Fine-grained gravity flow deposits and their petroleum significance in saline lacustrine basins: a case study from the Upper Member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation in Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin, China
WANG Xiaoni1, YANG Zhi1, FENG Youliang1, JIANG Wenqi3, LONG Guohui2, WU Kunyu2, ZHANG Hong1, HOU Mingqiu1, XING Haoting2, ZHANG Tianshu1, LIU Chang1, WEI Qizhao1
1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China; 2 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company,Gansu Dunhuang 736200, China; 3 School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871, China
Abstract：Fine-grained gravity flows can transport clastic sediments and particulate organic matter from shallow water to deep lakes,forming distinctive sediments finer than 0.0625 mm. During the depositional period of the upper section of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation(E23),a sub-lacustrine fan system and chemically precipitated carbonates developed in a saline semi-deep to deep lake in the Yingxiongling area of the Qaidam Basin. Seven types of lithofacies associations(LA)are identified in the fan fringe sub-environment on the basis of core observations: LA1: association of mud flow,mud turbulent flow,and suspension fallout deposits in quiet water;LA2: association of chemical deposits interbedded with event deposits in semi-deep lake;LA3: association of slump,fine-grained debris flow,and mud flow deposits;LA4: fine-grained hyperpycnal flow deposits;LA5: fine-grained concentrated density flow deposits;LA6: association of fine-grained debris flow,fine-grained transitional flow,and fine-grained turbidity current deposits;LA7: association of fine-grained concentrated density flow,fine-grained turbulent flow,fine-grained transitional flow,and mud flow deposits. These lithofacies associations are attributed to various fine-grained gravity flows and their transformations which are suggestive of complex flow processes. Our study also shows that the fine-grained deposits are influenced by paleoclimate,tectonic activity,and lake-level fluctuations. In an arid environment and during humid periods,lake-level rise promotes the formation of favorable source rocks and fine-grained gravity flow deposits. Conversely,in times of drought,lake-level decrease is more conducive to the development of chemically precipitated carbonates and slump-derived fine-grained gravity flow deposits. Mud flow,mud turbulent flow,and fallout deposits in quiet water(LA1)and chemical deposits interbedded with event deposits(LA2)are the most favorable “sweet sections”in the saline semi-deep to deep lake.
WANG Xiaoni,YANG Zhi,FENG Youliang et al. Fine-grained gravity flow deposits and their petroleum significance in saline lacustrine basins: a case study from the Upper Member of Lower Ganchaigou Formation in Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin, China[J]. JOPC, 2024, 26(4): 985-1004.
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