Devonian reef development and strata-bound ore deposits in South China
Chang-Min Yua,*, Yue Lia,b, Kun Lianga,b
aNanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; bState Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
Abstract This study focuses on the close association between Devonian reefs and the strata-bound ore deposits in South China. For the first time, the development of Devonian reefs was subdivided into three stages, respectively as the initial, succeeding and peak stages, and its evolution model is proposed. In Dachang, Nandan county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi for short), a large-scale strata-bound ore deposit formed in a Devonian reef, which was affected by marine volcanic activities and Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The reef-building reached its peak stage at the Givetian, indicating a large-scale build-up of reef and inter-reef depression. In central-eastern Hunan Province, the strata-bound ore deposits belong to low-temperature ore-types without later magmatic intrusions or volcanic activities. In Hunan Province as well as many other localities in South China, the Givetian reefs played important roles in mobilizing ore-forming materials from the surrounding pre-Devonian rocks, providing spaces and passages for transporting hydrothermal fluid, and progressing mineralization and accumulation of ore-forming materials.
[1] Bai Z.Q., Bai S.L., 1988. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Devonian Zdimir from Bahe, Guangxi, China. In: McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Devonian of the World: Proceedings of the 2nd International Sym-posium on the Devonian System d Memoir 14, Volume III: Paleontology, Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy. Cana-dian Society of Petroleum Geology, Calgary, pp. 529-534. [2] Bai Z.Q., Bai S.L., Wang P., 1998. Paleoenvironment and correlation of Devonian transitional facies beds (Zdimir beds), South China. In: Collected Works of International Symposium on Geological Sciences Held at Peking Univer-sity. Peking University Press, Beijing, pp. 373-378 (in Chinese with English abstract). [3] Chen J., Zhou H.Y., Wu H., Zeng J.L., 1989. Ore-forming simulating experiments of Dachang strata-bound tin de-posits, Guangxi.Journal of Guilin College of Geology, 9, 380-386 (in Chinese with English abstract). [4] Chen X., Rowley D.B., Rong J.Y., Zhang J., Zhang Y.D., Zhan R.B., 1997. Late Precambrian through Early Paleo-zoic stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Nanling region, Hunan Province, South China.International Geol-ogy Review, 39(5), 469-478. [5] Chen X., Zhang Y.D., Fan J.X., Tang L., Sun H.Q., 2012. Onset of the Kwangsian Orogeny as evidenced by bio-facies and lithofacies.Science China Earth Sciences, 55(10), 1592-1600. [6] Chen X., Bergström S.M., Zhang Y.D., Wang Z.H., 2013. A regional tectonic event of Katian (Late Ordovician) age across three major blocks of China.Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(34), 4292-4299. [7] Chen X., Fan J.X., Chen Q., Tang L., Hou X.D., 2014. To-ward a stepwise kwangsian orogeny.Science China Earth Sciences, 57(3), 379-387. [8] Chen X.P.,1996. The source beds of strata-bound deposits, with the Devonian System in Guangxi as an example. In: Tu, G.Z. (Ed.), Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 24-47. [9] Copper P.,2002. Silurian and Devonian reefs: 80 million years of global greenhouse between two ice ages. In: Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., Golonka, J. (Eds.), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Special Publications, vol. 72, pp. 181-238. [10] Dai G.Y.,1982. A preliminary study on the reefs of Devonian Qiziqiao Formation in mid-Hunan.Experimental Petro-leum Geology, 4(1), 11-18 (in Chinese with English abstract). [11] Hong T.Q., Dai Q.M., 1997. Devonian reef in the Qujing re-gion, eastern Yunnan: Its characteristics and significance.