geophysics 61(6): 2265-2279 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]
Harris C.,J. Murton, and M.C.R. Davies.2000. Soft-sediment deformation during thawing of ice-rich frozen soils: Results of scaled centrifuge modelling experiments.Sedimentology 47(3): 687-700.
[31]
He W.H.,Y.Q. Zhen,Z. Chen,J. Wu,Q. Diao,H.Q. Han,Y. Bao,J. Zhou,W. Yang,P.Y. Wang,H.W. Zhang,J.F. Wu, and X.F. Sun.2011. Three-layer tectonic framework and deep oil reservoir prospecting in the Songliao Basin.Geological Survey and Research 34(3): 228-240 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[32]
Hilbert-Wolf H.L.,E.M. Roberts, and E.L. Simpson.2016. New sedimentary structures in seismites from SW Tanzania: Evaluating gas- vs. water-escape mechanisms of soft-sediment deformation.Sedimentary Geology 344: 253-262.
Kanıbir A.,R. Ulusay, and Ö. Aydan.2006. Assessment of liquefaction and lateral spreading on the shore of Lake Sapanca during the Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake.Engineering Geology 83(4): 307-331.
[35]
Kholodov V.N.2002. Mud volcanoes, their distribution regularities and genesis: Communication 1. Mud volcanic provinces and morphology of mud volcanoes.Lithology and Mineral Resources 37(3): 197-209.
[36]
Ko K.,S.W. Kim,H.J. Lee,I.G. Hwang,B.C. Kim,W.S. Kee,Y.S. Kim, and Y.S. Gihm.2017. Soft sediment deformation structures in a lacustrine sedimentary succession induced by volcano-tectonic activities: An example from the Cretaceous Beolgeumri Formation, Wido Volcanics, Korea.Sedimentary Geology 358: 197-209.
[37]
Koç-Taşgın C.,C. Diniz-Akarca.2018. Soft-sediment deformation structures related to tectonomagmatic activity: A case study from the borate-bearing lacustrine deposits of early Miocene Bigadiç Basin, NW Turkey.Sedimentary Geology 373: 32-47.
[38]
Kundu A.,A. Matin,M. Mukul, and P.G. Eriksson.2011. Sedimentary facies and soft-sediment deformation structures in the late Miocene-Pliocene Middle Siwalik subgroup, eastern Himalaya, Darjiling District, India.Journal of the Geological Society of India 78(4): 321-336.
[39]
Kuribayashi E.,F. Tatsuoka.1975. Brief review of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan.Soils and Foundations 15(4): 81-92.
[40]
Li J.,Q.C. Wang.2018. Relocation and focal mechanism of the Songyuan earthquake swarm sequence in 2013.Earthquake 38(4): 62-73 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[41]
Li Y.,J. Craven,E.S. Schweig, and S.S. Obermeier.1996. Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?Geology 24: 171-174.
[42]
Li Y.,Z.F. Shao,C. Mao,Y.P. Yang, and S.X. Liu.2013. The seismic induced soft sediment deformation structures in the Middle Jurassic of western Qaidamu Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 87(4): 979-988.
[43]
Liu J.Q.,C. Liu,J.S. Lei,W.J. Gan,Q.F. Yang, and C.X. Zhang.2017a. The moment tensors of the 2013 Qianguo MS5.8 seismic swarm.Chinese Journal of Geophysics 60(9): 3418-3431.
[44]
Liu Q.F.,J. Sheng,T. Lu,H.Y. Zhang, and X.D. Pan.2017b. Research status of Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault.Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention 19(3): 8-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[45]
Lowe D.R.1975. Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments.Sedimentology 22(2): 157-204.
[46]
Lowe D.R.1976. Subaqueous liquefied and fluidized sediment flows and their deposits.Sedimentology 23(3): 285-308.
[47]
Lowe D.R.1983. Restricted shallow-water sedimentation of Early Archean stromatolitic and evaporitic strata of the Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Block, Western Australia.Precambrian Research 19(3): 239-283.
