Abstract：Paleocave play a crucial role in the storage and transport of karst groundwater in the covered area,and the exploration and identification of their morphological and internal structural characteristics are of certain guidance for understanding the formation process of karst in covered coal fields and the prevention and control of karst water inrush damage in mines. In recent years,through a detailed geological investigation of the Ordovician karst outcrops in the Shungeng mountain in Huainan,Anhui Province,on the southern edge of the North China Plate,a typical paleokarst cave was found at the Ordovician formations. This study analyzes the morphological features and internal structures of the paleocave using field observations,microstructural identification,paleohydrology,and paleotectonics. The cave developed along the sedimentary interfaces between the Majiagou and Xiaoxian formations,exhibiting varying widths—wider on the west side and narrower on the east. The maximum vertical height between layers reached 9.8 meters,and the cave extended over a length of 125 meters. Evidence of paleowater erosion and corrosion is preserved on the cave ceiling,and gravity-induced collapses have resulted in various fill types,including debris collapse fill,chemical fill,and mixed fill,primarily consisting of limestone and dolomite,with minerals such as calcite,dolomite,and cryptocrystalline silica. Combined with the regional geological and tectonic evolution,paleocave formation experienced four stages: the fissure development,interlayer karst formation,,interlayer cave growth,and collapse filling and compaction,which are mainly controlled by layer fissure,erosive fluid and vertical karst zoning. The results can provide useful reference for prevention and treatment of deap karst water inrush in Huainan and other North China coalfields.
YANG Tingting,XU Guangquan,HE Yupeng et al. Developmental characteristics and formation of the Ordovician paleocaves in Shungeng mountain,Huainan of Anhui Province,China[J]. JOPC, 2024, 26(3): 620-631.
[1] 程广琪,刘登宪,傅先杰,王峻莺. 2013. 淮南煤田北西向断裂与岩溶陷落柱关系研究. 煤炭科学技术, 41(10): 108-111. [Cheng G Q,Liu D X,Fu X J,Wang J Y.2013. Study on relationship between northwest directional failure and karst sinkhole in Huainan Coalfield. Coal Science and Technology, 41(10): 108-111] [2] 杜赫,徐守余,冯建伟,任启强,王朝,徐珂. 2020. 基于数字露头表征的岩溶缝洞组构特征. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 44(5): 1-9. [Du H,Xu S Y,Feng J W,Ren Q Q,Wang Z,Xu K.2020. Digital outcrop representation for karst fracture-cave reservoir. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 44(5): 1-9] [3] 樊政军,柳建华,张卫峰. 2008. 塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层测井识别与评价. 石油与天然气地质, 29(1): 61-65. [Fan Z J,Liu J H,Zhang W F.2008. Log interpretation and evaluation of the Ordovician carbonate rock reservoirs in Tahe oilfield. Oil & Gas Geology, 29(1): 61-65] [4] 傅海成,邹长春,肖承文,祁兴中,王儒安,赵丹颖,孙健. 2015. 轮古地区古岩溶成像测井响应特征及其对岩溶发育的指示作用. 中国岩溶, 34(2): 136-146. [Fu H C,Zou C C,Xiao C W,Qi X Z,Wang R A,Zhao D Y,Sun J.2015. Characteristics of imaging logging response and indication of paleokarst development in Lungu area.Carsologica Sinica, 34(2): 136-146] [5] 甘林堂. 2018. 