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36(1), 70-76 (in Chinese with English abstract). [12] Huang J.Y., Liang K., Wang Y.J., Qie W.K., 2019. Evolu-tion of Devonian reefs and its influencing factors.Journal of Stratigraphy, 43(2), 198-209 (in Chinese with English abstract). [13] Huang J.Y., Liang K., Wang Y., Liao W.H., Guo W., Kershaw S., Jeon J., Qiao L., Song J.J., Ma J.Y., Li Y., Tu B., Tian Y., Wang Y.J., Wang Y., Ma J.X.,Luo M., Qie W.K.,2020. The Jiwozhai patch reef: A palaeobiodiversity hotspot in middle Givetian (Devonian) of South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 556, 109895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109895. [14] Jiang S.G.,1983. A discussion of the Devonian tetracoral fossil assemblage zones and the determination of the boundary between the Middle and Upper Devonian.Regional Geology of China, 2(5), 82-96 (in Chinese with English abstract). [15] Kershaw S.,1994. Classification and geological significance of biostromes.Facies, 31(1), 81-91. [16] Kiessling W., Flügel E., 2002. A new look at ancient reefs. In: Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., Golonka, J. (Eds.), Phanero-zoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Special Publications, vol. 72, pp. 3-10. [17] Kong L.,1980. Devonian organic reef in Dachang, Nandan, southwest China. In: Geological Society of Yunnan Prov-ince, (ed.), the Annual Meeting Of the Professional Board of Stratigraphy and Paleontology. Geological Soci-ety of Yunnan Province, Kunming, pp. 45-63 (in Chinese with English abstract). [18] Kong L.,1981. Middle Devonian rugose corals from Nandan District, Guangxi, South China. In: Paleontological Soci-ety of China, (ed.), Selected Papers of the 12th Annual Meeting of Paleontological Society of China. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 26-40 (in Chinese with English abstract). [19] Li Z.M.,1986. Devonian reef and stromatoporoids in Gao-fengjie, Dachang, Nandan, Guangxi.Chemical Geol-ogy(2), 94-102 (in Chinese). [20] Liang K., Qie W.K., Pan L.Z., Yin B.A., 2019. Morphomet-rics and palaeoecology of syringoporoid tabulate corals from the upper Famennian (Devonian) Etoucun Forma-tion, Huilong, South China.Palaeobiodiversity and Palae-oenvironments, 99, 101-105. [21] Liu P.,1989. A brief introduction of Devonian Mantan bio-reefs in Changshun, Guizhou.Geology of Guizhou, 6(1), 65-70 (in Chinese with English abstract). [22] Liu X.H., Liu Z.H., Yang M.D., Yang R.F., Xiao Y.J., Wang Y., 2004. A preliminary study on the Devonian Buz-hai reefs in southern Guizhou.Chinese Journal of Geol-ogy, 39(1), 92-97 (in Chinese with English abstract). [23] Liu Z.H.,1986. Ecological characters of the Devonian Lei-mingdong reef complex section in Lianyuan of Hunan.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 25(6), 603-608 (in Chinese with English abstract). [24] Liu Z.H., Yang M.D., 1997. Comparison investigation on the Devonian reefs in Putou, Hunan.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36(4), 525-536 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu Z.H., Yang M.D., Yang Y.F., Yang Z.Y., 1997. Re-searches on the Devonian reef in Bailapu of Chengbu, Hunan. Journal of Xiangtan Mining Institute, 12(1), 27-35 (in Chinese with English abstract). [25] Lu J.F.,2013. Late Emsian (Lower Devonian) conodonts from Bahe section, Tiandeng county, Guangxi.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 52(3), 309-330 (in Chinese with English abstract). [26] Ma X.P., Zong P., 2010. Middle and Late Devonian brachiopod assemblages, sea level change and paleogeography of Hunan, China.Science China Earth Sciences, 53(12), 1849-1863. [27] Mao Y.J., Wu D.Y., 1995. Features of the Devonian reef in Maoying of Ziyun, Guizhou and its evolution.Geology of Guizhou, 12(4), 307-310 (in Chinese with English abstract). [28] Peng M.Y.,1984. A study of the features of Devonian bio-herms in Beiliu county, Guangxi.Regional Geology of China, 9, 33-40 (in Chinese with English abstract). [29] Peng M.Y.,1985. The microfacies types of Devonian organic reefs in Dafengmen, Beiliu, Guangxi.Collected Papers of Lithofacies and Paleogeography, 1, 122-131 (in Chinese with English abstract). [30] Qie W.K., Ma X.P., Xu H.H., Qiao L., Liang K., Guo W., Song J.J., Chen B., Lu J.F., 2019. Devonian integrative stratigraphy and time scale of China.Science China Earth Sciences, 62(1), 112-134. [31] Riding R.,2002. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds: Concepts and categories.Earth Science Reviews, 58, 163-231. [32] Shen J.W., Zhang S.L., 1997. A Late Devonian (Frasnian) coralebafflestone reef at Houshan in Guilin, South China.Facies, 37(1), 85-97. [33] Shen J.W., Yu C.M., Bao H.M., 1997. A Late-Devonian (Famennian)RenalciseEpiphyton reef at Zhaijiang, Gui-lin, South China. Facies, 37, 195-209. [34] Shen J.W., Webb G.E., Jell J.S., 2008. Platform margins, reef facies, and microbial carbonates: A comparison of Devonian reef complexes in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, and the Guilin region, South China.Earth Sci-ence Review, 88, 33-59. [35] Shen J.W., Zhao N., Young A., Mao Y.J., Wang Y., 2017. Upper Devonian reefs and microbialite at Maoying, South ChinadImplications for paleoenvironmental changes.