[48]
Lowe D.R.,R.D. LoPiccolo.1974. The characteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44(2): 484-501.
[49]
Lu H.B.,Y.X. Zhang,Q.L. Zhang, and J.F. Xiao.2006. Earthquake-related tectonic deformation of soft-sediments and its constraints on basin tectonic evolution.Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 80(5): 724-732.
[50]
Lu R.J.1981. China earthquake intensity scale (1980).Seismic Engineering Dynamics: 48-50 (in Chinese).
[51]
M.X. Mei, J.H. Gao, Q.F. Meng,Z.R. Liu.2009. Microbial mat-related silty dykes of the Precambrian: An example from the Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou Formation at Jixian section in Tianjin.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 11(1): 37-50 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[52]
Mahaney W.C.,M.W. Milner,D.I. Netoff,D. Malloch,J.M. Dohm,V.R. Baker,H. Miyamoto,T.M. Hare, and G. Komatsu.2004. Ancient wet aeolian environments on Earth: Clues to presence of fossil/live microorganisms on Mars.Icarus 171(1): 39-53.
Massari F.,G. Ghibaudo,A. D'Alessandro, and E. Davaud.2001. Water-upwelling pipes and soft-sediment-deformation structures in lower Pleistocene calcarenites (Salento, southern Italy).GSA Bulletin 113(5): 545-560.
[55]
Mazumder R.,A.J. van Loon, and M. Arima.2006. Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Earth's oldest seismites.Sedimentary Geology 186: 19-26.
[56]
Mazumder R.,A.J. van Loon,V.P. Malviya,M. Arima, and Y. Ogawa.2016. Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mio-Pliocene Misaki Formation within alternating deep-sea clays and volcanic ashes (Miura Peninsula, Japan).Sedimentary Geology 344: 323-335.
[57]
Meng Y.L.,A.W. Hu,D.W. Qiao,X.N. Xie,X.M. Pan,J.W. Wang, and W.Z. Tian.2012. Regional diagenetic law and control of diagenesis over gas-bearing capacity of tight reservoirs in deep Xujiaweizi fault depression, Songliao Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica 86(2): 325-334 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[58]
Miyakawa K.,T. Tokiwa, and H. Murakami.2013. The origin of muddy sand sediments associated with mud volcanism in the Horonobe area of northern Hokkaido, Japan.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14(12): 4980-4988.
[59]
Moretti M.,A. Ronchi.2011. Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin (Northern Patagonia).Sedimentary Geology 235(3): 200-209.
[60]
Moretti M.,L. Sabato.2007. Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant’Arcangelo Basin (Southern Italy): Seismic shock vs. overloading.Sedimentary Geology 196: 31-45.
[61]
Moretti M.,J.M. Soria,P. Alfaro, and N. Walsh.2001. Asymmetrical soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by rapid sedimentation in turbiditic deposits (late Miocene, Guadix Basin, southern Spain).Facies 44(1): 283-294.
[62]
Moretti M.,P. Alfaro, and G. Owen.2016. The environmental significance of soft-sediment deformation structures: Key signatures for sedimentary and tectonic processes.Sedimentary Geology 344: 1-4.
[63]
Moretti M.,P. Alfaro,O. Caselles, and J.A. Canas.1999. Modelling seismites with a digital shaking table.Tectonophysics 304(4): 369-383.
[64]
Mount J.F.1993. Formation of fluidization pipes during liquefaction: Examples from the Uratanna Formation (Lower Cambrian), South Australia.Sedimentology 40(6): 1027-1037.
[65]
Murton J.B.,P. Worsley, and J. Gozdzik.2000. Sand veins and wedges in cold aeolian environments.Quaternary Science Reviews 19(9): 899-922.
[66]
Nichols R.J.,R.S.J. Sparks, and C.J.N. Wilson.1994. Experimental studies of the fluidization of layered sediments and the formation of fluid escape structures.Sedimentology 41(2): 233-253.
[67]
Obermeier S.F.1996. Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis — An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes.Engineering Geology 44: 1-76.