淮南矿区A组煤底板灰岩水防治及潘二矿突水事故原因分析. 煤矿安全, 49(7): 171-174,180. [Gan L T.2018. Prevention of limestone water in coal floor of group A of Huainan mining area and causes analysis of water inrush accidents in Pan’er mine. Safety in Coal Mines, 49(7): 171-174,180] [6] 高加林,许光泉,黎志豪,张海涛,吴诗勇. 2018a. 淮南煤田山王集断层形成过程及其水文地质意义. 科学技术创新,(5): 8-9. [Gao J L,Xu G Q,Li Z H,Zhang H T,Wu S Y.2018a. Formation process of Shanwangji fault in Huainan coalfield and its hydrogeological significance. Scientific and Technological Innovation,(5): 8-9] [7] 高加林,许光泉,黎志豪,张海涛,吴诗勇,郑建斌. 2018b. 淮南罗山—李郢孜段推覆体地质特征及成因. 安徽理工大学学报(自然科学版), 38(1): 45-50. [Gao J L,Xu G Q,Li Z H,Zhang H T,Wu S Y,Zheng J B.2018b. Geologic characteristics of Luoshan-Liyingzi section’nappe and its forming mechanism. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology(Natural Science), 38(1): 45-50] [8] 郭建华,郭原草,王连山. 2009. 冀中坳陷廊固凹陷河西务构造带潜山储集层特征. 石油勘探与开发, 36(6): 701-708. [Guo J H,Guo Y C,Wang L S.2009. Features of buried hill reservoirs in Hexiwu structural belt,Langgu Sag,Jizhong Depression. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 36(6): 701-708] [9] 何金有,贾承造,邬光辉,徐备. 2010. 新疆阿克苏地区震旦系风化壳古岩溶特征及其发育模式. 岩石学报, 26(8): 2513-2518. [He J Y,Jia C Z,Wu G H,Xu B.2010. Characteristics and model of Sinian weathering paleo-karst in Aksu area,Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(8): 2513-2518] [10] 虎维岳. 2010. 华北东部深部岩溶及煤矿岩溶水害特征. 煤田地质与勘探, 38(2): 23-27. [Hu W Y.2010. The characteristics of karst and deep coal mine karst water hazards in eastern North China. Coal Geology & Exploration, 38(2): 23-27] [11] 姜应兵,李兴娟. 2021. 塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区中下奥陶统古岩溶洞穴发育模式. 古地理学报, 23(4): 824-836. [Jiang Y B,Li X J.2021. Development model of paleokarst caves in the Middle-Lower Ordovician of TH12402 well area in Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 23(4): 824-836] [12] 金强,康逊,田飞. 2015. 塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶径流带缝洞化学充填物成因和分布. 石油学报, 36(7): 791-798,836. [Jin Q,Kang X,Tian F.2015. Genesis of chemical fillings in fracture-caves in paleo-karst runoff zone in Ordovician and their distributions in Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 36(7): 791-798,836] [13] 李定龙,贾疏源. 1994. 威远构造阳新灰岩岩溶隙洞系统发育演化特征. 石油与天然气地质, 15(2): 151-157. [Li D L,Jia S Y.1994. Development and evolution of karst fissure-cave system in Yangxin series,Weiyuan structure. Oil & Gas Geology, 15(2): 151-157] [14] 李文平,乔伟,李小琴,孙如华. 2019. 深部矿井水害特征、评价方法与治水勘探方向. 煤炭学报, 44(8): 2437-2448. [Li W P,Qiao W,Li X Q,Sun R H.2019. Characteristics of water disaster,evaluation methods and exploration direction for controlling groundwater in deep mining. Journal of China Coal Society, 44(8): 2437-2448] [15] 黎志豪,许光泉,高加林,张海涛,余世滔. 2018a. 淮南地区构造特征及其对岩溶作用的影响. 煤田地质与勘探, 46(3): 121-126. [Li Z H,Xu G Q,Gao J L,Zhang H T,Yu S T.2018a. Characteristics of structure and their influence on karstification in Huainan area. Coal Geology & Exploration, 46(3): 121-126] [16] 黎志豪,许光泉,高加林,张海涛,杨婷婷. 2018b. 安徽淮南舜耕山岩溶发育特征及其塌陷模式. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 29(2): 86-93. [Li Z H,Xu G Q,Gao J L,Zhang H T,Yang T T.2018b. Characteristics of karst development and collapse mechanism in Shungeng mountain,Huainan,Anhui Province. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 29(2): 86-93] [17] 黎志豪,许光泉,余世滔,高加林,张海涛. 2019. 淮南舜耕山岩溶塌陷发育特征及形成机理研究. 中国岩溶, 38(3): 418-426. [Li Z H,Xu G Q,Yu S T,Gao J L,Zhang H T.2019. Study on the development characteristics and formation mechanism of karst collapse development in Shunggeng mountain,Huainan city. Carsologica Sinica, 38(3): 418-426] [18] 刘登宪,李永军. 2006. 淮南寒武纪岩溶陷落柱发育特征及导水性分析. 中国煤田地质, 18(1): 38-40,44. [Liu D X,Li Y J.2006. Morphological characters and hydrological geology characters of Cambrian karstic collapse column in Kongji mining area,Huainan. Coal Geology of China, 18(1): 38-40,44] [19] 毛毳,钟建华,王有智,魏荷花,邵珠福,刘金霖,刘晶晶. 2018. 塔里木盆地巴楚隆起奥陶系岩溶缝洞化学充填物成因分析. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 42(6): 50-58. [Mao C,Zhong J H,Wang Y Z,Wei H H,Shao Z F,Liu J L,Liu J J.2018. Origin of chemical fillings in Ordovician fracture-cave of Bachu Uplift in Tarim Basin. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 42(6): 50-58] [20] 倪新锋,张丽娟,沈安江,潘文庆,乔占峰. 2009. 塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶类型、期次及叠合关系. 中国地质, 36(6): 1312-1321. [Ni X F,Zhang L J,Shen A J,Pan W Q,Qiao Z F.2009. Paleo-karstification types,karstification periods and superimposition relationship of Ordovician carbonates in northern Tarim Basin. Geology in China, 36(6): 1312-1321] [21] 裴宗平,韩宝平,韩彦丽,李淑民,孟宪军. 2000. 任北奥陶系岩溶发育规律及对油田开发的影响. 中国矿业大学学报, 29(4): 368-372. [Pei Z P,Han B P,Han Y L,Li S M,Meng X J.2000. Research on Karst feature of Ordovician carbonate oil pool in northern Renqiu oil field. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 29(4): 368-372] [22] 彭博,张浩,杨晟颢,王帅,杨元元,施辉,胡俊杰,方欣欣. 2020. 柴达木盆地东部石炭系古岩溶缝洞单元测井响应. 地质力学学报, 26(6): 923-931. [Peng B,Zhang H,Yang S H,Wang S,Yang Y Y,Shi H,Hu J J,Fang X X.2020. Logging characterization of Carboniferous fractured-vuggy karst reservoirs in the eastern Qaidam Basin. Journal of Geomechanics, 26(6): 923-931] [23] 申博恒,沈树忠,吴琼,张水昌,张斌,王向东,侯章帅,袁东勋,张以春,刘锋,刘俊,张华,史宇坤,王军,冯卓. 2022. 华北板块石炭纪—二叠纪地层时间框架. 中国科学: 地球科学, 52(7): 1181-1212. [Shen B H,Shen S Z,Wu Q,Zhang S C,Zhang B,Wang X D,Hou Z S,Yuan D X,Zhang Y C,Liu F,Liu J,Zhang H,Shi Y K,Wang J,Feng Z.2022. Carboniferous and Permian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of North China Block. Science China Earth Sciences, 65(6): 983-1011] [24] 石书缘,胡素云,刘伟,梁东星,乔辉. 2014. 塔里木盆地西克尔地区奥陶系溶洞系统特征及控制因素. 天然气地球科学, 25(2): 167-177. [Shi S Y,Hu S Y,Liu W,Liang D X,Qiao H.2014. Ordovician paleokarst cave system and it’s controlling factor in Xekar,Tarim Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 25(2): 167-177] [25] 王梦玉,章至洁. 1991. 北方煤矿床充水与岩溶水系统. 煤炭学报, 16(4): 1-13. [Wang M Y,Zhang Z J.1991. Karst water system and coal deposit water charge in coal mines in North China. Journal of China Coal Society, 16(4): 1-13] [26] 肖玉茹,何峰煜,孙义梅. 2003. 古洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层特征研究: 以塔河油田奥陶系古洞穴为例. 石油与天然气地质, 24(1): 75-80,86. [Xiao Y R,He F Y,Sun Y M.2003. Reservoir characteristics of paleocave carbonates: a case study of Ordovician paleocave in Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 24(1): 75-80,86] [27] 谢康,谭秀成,冯敏,王保保,钟寿康,杨梦颖,聂万才,乔占峰,曾伟. 2020. 鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田东区奥陶系马家沟组早成岩期岩溶及其控储效应. 