Spatio-temporal characteristics of typhoon disasters in China’s coastal areas during Ming and Qing Dynasties
YANG Yukun1, BI Shuoben1,2, QIU Xiangkai1, LI Shihao1
1 Institute of Scientific & Technical History,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China; 2 School of Geographical Sciences,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China
Abstract：Extending the typhoon sequence before the instrumental era can provide data support for longer time scale climate research. Utilizing historical documents,this paper has reconstructed a total of 1447 typhoon events that affected the coastal areas of China from 1368 to 1911,categorized by subregion. This study employs wavelet analysis,GIS spatial analysis,and other methods to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of these events,verifying the reconstruction’s reliability through precipitation and dry/wet sequences. The results show that: (1)During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the total number of incoming typhoons in North China,East China,and South China was 157,596,and 853,respectively. Most typhoons impacting North China’s coast also affected East China’s coast,with fewer typhoons simultaneously entering East and South China. (2)The monthly distribution of reconstructed typhoons closely mirrors that of modern tropical cyclones,which cause winds of magnitude eight or higher. Typhoons are most frequent along North China’s coast in June and July;in East China,during June,July,and August;and in South China,from May through September. (3)Typhoon activities in various coastal areas were very frequent during the 1570-1590,1660,1850,and 1890's,while during the 1460's,1560's,1700's,1760's,and 1780's,were relatively calm. (4)Wavelet analysis,based on a 128 yr cycle,shows the first,second,and third main periods of typhoon activity along the North China coast during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were 123 yr,86 yr,and 10 yr,respectively,while those along East China coast were 122 yr,85 yr,and 42 yr,while those along the South China coast were 73 yr,116 yr,and 40 yr,respectively. The first,second,and third main periods of typhoon activity for the entire coastal area of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was 122 yr,75 yr,and 42 yr. (5)Throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasties,typhoon disasters were primarily concentrated in coastal plains,and showed a significant trend of weakening from south to north and from coastal areas to inland. In North China,typhoon impacts were predominantly observed on the Jiaodong and Liaodong peninsulas and around Bohai Bay. Beyond these coastal regions,the southeast Haihe Plain also experienced notable typhoon effects. (6)During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,there was a moderate correlation between typhoon sequences and precipitation patterns in their respective coastal regions.
YANG Yukun,BI Shuoben,QIU Xiangkai et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of typhoon disasters in China’s coastal areas during Ming and Qing Dynasties[J]. JOPC, 2024, 26(2): 446-459.
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