[68]
Obermeier S.F.,E.C. Pond.1999. Issues in using liquefaction features for paleoseismic analysis.Seismological Research Letters 70: 34-58.
[69]
Obermeier S.F.,S.E. Dickenson.2000. Liquefaction evidence for the strength of ground motions resulting from late Holocene Cascadia subduction earthquakes, with emphasis on the event of 1700 A.D.Seismological Society of America 90(4): 876-896.
[70]
Obermeier S.F.,P.J. Munson,C.A. Munson,J.R. Martin,A.D. Frankel,T.L. Youd, and E.C. Pond.1992. Liquefaction evidence for strong Holocene earthquake(s) in the Wabash Valley of Indiana-Illinois.Seismological Research Letters 63(3): 321-335.
[71]
Oppo D.,R. Capozzi.2016. Spatial association of mud volcano and sandstone intrusions, Boyadag anticline, western Turkmenistan.Basin Research 28(6): 827-839.
[72]
Owen G.1987. Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands.Geological Society, London, Special Publications 29: 11-24.
[73]
Owen G.1995. Soft-sediment deformation in Upper Proterozoic Torridonian sandstones (Applecross Formation) at Torridon, Northwest Scotland.Journal of Sedimentary Research 65(3a): 495-504.
[74]
Owen G.1996. Anatomy of a water-escape cusp in Upper Proterozoic Torridon Group sandstones, Scotland.Sedimentary Geology 103(1-2): 117-128.
[75]
Owen G.2003. Load structures: Gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface.Geological Society, London, Special Publications 216: 21-34.
[76]
Owen G.,M. Moretti.2008. Determining the origin of soft-sediment deformation structures: A case study from Upper Carboniferous delta deposits in south-west Wales, UK.Terra Nova 20(3): 237-245.
[77]
Owen G.,M. Moretti.2011. Identifying triggers for liquefaction-induced soft-sediment deformation in sands.Sedimentary Geology 235(3-4SI): 141-147.
[78]
Owen G.,M.G.M. Santos.2014. Soft-sediment deformation in a pre-vegetation river system: The Neoproterozoic Torridonian of NW Scotland.Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 125: 511-523.
[79]
Owen G.,M. Moretti, and P. Alfaro.2011. Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: Current understanding and future directions.Sedimentary Geology 235(3-4SI): 133-140.
[80]
Pan X.D.,R. Jia,J.H. Kang, and B.B. Liu.2018. Research on Qianguo M5.8 earthquake swarm on October 31, 2013.Recent Developments in World Seismology (4): 80-89 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[81]
Phillips E.,J. Everest, and H. Rrrves.2013. Micromorphological evidence for subglacial multiphase sedimentation and deformation during overpressurized fluid flow associated with hydrofracturing.Boreas 42: 395-427.
[82]
Pisarska-Jamroży M.,A.J. van Loon,M. Mleczak, and M. Roman.2019. Enigmatic gravity-flow deposits at Ujście (western Poland), triggered by earthquakes (as evidenced by seismites) caused by Saalian glacioisostatic crustal rebound.Geomorphology 326: 239-251.
[83]
Ravier E.,J. Buoncristiani,J. Menzies,M. Guiraud, and E. Portier.2015. Clastic injection dynamics during ice front oscillations: A case example from Sólheimajökull (Iceland).Sedimentary Geology 323: 92-109.
[84]
Rodríguez-Pascua M.A.,J.P. Calvo,G. De Vicente, and D. Gómez-Gras.2000. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the late Miocene.Sedimentary Geology 135(1): 117-135.
[85]
Rodríguez-Pascua M.A.,P.G. Silva,R. Pérez-López, J.L. Giner-Robles, F. Martín-González, and B. Del Moral.2015. Polygenetic sand volcanoes: On the features of liquefaction processes generated by a single event (2012 Emilia Romagna 5.9 Mw earthquake, Italy).Quaternary International 357: 329-335.
[86]
Ross J.A.,J. Peakall, and G.M. Keevil.2011. An integrated model of extrusive sand injectites in cohesionless sediments.Sedimentology 58(7): 1693-1715.
