|
|
Diagenesis, facies and palaeocurrent analysis of Upper Rewa Sandstone around Sagar, Central India |
Gaurav K. Singha*, Ashish K. Raia, Arvind K. Singhb |
aDepartment of Applied Geology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India. bGeological Survey of India, Shillong, India. |
|
|
Abstract The stratigraphic surface represented by a major contact between the Archean Bundelkhand Granite and the extensive Proterozoic Vindhyan sediments is a regional basement cover unconformity. This crystalline-sedimentary interface reflects an intense weathering of continental crust during marine transgression. Three time-transgressive sand deposition events viz. Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander are mainly witnessed during the entire Vindhyan sedimentation. Stratigraphically, the Upper Rewa Sandstone comprises one of these events in the Vindhyan Basin. Considerable progress has been made in interpreting these sandstones as a function of entirely marine process to a combination of tidal-fluvio-eolian activities. All the results have so far been attained on the basis of sedimentary facies, provenance, palaeocurrent analysis, and some of petrography. A distinct differentiation between marine and fluvial components of the Upper Rewa Sandstone still remains uncertain. Here, we use diagenesis as a parameter for the first time along with facies and palaeocurrent analysis to acquire a clear comprehension of marine- and fluvial-dominated processes. The present study spans 27 square kilometer area covering 15 stratigraphic sections with a collection of 571 directional data from the facies specific sedimentary structures, and 28 samples obtained for the thin section analysis. The lower unit of the Upper Rewa Sandstone shows facies association typical of tidal environment, along with polymodal palaeocurrent. These rocks are well sorted and dominantly lithified by authigenic cement. Profuse development of a complex of syntaxial, passive pore fills, and grain replacive cements reflect normally pressured nature of the lower unit sandstones. The upper unit of the Upper Rewa Sandstone however, reveals a facies pattern resembling fluvial processes and unimodal palaeocurrent plot. They exhibit poor sorting, siliceous, and ferruginous matrix, and development of intense stylolites. Since, pressure solution is a dominant mode of lithification; the upper unit rocks therefore, are overpressured. Sand deposition event pertaining to the Upper Rewa Sandstone is found to comprise both marine and fluvial processes. Such a diagenesis based approach can be applied for marking a possible facies based unconformity between genetically different depositional units.
|
Received: 29 March 2023
|
Corresponding Authors:
*gauravks@dhsgsu.edu.in; letterstowest@gmail.com (G.K. Singh).
|
|
|
|
[1] Auden J.B.,1933. Vindhyan sedimentation in the Son Valley, Mirzapur District. Geological Survey of India, 62, 141-250. [2] Banerjee I.,1974. Barrier coast-line sedimentation model and the Vindhyan example. In: Dey, A., (Ed.). Contributions to the Earth and Planetary Science. Quarterly Journal of Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, Golden Jubilee Volume, pp.101-127. [3] Bjørlykke K., Egeberg P.K., 1993. Quartz cementation in sedimentary basins.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1536-1548. [4] Bose P.K., Chakraborty P.P., 1994. Marine to fluvial transition: Proterozoic Upper Rewa Sandstone, Maihar, India.Sedimentary Geology, 89, 285-302. [5] Bose P.K., Sarkar S., Chakrabarty S., Banerjee S., 2001. Overview of the Meso- to Neoproterozoic evolution of the Vindhyan Basin, Central India.Sedimentary Geology, 141, 395-419. [6] Chakraborty T., Chaudhuri A.K., 1990. Stratigraphy of Late Proterozoic Rewa Group and paleogeography of Vindhyan Basin in Central India during Rewa Sedimentation.Journal Geological Society of India, 36, 383-402. [7] Chanda S.K., Bhattacharya A., 1982. Vindhyan sedimentation and paleogeography: Post-Auden developments. In: Valdiya, K.S., Bhatia, S.B., Gaur, V.K., (Eds.). Geology of Vindhyachal. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi, pp. 88-101. [8] Dickinson W.R.,1985. Interpreting province relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In: Zufa, G.G., (Ed.). Provenance of Arenites. D. Reidal Publishing Company, pp. 333-361. [9] Giles M.R., Indrelid S.L., Beynon G.V., Amthor J., 2000. The origin of large-scale quartz cementation: Evidence from large datasets and coupled heat-fluid mass transport modelling. In: Worden, R.H., Morad,S., (Eds.). Quartz Cementation in Sandstones. Special Publications of the International Association of Sedimentologists, No. 29, pp. 21-38. [10] Mallet F.R.,1869. On the Vindhyan Series as exhibited in the northwestern and central provinces of India.Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 7(1), 1-129. [11] Oldham T.,1856. Remarks on the classification of the rocks of central India, resulting from the investigations of the Geological Survey.Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 25, 224-256. [12] Osborne M., Swarbrick R.E., 1999. Diagenesis in North Sea HPHT reservoirs — Consequences for porosity and overpressure prediction.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16, 337-353. [13] Peters S.E., Gaines R.R., 2012. Formation of great unconformity as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion.Nature, 484, 363-366. [14] Pitman J.K., Henry M., Leetaru H., 2000. Diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Upper Mississippian Aux Vases Sandstone, Illinois Basin.U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1609, 1-19. [15] Prasad B., Verma K.K., 1991. Vindhyan Basin: A review. In: Tandon, S.K., Pant, C.C., Casshyap, S.M., (Eds.). Sedimentary Basins of India. Gyanodya Prakashan, Nainital, pp. 50-62. [16] Rao J.S., Sengupta S., 1972. Mathematical techniques for paleocurrent analysis: Treatment of Directional Data.Mathematical Geology, 4, 235-248. [17] Sarkar S., Banerjee S., Bose P.K., 1996. Trace fossils in the Mesoproterozoic Koldaha Shale, Central India, and their implications.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, 7, 425-438. [18] Sarkar S., Banerjee S., Chakraborty S., Bose P.K., 2002. Shelf storm flow dynamics: Insight from the Mesoproterozoic Rampur Shale, Central India. Sedimentary Geology, 147, 89-104. [19] Sarkar S., Banerjee S., Eriksson P.G., 2004. Microbial mat features in sandstones illustrated. In: Eriksson, P.G., Altermann, W., Nelson, D.R., Mueller, W.U., Catuneanu, O., (Eds.). The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 673-675. [20] Sarkar S., Banerjee S., Eriksson P.G., Catuneanu O., 2005. Microbial mat control on siliciclastic Precambrian sequence stratigraphic architecture: Examples from India. Sedimentary Geology, 176, 191-205. [21] Sarkar S., Banerjee S., Samanta S., Jeevankumar S., 2006. Microbial mat-induced sedimentary structures in siliciclastic sediments: Examples from the 1.6 Ga Chorhat Sandstone, Vindhyan Supergroup, M.P., India.Journal of Earth System Science, 115, 49-60. [22] Singh I.B.,1976. Depositional environment of the Upper Vindhyan sediments in the Satna Maihar area, Madhya Pradesh, and its bearing on the evolution of Vindhyan sedimentation basin.Journal of Palaeontological Society India, 19, 48-70. [23] Singh I.B.,1980. Precambrian sedimentation sequences of India: Their peculiarities and comparison with modern sediments.Precambrian Research, 12, 411-436. [24] Singh A.K., Chakraborty P.P.,2021. Geochemistry and hydrocarbon source rock potential of shales from the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India. Energy Geoscience, 100073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2021.10.007. [25] Srivastava A.P., Rajgopalan G., 1988. F-T ages of Vindhyan glauconitic sandstone beds exposed around Rawatbhata area, Rajasthan.Journal Geological Society of India, 32, 527-529. [26] Sullivan M.D., Haszeldine R.S., Boyce A.J., Rogers G., Fallick A.E., 1994. Late anhydrite cements mark basin inversion: Isotopic and formation water evidence, Rotliegend sandstone, North Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 11, 46-54. [27] Verma A., Shukla U.K., 2015. Deposition of Upper Rewa Sandstone Formation of Proterozoic Rewa Group of Vindhyan Basin, M.P., India: A reappraisal.Journal Geological Society of India, 86, 421-437. [28] Worden R.H., Burley S.D., 2009. Sandstone Diagenesis: The Evolution of Sand to Stone. In: Burley, S.D., Worden, R.H., (Eds.). Sandstone Diagenesis: Recent and Ancient. International Association of Sedimentologists, pp. 3-44. |
|
|
|