Characteristics and influencing factors of contour current deposits in the Upper Ordovician Zhaolaoyu Formation in Fuping area of Shaanxi Province
Huang Wei1, 2, He Youbin1, 2, Li Hua1, 2, Liu Zhuruizhi1, 2
1 Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Education,Yangtze University,Wuhan 430100,Hubei; 2 School of Geosciences,Yangtze University,Wuhan 430100,Hubei
Abstract：The Upper Ordovician Zhaolaoyu Formation in Fuping area of Shaanxi Province developed contour current deposits. On the basis of the section measured in field survey,the smooth surface rock,rock thin sections and geochemical data,integrated with previous researches,the authors carried out detailed studies of the types of contourites,the contourite sequences and the influencing factors of contour current deposits. The results show that: (1)The contourites can be classified into two types,i.e. the calcilutitic contourite and the calcisiltitic contourite, and two types of contourite sequences were identified,a single contourite sequence and a calcisiltitic-calcilutitic contourite sequence;(2)As the temperature of contour current water mass gets lower and the salinity gets higher,the contour current strength becomes greater;(3)When the temperature of contour current water mass changes from high to low,then to high, and the salinity of the contour current water mass changes from low to high,then to low, the contourite sequences changes from fine to coarse and then to fine;(4)Larger palaeowater depth,drier and hotter paleoclimate,and lower paleosalinity were favorable for the development of contour current and contour current deposits.
Huang Wei,He Youbin,Li Hua et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of contour current deposits in the Upper Ordovician Zhaolaoyu Formation in Fuping area of Shaanxi Province[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(1): 161-174.
1 方国庆,毛曼君. 2007. 陕西富平上奥陶统遗迹化石及其环境意义. 同济大学学报,35(8): 1118-1121 . [Fang G Q,Mao M J. 2007. Trace fossils and sedimentary environments of Upper Ordovician of Fuping in Shaanxi,China. Journal of Tongji University,35(8): 1118-1121] 2 傅力浦,胡云绪,张子福,王树洗. 1993. 鄂尔多斯中、上奥陶统沉积环境的生物标志. 西北地质科学,14(2): 1-96. [Fu L P,Hu Y X,Zhang Z F,Wang S X. 1993. The mark on the ecology of sedimenttarial environment in Middle and Upper Ordovician at Ordos Basin. Northwest Geoscience,14(2): 1-96] 3 高振中,何幼斌,罗顺社,郭建华. 1996. 深水牵引流沉积—内潮汐、内波和等深流沉积研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 64-65. [Gao Z Z,He Y B,Luo S S,Guo J H. 1996. Deep-water Traction Current Deposits: The Study of Internal-tide,Internal-wave,and Contour Current Deposits. Beijing: Science Press, 64-65] 4 郭彦如,赵振宇,徐旺林,史晓颖,高建荣,包洪平,刘俊榜,张延玲,张月巧. 2014. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系层序地层格架. 沉积学报,32(1): 44-60. [Guo Y R,Zhao Z Y,Xu W L,Shi X Y,Gao J R,Bao H P,Liu J B,Zhang Y L,Zhang Y Q. 2014. Sequence stratigraphy of the Ordovician System in the Ordos Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,32(1): 44-60] 5 何幼斌,高振中,罗顺社,李建明. 1998. 等深流沉积的特征及其鉴别标志. 江汉石油学院学报,20(4): 3-8. [He Y B,Gao Z Z,Luo S S,Li J M. 1998. Features of contourites and their discrimination. Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute,20(4): 3-8] 6 贾振远,蔡华,蔡忠贤,秦玉娟. 1997. 鄂尔多斯地区南缘奥陶纪层序地层及海平面变化. 地球科学,22(5): 48-60. [Jia Z Y,Cai H,Cai Z X,Qin Y J. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy and level change of the Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos region. Earth Science,22(5): 48-60] 7 雷卞军,阙洪培,胡宁,牛志军,汪华. 2002. 鄂西古生代硅质岩的地球化学特征及沉积环境. 