Satur, N.,A. Hurst. 2007. Sand-injection structures in deep-water sandstones from the Ty Formation (Paleocene), Sleipner st Field, Norwegian North Sea, in: A. Hurst, and J. Cartwright, eds., Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir 87: 113-117.
[89]
Shanmugam G.2016. The seismite problem.Journal of Palaeogeography 5(4): 318-362.
[90]
Shanmugam G.2017. Global case studies of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS): Definitions, classifications, advances, origins, and problems.Journal of Palaeogeography 6(4): 251-320.
[91]
Shao B.,J. Shen,Y.Z. Li,X.H. Yu,X.Y. Dai,J.F. Yuan, and Y. Yu.2015. Quantitative seismic risk evaluation on blind Gudian Fault in Jilin Province on petroleum geological and historical seismic data.Earthquake Research in China 31(4): 668-678 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[92]
Shao Z.F.,J.H. Zhong,L.H. Fan,Y. Li,B. Liu,Z.Q. Li,K. Luo, and S.J. Wang.2014a. Characteristics and petroleum geologic significance of seismites in the Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in south section of western sag, Liaohe depression.Acta Petrolei Sinica 35(3): 439-449 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[93]
Shao Z.F.,J.H. Zhong,Y. Li,C. Mao,S.X. Liu,L.T. Ni,Y. Tian,X.Y. Cui,Y.T. Liu,X.N. Wang,W.H. Li, and G.S. Lin.2014b. Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island, Qingdao, China.Science China Earth Sciences 57(5): 1061-1076.
[94]
Shao Z.F.,J.H. Zhong,Y. Li,L.T. Ni,S.X. Liu,L.H. Fan, and B. Chen.2014c. The sedimentary characteristics and environmental analysis of Late Mesozoic gravity flows in Lingshan Island.Geological Review 60(3): 555-566 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[95]
Shi G.R.,Y.S. Du, and Y.M. Gong.2007. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismite from the Middle Permian of the southern Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54(6): 861-874.
[96]
Su D.C.,X.F. Qiao,A.P. Sun,H.B. Li, and I.D. Somerville.2014. Large earthquake-triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Beijing, North China.Geological Journal 49(1): 69-89.
[97]
Su D.C.,Z.B. Yang,A.P. Sun, and X.F. Qiao.2019. Discovery of the Jurassic seismic liquefaction sandstone pipes in the Yungang Grottoes, Shanxi province and its tectonic significance.Acta Geologica Sinica 93(8): 1814-1830 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[98]
Takahama N.,T. Otsuka, and B. Brahmantyo.2000. A new phenomenon in ancient liquefaction — The draw-in process, its final stage.Sedimentary Geology 135: 157-165.
[99]
Tian H.,X.D. Guo,Q. Liu, and W.Q. Zhang.2011. Matsubara City of groundwater dynamics and environmental issues.Groundwater 33(6): 45-46 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[100] Tian H.S.,B.H. Zhang,S.H. Zhang, and M.Y. Lü.2014. Neogene seismites and seismic volcanic rocks in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, E China.Geologos 20(2): 125-137.
[101] Topal S.,M. Özkul.2014. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in the Kolankaya Formation, Denizli Basin (SW Turkey). The Scientific World Journal 2014 (Article ID 352654): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/352654.
[102] Tuttle M.P.2001. The use of liquefaction features in paleoseismology: Lessons learned in the New Madrid seismic zone, central United States.Journal of Seismology 5(3): 361-380.
[103] Ulvrova M.,R. Paris,P. Nomikou,K. Kelfoun,S. Leibrandt,D.R. Tappin, and F.W. McCoy.2016. Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece).Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 321: 125-139.
[104] Valente A.,A. Ślączka, and G. Cavuoto.2014. Soft-sediment deformation structures in seismically affected deep-sea Miocene turbidites (Cilento Basin, southern Italy).Geologos 20(2): 67-78.
[105] van Loon, A.J.2009. Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: An overview.Geologos 15(1): 3-55.