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoe-cology, 474, 98-112. [36] Tian H.J.,1996. Devonian reefs and reef-controlling ore de-posits. In: Fang, J.S. (Ed.), The Ancient Organic Reefs of China and Their Relations to Oil and Gas. Marine Publica-tion House, Beijing, pp. 141-151 (in Chinese). [37] Tsien H.H., Hou H.F., Zhou W.L., Wu Y., Yin D.W., Dai Q.Y., Liu W.J., 1988. Devonian reef development and paleogeographic evolution in South China. In: McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Devonian of the World: Proceedings of the 2nd International Sym-posium on the Devonian System d Memoir 14, Volume III: Paleontology, Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy. Cana-dian Society of Petroleum Geology, Calgary, pp. 619-634. [38] Tu G.Z.,1981. Characteristic features of China's strata-bound deposits. In: Annual Reports of the Institute of Geochemistry, Academia Sinica 1978-1979. Guizhou Peo-plés Publishing House, Guiyang, p. 5 (in Chinese). [39] Tu G.Z.,1986. Reworking as a mineralization agent and the limitation in the current classification of ore deposits. In: Collected Papers on Geochemistry. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [40] Tu G.Z.,1996. Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China. Science Press, Beijing. [41] Tu G.Z., Wang X.Z., Chen X.P., Zhang B.G., Yang W.H., Cheng J.P., Fan W.L., 1984. Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China, vol. 1. Sciences Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [42] Tu G.Z., Wang X.Z., Chen X.P., Zhang B.G., Yang W.H., Cheng J.P., Fan W.L., 1987. Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China, vol. 2. Sciences Press, Beijing (in Chinese). [43] Tu G.Z., Zhao Z.H., 1996. Some special types of strata-bound deposits in China. In: Tu, G.Z. (Ed.), Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 281-305. [44] Wan H.C., Sun W., Wu X.C., Liu S.G., Li J.X., 2012. Char-acteristics of coral stratigraphic reef of Lower Devonian Yujiang Formation in the Menggong, Guigang, Guangxi.Chinese Journal of Geology, 47(2), 470-482 (in Chinese with English abstract). [45] Wang G.X.,1996. Devonian reefs in Hunan. Devonian reefs and reef-controlling ore deposits. In: Fang, J.S. (Ed.), The Ancient Organic Reefs of China and Their Relations to Oil and Gas. Marine Publication House, Beijing, pp. 117-140 (in Chinese). [46] Wang X.D., Shen J.W., 2004. The extinction and recovery of reefs from Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous in South China. In: Rong, J.Y., Fang, Z.J. (Eds.), Biological Mass Extinction and Recovery: Implications from the Ev-idence of Palaeozoic and Triassic in South China. Press of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, pp. 367-380 (in Chinese). [47] Wolf K.H.,1976. Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits. 1. Classifications and Historical Studies. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. [48] Wu Y.,1989. The earliest bioherm of the Devonian in Guangxi.Geology of Guangxi, 2(3), 23-31 (in Chinese with English abstract). [49] Wu Y.B., Gong Y.M., Zhang L.J., Feng Q., 2010. Evolution and controlling factors of the Devonian bioreefs in South China.Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 12(3), 253-267 (in Chinese with English abstract). [50] Yang B., Liao Z.T., 1999. The occurrence of anthraxolite in Longtoushan reef limestone region of Dachang ore field and its relation to polymetallic mineralization.Acta Sed-imentologica Sinica, 17(S1), 668-674 (in Chinese with English abstract). [51] Yang K.J.,1986. Features and prospect of the reefs of Mid-dleeUpper Devonian, southwestern Hunan, China.Earth Science, 11(1), 21-31 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yao L., Aretz M., Chen J.T., Webb G.E., Wang X.D., 2016. Global microbial carbonate proliferation after the end-Devonian mass extinction: Mainly controlled by demise of skeletal bioconstructors. Scientific Reports, 6, 39694. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39694. [52] Yao L., Aretz M., Wignall P.B., Chen J.T., Vachard D., Qi Y.P., Shen S.Z., Wang X.D.,2020. The longest delay: Re-emergence of coral reef ecosystems after the Late Devonian extinctions. Earth-Science Reviews, 203, 103060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103060. [53] Ye J., Xu K.Q., Zhou H.Y., Chen Z.Q., 1989. Devonian ma-rine altered volcanic rocks in the Dachang tin field, Guangxi Province.Geological Review, 35(3), 249-253 (in Chinese with English abstract). [54] Yin D.W., Zhang Y.E., Huang H.P., 1990. Upper Devonian algal reefs in the Guilin area.Regional Geology of China, 9(4), 334-338 (in Chinese with English abstract). [55] Yu C.M.,2018. Restudy of the Early Devonian rugose coralXystriphylloides from South China. Palaeoworld, 27(2), 159-169. [56] Yu C.M., Kuang G.D., 1982a. Late Middle Devonian rugose corals from Liujing, Heng Xian, Guangxi and their paleo-ecological significance.Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 4(4), 240-278 (in Chinese with English abstract). [57] Yu C.M., Kuang G.D., 1982b. Biostratigraphy, biogeography and paleoecology of Devonian rugose corals from the Bei-liu Formation in Beiliu, Guangxi.Bulletin of Nanjing Insti-tute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica, 4(5), 41-82 (in Chinese with English abstract). [58] Yu C.M., Shen J.W., 1998. Devonian Reefs and Reef Com-plexes in Guilin, Guangxi, China. Jinling Publication House, Nanjing, p. 168. [59] Yu C.M., Wu Y., 1988. Middle Devonian facies patterns and reef development in South China. In: McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Devonian of the World, Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Devonian System. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology (II), Cal-gary, pp. 649-658. [60] Yu C.M., Xu H.K., Peng J., Xiao S.T., Liu Z.H., 1983. Devo-nian of Hunan with a bearing on the ore deposits. In: Pa-pers Submitted to the Symposium on the Siderite Ore Deposits. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 262-298 (in Chinese). [61] Yu C.M., Xu H.K., Peng J., Xiao S.T., Liu Z.H., 1990.Devonian stratigraphy, palaeogeography and mineral re-sources in Hunan.Palaeontologia Cathayana, 5, 85-138. Yu, C.M., Qie, W.K., Lu, J.F., 2018. Emsian (Early Devonian) Yujiang event in South China. Palaeoworld, 27(1), 53-65. [62] Yu C.M., Nguyen H.H., Qie W.K., Guo W., Nguyen B.H.,2021. Lower Emsian biostratigraphy and event stratig-raphy of Ha Giang Province, northern Vietnam. Palaeo-world, 30(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.palwor.2020.04.001. [63] Zeng Y.F., Wang Z.Y., Tian H.J., 1982a. The deposition and diagenesis of the organic reef in Longtoushan Mountain, Dachang, Kuangsi.Mineral and Rock, 3, 1-19 (in Chinese with English abstract). [64] Zeng Y.F., Wang Z.Y., Tian H.J., 1982b. New consideration of the origin of cassiterite-sulfide deposits in longtou mountain, Dachang, Guangxi.Acta of Chengdu College of Geology, 3, 15-25 (in Chinese with English abstract). [65] Zeng Y.F., Wang Z.Y., Tian H.J., 1983. The study of the Devonian Lao Tou Shan organic reef in Dachang, Guangxi.Journal of Geological Review, 29, 321-330 (in Chinese with English abstract). [66] Zeng Y.F., Shen D.Q., Zhang J.Q., Chi S.C., Ge C.H., Liu W.J., Xu X.H., 1987. Strata-bound ore deposits in Devonian of Nanling District, South China. Geological Memoirs of Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of PR China, 4(6), 1-212. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese with English abstract). [67] Zhang Q.Z.,1999. Geological characteristics and genetic mechanism of the no. 100 orebody in Dachang tin-polymetallic ore field, Guangxi.Mineral Resources and Geology, 13(6), 324-329 (in Chinese with English abstract). [68] Zheng R.C., Wu L.D., Chen Z.H., 1988. Organic reef and its ore-control significance in Muli Sb ore-field, Southeast Yunnan.Journal of Chengdu College of Geology, 15(4), 57-67 (in Chinese with English abstract). [69] Zhou D.K., Zhou Z.F., Liu S.Y., 1981. On the Devonian Longtou Mountain atoll, Nandan, Kuangsi.Oil and Gas, 2(3), 243-252 (in Chinese with English abstract). [70] Zhou H.L.,1996. Devonian reefs in Guangxi. In: Fan, J.S. (Ed.), The Ancient Organic Reefs of China and Their Re-lations to Oil and Gas. Marine Publication House, Beijing, pp. 88-116 (in Chinese). [71] Zhou H.Y., Xu K.Q., Ye J., 1989. Some recognitions on the genesis of Tin ore deposits-taking the two tin deposits, Gejiu and Dachang, as an example.Bulletin of Miner-alogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry, 4, 263-264 (in Chinese).