沉积与特提斯地质,22(2): 70-79. [Lei B J,Que H P,Hu N,Niu Z J,Wang H. 2002. Geochemistry and sedimentary environments of the Palaeozoic siliceous rocks in western Hubei. Sedimentary Geology and TethyanGeology,22(2): 70-79] 8 李文厚,陈强,李智超,王若谷,王妍,马瑶. 2012. 鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理. 古地理学报,14(1): 85-100. [Li W H,Chen Q,Li Z C,Wang R G,Wang Y,Ma Y. 2012. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early Paleozoic Ordos area. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),14(1): 85-100] 9 李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇. 1997. 陕西渭北奥陶系放射虫硅质岩与火山凝灰岩的成因环境. 中国区域地质,16(4): 87-92. [Li W H,Mei Z C,Chen J W,Lu H Y. 1997. Genetic environment of Ordovician radiolarian cherts and volcanic tuffs in Weibei,Shaanxi Province.Regional Geology of China,16(4): 87-92] 10 李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇,张国玉,刘怀奇. 1991. 富平地区中—晚奥陶世沉积的古斜坡与古流向. 西安地质学院学报,13(2): 36-41. [Li W H,Mei Z C,Chen J W,Lu H Y,Zhang G Y,Liu H Q. 1991. The paleoslope and paleoflow direction of deposits in the Middle-Late Or-dovician in Fuping area,Shaanxi Province. Journal of Xi��an College of Geology,13(2): 36-41] 11 李振宏,徐黎明,刘新社,袁效奇,胡健民. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶纪沉积充填记录的关键时限及其构造意义. 地质科学,50(2): 428-445. [Li Z H,Xu L M,Liu X S,Yuan X Q,Hu J M. 2015. Critical timing of sedimentary filling records of Ordovician and its teconic significance on the southern Ordos Basin. Chinse Journal of Geology,50(2): 428-445] 12 刘超,陆刚,张喜,周府生,黄祥林,杜远生. 2014. 桂西北天峨孤立碳酸盐岩台地晚古生代沉积特征与演化. 地质论评,60(1): 55-70. [Liu C,Lu G,Zhang X,Zhou F S,Huang X L,Du Y S. 2014. Sedimentary characteristics and evolutionary stages in Late Paleozoic of Tian��e Isolated Platform in Northwestern Guangxi. Geological Review,60(1): 55-70] 13 刘鹏举,王成文,孙跃武,张宝福,王连和,岳书范. 2005. 河北平泉中元古代高于庄组和杨庄组地球化学特征. 吉林大学学报,35(1): 1-6. [Liu P J,Wang C W,Sun Y W,Zhang B F,Wang L H,Yue S F. 2005. The geochemical characters of the Gaoyuzhuang and Yangzhuang Formations of Mesoproterozoic in Pingquan County,Hebei Province. Journal of Jilin University,35(1): 1-6] 14 梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇,李文厚. 1982. 陕西富平中奥陶统平凉组的深水碳酸盐碎屑流. 石油与天然气地质,3(2): 49-56. [Mei Z C,Chen J W,Lu H Y,Li W H. 1982. Deep water carbonate debris flow in the Middle Ordovician Pingliang Formation of Fuping,Shaanxi. Oil and Geology,3(2): 49-56] 15 梅志超,卢焕勇,李文厚. 1992. 渭北奥陶系的放射虫燧石岩. 沉积学报,10(2): 9-17. [Mei Z C,Lu H Y,Li W H. 1992. Bedded radiolarian cherts in the Ordovician of Weibei,Shaanxi. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,10(2): 9-17] 16 马永生. 2006. 碳酸盐岩微相—分析、解释及应用. 北京: 地质出版社, 460-461. [Ma Y S. 2006. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks Analysis,Interpretation and Application. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 460-461] 17 潘明,吕勇,山克强,郝彦珍. 2015. 云南保山栗柴坝组碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及环境意义. 地质论评,61(2): 333-343. [Pan M,Lü Y,Shan K Q,Hao Y Z. 2015. Geochemical characteristics and environmental significance of carbonate rock in Lichaiba Formation in Baoshan Region,Yunnan. Geological Review,61(2): 333-343] 18 屈红军,梅志超,李文厚,关利群,冯杨伟,范玉海. 2010. 陕西富平地区中奥陶统等深流沉积的特征及其地质意义. 地质通报,29(9): 1304-1309. [Qu H J,Mei Z C,Li W H,Guan L Q,Feng Y W,Fan Y H. 2010. The characteristics of Middle Ordovician contour current deposits and geological implication in Fuping area,Shaanxi Province,China. Geological Bulletin of China,29(9): 1304-1309] 19 宋明水. 2005. 东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段沉积环境的地球化学特征. 矿物岩石,25(1): 67-73. [Song M S. 2005. Sedimentary environment geochemistry in the shasi section of Southern Ranp,Dongying Depression. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,25(1): 67-73] 20 田洋,赵小明,王令占,涂兵,谢国刚,曾波夫. 2014. 