Characteristics,evolution and genetic mechanism of the Cenozoic island dolostones
WANG Rui1, WU Lü1, YU Kefu1, REN Min2, PAN Liyin3
1 School of Marine Sciences,Coral Reef Research Center of China,Guangxi University; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea,Nanning 530004,China; 2 College of Oceans and Earth Sciences,Xiamen University,Fujian Xiamen 361005,China; 3 Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs,CNPC;PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology,Hangzhou 310023,China
Abstract：Cenozoic island dolostones found throughout the global oceans are considered as ideal natural laboratories for deciphering the classic “dolomite problem”due to their shallow burial,eogenetic formation,and weak diagenetic modifications. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress on these dolostones in term of their basic characteristics,time evolution,fluid properties,and genetic models,and discusses the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic factors that influence their formation. The Cenozoic island dolostones(tens to hundreds of meters thick)show similar petrological(texture-retentive and texture-destructive),stoichiometric(high-calcium dolomite and low-calcium dolomite),and geochemical(e.g.,carbon and oxygen isotopes,strontium content)properties,and are formed contemporarily during the 10-0.5 Ma interval. The strontium isotopes of the dolostones indicate that the age of dolomitization generally becomes progressively younger from the bottom to the top of the dolostone sections in a continuous or semi-continuous way on individual islands(atolls,carbonate platforms)under the influence of eustatic change and tectonic subsidence. Carbonate clumped and oxygen isotopes indicate that the primary fluid source for the island dolomitization is normal to slightly evaporated seawater. Furthermore,the high-calcium dolomite is formed primarily from normal seawater,while the low-calcium dolomite is formed from slightly evaporated seawater. A single fluid flowing mechanism(e.g.,seepage,reflux,geothermal convection)is insufficient to explain the genesis of the Cenozoic island dolostones;and available data demonstrate that the formation of the island dolostones is promoted by multiple flow mechanisms. During the island dolomitization period(10-0.5 Ma),there is no single paleoenvironmental or paleoclimatic factor(e.g.,seawater Mg/Ca ratio,temperature,$\text{SO}_{4}^{2-}$ concentration,redox state,pCO2,pH)that corresponds to significant dolomitization,implying that the Cenozoic island dolomitization event was probably controlled by multiple paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic factors. To better understand the genetic mechanisms of the Cenozoic island dolostones,future research should focus on the micro-processes of dolomitization,the application of new geochemical methods and numerical simulation.
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