石油勘探与开发, 47(6): 1159-1173. [Xie K,Tan X C,Feng M,Wang B B,Zhong S K,Yang M Y,Nie W C,Qiao Z F,Zeng W.2020. Eogenetic karst and its control on reservoirs in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation,eastern Sulige gas field,Ordos Basin,NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(6): 1159-1173] [28] 许光泉,孙丰英,刘丽红,李佩全,汪敏华,刘满才. 2016. 淮南潘谢矿区岩溶类地质异常体演化过程及预测. 煤田地质与勘探, 44(1): 62-68. [Xu G Q,Sun F Y,Liu L H,Li P Q,Wang M H,Liu M C.2016. Evolution process and prediction of karstic geologic abnormal bodies in Panxie coal mining area in Huainan. Coal Geology & Exploration, 44(1): 62-68] [29] 许光泉,张海涛,周继生,李旭,汪敏华,刘满才. 2022. 华北煤田岩溶陷落柱及其突水研究综述及展望. 中国岩溶, 41(2): 259-275. [Xu G Q,Zhang H T,Zhou J S,Li X,Wang M H,Liu M C.2022. Study and prospect of karst collapse columns and their water inrush in the coalfield of North China. Carsologica Sinica, 41(2): 259-275] [30] 严其,魏树林. 2018. 基于地面钻探技术的岩溶陷落柱探查研究: 以淮南顾北煤矿2#陷落柱为例. 中国煤炭地质, 30(4): 53-55,69. [Yan Q,Wei S L.2018. Karst subsided column exploring based on surface drilling: a case study of subsided column No.2 in Gubei coalmine,Huainan. Coal Geology of China, 30(4): 53-55,69] [31] 尹尚先,武强,王尚旭. 2004. 华北煤矿区岩溶陷落柱特征及成因探讨. 岩石力学与工程学报, 23(1): 120-123. [Yin S X,Wu Q,Wang S X.2004. Studies on characters and forming mechanism of karstic collapse columns at mine area of North China. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 23(1): 120-123] [32] 张泓,沈光隆,何宗莲. 1999. 华北板块晚古生代古气候变化对聚煤作用的控制. 地质学报, 73(2): 131-139. [Zhang H,Shen G L,He Z L.1999. Control of Palaeoclimatic change on late Palaeozoic coal accumulation of the North China plate. Acta Geologica Sinica, 73(2): 131-139] [33] 张泓,郑玉柱,郑高升,王绳祖. 2003. 安徽淮南煤田阜凤推覆体之下的伸展构造及其形成机制. 煤田地质与勘探, 31(3): 1-4. [Zhang H,Zheng Y Z,Zheng G S,Wang S Z.2003. Extensional structure under the Fufeng-nappe in Huainan Coalfield,Anhui Province,and its formative mechanism. Coal Geology & Exploration, 31(3): 1-4] [34] 张军涛,金晓辉,李淑筠,李维,孙宜朴. 2016. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马五段孔隙充填物类型与成因. 石油与天然气地质, 37(5): 684-690. [Zhang J T,Jin X H,Li S J,Li W,Sun Y P.2016. Types and origin of pore-fillings from the 5th member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(5): 684-690] [35] 张三,金强,程付启,孙建芳,魏荷花,张旭栋. 2020. 古岩溶流域内地表河与地下河成因联系与储层特征: 以塔河油田奥陶系岩溶为例. 中国岩溶, 39(6): 900-910. [Zhang S,Jin Q,Cheng F Q,Sun J F,Wei H H,Zhang X D.2020. Genesis relation of surface and underground rivers and reservoir characteristics in paleokarst drainage systems: a case study of Ordovician karst in the Tahe oilfield. Carsologica Sinica, 39(6): 900-910] [36] 朱光,王勇生,王道轩,牛漫兰,刘国生,谢成龙. 2006. 前陆沉积与变形对郯庐断裂带同造山运动的制约. 地质科学, 41(1): 102-121. [Zhu G,Wang Y S,Wang D X,Niu M L,Liu G S,Xie C L.2006. Constraints of foreland sedimentation and defor-mation on synorogenic motion of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Chinese Journal of Geology, 41(1): 102-121] [37] 邹胜章,夏日元,刘莉,唐建生,梁彬. 2016. 塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带发育特征及其识别标准. 