重庆石柱二叠纪栖霞组地球化学特征及其环境意义. 沉积学报,32(6): 1035-1045. [Tian Y,Zhao X M,Wang L Z,Tu B,Xie G G,Zeng B F. 2014. Geochemical characteristics and its paleoenvironmental implication of Permian Qixia Formation in Shizhu,Chongqing. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,32(6): 1035-1045] 21 汪凯明,罗顺社. 2009. 燕山地区中元古界高于庄组和杨庄组地球化学特征及环境意义. 矿物岩石地球化学通报,28(4): 356-364. [Wang K M,Luo S S. 2009. Geochemical characteristics and environmental significance of Gaoyuzhuang and Yangzhuang Formations in Yanshan Region. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,28(4): 356-364] 22 王随继,黄杏珍,妥进才,邵宏舜,阎存凤,王寿庆,何祖荣. 1997. 泌阳凹陷核桃园组微量元素演化特征及其古气候意义. 沉积学报,15(1): 66-71. [Wang S J,Huang X Z,Tuo J C,Shao H S,Yan C F,Wang S Q,He Z R. 1997. Evolutional characteristics and their paleoclimate significance of trace elements in the Hetaoyuan Formation,Biyang Depression.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,15(1): 66-71] 23 吴素娟,李振宏,胡健民,公王斌. 2014. 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘赵老峪剖面奥陶系凝灰岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年及其地质意义. 地质论评,60(4): 903-912. [Wu S J,Li Z H,Hu J M,Gong W B. 2014. Confirmation of Ordovician sediments in south margin of Ordos Basin by SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of volcanic tuff interlayers and its significance. Geological Review,60(4): 903-912] 24 谢建磊,赵宝成,战庆,李晓. 2015. 元素地球化学在古环境和古生态研究中的应用综述. 上海国土资源,36(3): 64-70. [Xie J L,Zhao B C,Zhan Q,Li X. 2015. Review of geochemical applications for paleoenvironmental and paleoecological analyses.Shanghai Land and Resources,36(3): 64-70] 25 许文彬,徐茂泉,孙美琴. 2004. 等深流沉积研究现状与展望. 台湾海峡,23(3): 394-402. [Xu W B,Xu M Q,Sun M Q. 2004. Research status and perspective of contour current deposit. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,23(3): 394-402] 26 许中杰,程日辉,王嘹亮,李飞,张莉. 2009. 南海北部陆缘早侏罗世海平面变化的古盐度记录. 沉积学报,27(6): 1147-1154. [Xu Z J,Cheng R H,Wang L L,Li F,Zhang L. 2009. Paleosalinity records to sea level change of the northern margin of the South China Sea in Early Jurassic. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,27(6): 1147-1154] 27 杨式溥. 1984. 遗迹化石及其对古环境分析的意义. 沉积学报,2(4): 8-18. [Yang S P. 1984. Trace fossils and their significance for interpretation of the paleoenvironmentes. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2(4): 8-18] 28 周长勇,张启跃,吕涛,胡世学,谢韬,文芠,黄金元. 2014. 云南中三叠世罗平生物群产出地层的地球化学特征和沉积环境. 地质论评,60(2): 285-298. [Zhou C Y,Zhang Q Y,Lü T,Hu S X,Xie T,Wen W,Huang J Y. 2014. Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Environments of the Fossiliferous Layers of Middle Triassic Luoping Biota,Yunnan Province. Geological Review,60(2): 285-298] 29 Akimova A,Schauer U,Danilov S,Núñez-Riboni I. 2011. The role of the deep mixing in the Storfjorden shelf water plume. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers,58: 403-414. 30 Borenäs K,Wåhlin A. 2000. Limitations of the streamtube model. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers,47: 1333-1350. 31 Bosellini A,Winterer E L. 1975. Pelagic limestone and radiolarite of the Tethyan Mesozoic: A genetic model. Geology,3: 279-282. 32 Cenedese C,Whitehead J A,Ascarelli T A,Ohiwa M. 2004. A dense current flowing down a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid. Journal of Physical Oceanography,34: 188-203. 33 Dickson R,Browne D. 1994. The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Sources,rates,and pathways. Journal of Geophysical Research,99: 12319-12341. 34 Evans D,Harrison Z,Shannon P M. 2005. Palaeoslides and other mass Failures of Pliocene to Pleistocene Age along the glaciated European margin. Marine and Petroleum Geology,22: 1131-1148. 