[106] van Loon, A.J.,P. Maulik.2011. Abraded sand volcanoes as a tool for recognizing paleo-earthquakes, with examples from the Cisuralian Talchir Formation near Angul (Orissa, eastern India).Sedimentary Geology 238(1-2): 145-155.
[107] Wang C.,M. Manga, and A. Wong.2005. Floods on Mars released from groundwater by impact.Icarus 175(2): 551-555.
[108] Wang L.,J. Li,Q.Q. Gu, and R.M. He.2015a. Accurate relocation of earthquake swarm in Songyuan, Jilin, China.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction 31(1): 30-34 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[109] Wang P.J.,R.L. Zhao,Q.A. Meng,X.J. Qu,D.F. Zhu, and Y.F. Gao.2015b. The Cretaceous Songliao Basin: Dynamic background from volcanic rift to interior sag basin.Earth Science Frontiers 22(3): 99-117 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[110] Wei M.X.,X.M. Hao,H. Lv,M.X. Zhou, and C. Yu.2016. Sand liquefaction disaster research of 2013 M 5.8 Qianguo earthquake swarm based on GIS.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction 32(3): 64-69 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[111] Wu G.1991. The study and the analysis of historical earthquake material in North-East China.Northeastern Seismological Research 7(1): 17-24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[112] Xue Y.,X.W. Zeng,G.P. Liu, and H.L. Cai.2015. Study on the 2013 Qianguo Ms5.8 earthquake swarm sequence, Jilin, China.Earthquake Research in China 31(3): 481-491 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[113] Yamaguchi A.,T. Mori,M. Kazama, and N. Yoshida.2012. Liquefaction in Tohoku district during the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake.Soils and Foundations 52(5): 811-829.
[114] Yang C.X.1985. The characteristics of sand vein and sand volcano and their importance to earthquake.Northwestern Seismological Journal 7(2): 99-103.
[115] Yang Q.F.,J.L. Wang,Z.P. Liu,Z.Y. Wu, and B. Chen.2010. Geological features and Quaternary activity of the second Songhua River fault.Earthquake Research in China 26(1): 34-45 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[116] Yi X.F.,C.M. Zhang,S.H. Li,J.Y. Du,K. Li,H.Y. Wang,X.Y. Li,F.J. Zhou, and C. Yuan.2015. Sand injectite simulation and formation mechanism analysis.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 17(5): 669-676 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[117] Zhang G.C.,H.F. Liu, and D.F. Zhu.1997. Late Mesozoic rifting and extensional structural pattern in Songliao Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology 18(1): 30-34 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[118] Zhao F.Y.2010. A study of the regularity of Quaternary geological history evolution in Songliao Plain based on geological remote sensing survey.Remote Sensing for Land and Resources 22(1): 152-158 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[119] Zhao Q.Y.2012. Effect of groundwater and cover on sand liquefaction.West China Exploration Engineering (1): 8-12 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[120] Zhong J.H.,G. Liang.2009. Situation of study and development tendency of sedimentary structure.Geological Review 55(6): 831-839 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[121] Zhong J.H.,H.Q. Wang,Y. Li,Y. Wang, and Z.F. Wen.2006. Ice-water pits upon the Yellow River delta plain.Sedimentary Geology 187(1-2): 1-10.
[122] Zhong J.H.,M.C. Cao,L.T. Ni,N.L. Sun,C. Liu,B. Hao,G.Q. Yang,G.X. Song, and Y.Z. Ge.2018. Situation of study and development tendency of sandy dykes.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition) 20(1): 119-132 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[123] Zhong J.H.,S.H. Xu,Z.K. Wang,H.Q. Wang,F. Ma,H.L. Duan,A. Abdurahman,J. Zhou,Y.T. Liu, and Y. Li.2008. Study on the Quarternary glacial-ploughed deformation beddings in Seven Springs area, western Qaidam Basin.Geological Review 54(2): 207-214 (in Chinese with English abstract).
2020, Vol. 9 