地质学报, 90(9): 2490-2501. [Zou S Z,Xia R Y,Liu L,Tang J S,Liang B.2016. Vertical zone characteristics and identification standard of Ordovician karst reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield. Acta Geologica Sinica, 90(9): 2490-2501] [38] Chen L P,Zhang H,Cai Z X,Cong F Y,Huang S,Tang P.2020. Characteristics and formation mechanisms of the unconformity-related Paleokarst reservoirs in the Upper Sinian,Northwestern Tarim Basin,China. Marine and Petroleum Geology,120: 104559. [39] Chen L P,Zhang H,Cai Z X,Hao F,Xue Y F,Zhao W S.2022. Petrographic,mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the fluid origin and multistage karstification of the Middle-Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoir,NW Tarim Basin,China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,208: 109561. [40] Fu Q L.2019. Characterization and discrimination of paleokarst breccias and pseudobreccias in carbonate rocks: insight from Ordovician strata in the northern Tarim Basin,China. Sedimentary Geology, 382: 61-74. [41] Han C C,Lin C Y,Lu X B,Tian J J,Ren L H,Ma C F.2019. Petrological and geochemical constraints on fluid types and formation mechanisms of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,NW China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 178: 106-120. [42] Kerans C.1988. Karst-Controlled reservoir heterogeneity in ellenburger group carbonates of West Texas. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 72(10): 1160-1183. [43] Liang Y P,Gao X B,Zhao C H,Tang C L,Shen H Y,Wang Z H,Wang Y X.2018. Review: characterization,evolution,and environmental issues of karst water systems in Northern China. Hydrogeology Journal, 26: 1371-1385. [44] Loucks R G.1999. Paleocave carbonate reservoirs: origins,burial-depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications. AAPG Bulletin, 83(11): 1795-1834. [45] Veress M.2020. Karst types and their karstification. Journal of Earth Science, 31(3): 621-634. [46] Zhang H T,Xu G Q,Chen X Q,Wei J,Yu S T,Yang T T.2019. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater inrush source identification for a multi-aquifer system in a coal mine. Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition), 93(6): 1922-1932. [47] Zhang H T,Xu G Q,Chen X Q,Mabaire A,Zhou J S,Zhang Y X,Zhang G,Zhu L.2020. Groundwater hydrogeochemical processes and the connectivity of multilayer aquifers in a coal mine with karst collapse columns. Mine Water and the Environment, 39: 356-368. [48] Zhang H T,Xu G Q,Liu M C,Wang M H.2021a. Formation environments and mechanisms of multistage paleokarst of Ordovician carbonates in Southern North China Basin. Scientific Reports, 11: 819. [49] Zhang H T,Xu G Q,Zhan H B,Zheng J B,Wang M H,Liu M C,Pan S Q,Wang N.2021b. Formation mechanisms of paleokarst and karst collapse columns of the Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonates in Huainan coalfield,Northern China. Journal of Hydrology, 601: 126634. [50] Zhong J H,Mao C,Li Y,Li Y,Yuan X,Niu Y,Chen X,Huang Z J,Shao Z F,Wang P J,Li J,Zhang D F.2012. Discovery of the ancient Ordovician oil-bearing karst cave in Liuhuanggou,North Tarim Basin,and its significance. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(9): 1406-1426.