35 Faugeres J C,Stow D A V. 1993. Bottom-current-controlled sedimentation: A synthesis of the contourite problem. Sedimentary Geology,82: 287-297. 36 Girton J,Sanford T. 2003. Descent and modification of the overflow plume in the Denmark strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography,33: 1351-1364. 37 Gonthier E,Faugeres J C,Stow D A V. 1984. Contourite facies of the Faro Drift,Gulf of Cadiz. In: Stow D A V,Piper D J W(eds).Fine Grained Sediments,Deep-water Processes and Facies. London: Geological Society,Special Publication,15: 275-291. 38 Gontheir E,Faugeres J C,Viana A. 2003. Upper Quaternary depositson the Sao Tome deep-sea channel levee system(South Brazilian Basin): Major turbidite versus contourite processes. Marine Geology,199: 159-180. 39 Haug G H,Tiedemann R. 1998. Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. Nature,393: 673-676. 40 Heezen B C,Hollister C D. 1964. Deep sea current evidence from abyssal sediments. Marine Geology,1: 141-174. 41 Hollister C D,Heezen B C. 1972. Geological effects of ocean bottom currents: Western North Atlantic. In: Gordon A L(ed).Studies in Physical Oceanography,2. New York: Gordon and Breach,37-66. 42 Huneke N V,Stow D A V. 2008. Identification of ancient contourites: Problems and palaeoceanographic significance. In: Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites.Developments in Sedimentology,60. Amsterdam: Elsevier,323-344. 43 Legg S,Briegleb B,Chang Y,Chassignet E P,Danabasoglu G,Ezer T,Gordon A L,Griffies S,Hallberg R,Jackson L,Large W,Özgükmen T M,Peters H,Price J,Riemenschneider U,Wu W,Xu X,Yang J. 2009. Improving oceanic overflow representation in climate models: The Gravity Current Entrainment Climate Process Team. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,90: 657-670. 44 Llave E,Hernandez-Molina F J,SomozaL. 2001. Seismic stacking pattern of the Faro-Albufeira contourite system(Gulfof Cadiz): A Quaternary record of paleoceanographic and tectonic influences. Marine Geophysical Researches,22: 487-508. 45 Price J F,Baringer M O. 1994. Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Progress in Oceanography,33: 161-200. 46 Rebesco M,Hern��ndez-Molina F J,Rooij D V,Wåhlin A. 2014. Contourites and associated sediments controlled by deep-water circulation processes: State-of-the-art and future considerations. Marine Geology,352: 111-154. 47 Schnitker D. 1980. Global Paleoceanography and its deep water linkage to the Antarctic glaciation. Earth Science Review,16: 1-20. 48 Song S G,Niu Y L,Su L,Xia X H. 2013. Tectonic of the north Qilian orogen,NW China. Gondwana Research,23: 1378-1401. 49 Stow D A V,Holbrook J A. 1984. North Atlantic contourites: An overview. In: Stow D A V,Piper D J W(eds).Fine Grained Sediments,Deep-water Processes and Facies. London: Geological Society,Special Publication,15: 245-256. 50 Stow D A V,Kahler G,Reeder M. 2002. Fossil contourites: Type example from an Oligocene palaeoslope system,Cyprus. In: Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,Faugères J C,Viana A R(eds). Deep-water Contourite Systems: Modern Drifts and AncientSeries,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics. London: Geological Society,Memoir,22: 443-455. 51 Veizer J,Demovic R. 1973. Environmental and climatic controlled fractionation of elements in mesozoic cartwnate sequences of the western Carpathims. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,43: 258-271. 52 Veizer J,Demovic R. 1974. Strontium as a tool for facies analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,44: 93-115.
