Characteristics and formation mechanism of soft-sediment deformation structures related to volcanic earthquakes of the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group in Lingshan Island, Shandong Province
1 School of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(East China),Qingdao 266580,Shandong; 2 Laboratory of Geochemistry & Lithosphere Dynamics,China University of Petroleum(East China),Qingdao 266580,Shandong; 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20126, Italy; 4 Authority of Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve,Dongying 257091,Shandong; 5 CNOOC Research Institute,Beijing 100027;
Abstract：Recently,the study on the soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDS) of Lingshan Island is a hot topic. The research is focused on the SSDS in turbidite system of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group, while specific study on the SSDS in fan delta system of the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group is not illustrated in details. With the field outcrops and thin sections,we analyzed the lithologic characteristics,lithofacies associations, classification and characteristics of SSDS of the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group in the study area. A conclusion was acquired that the palaeoenvironment is a fan delta system with several volcanic eruptions,and the water became shallower gradually. The types of SSDS include load structure,ball and pillow structure,water escape structure, sediment-injection structure,hydroplastic deformation,plastic sandstone breccia,volcanic drop stone and “V”shaped ground fissure. They were mainly caused by volcanic earthquakes of three types: seismic wave,the gravity and inertia effect of pyroclastic deposition and instant differential air pressure,which are different from the slumping and tectonic earthquake occurred in the Laiyang Group. In addition,with the analysis of association between the pyroclastic flows and the SSDS horizons,a distribution model of SSDS related to volcanic earthquake can be built: The types of SSDS range gradually with the variation of distance from volcanic vent. The brittle deformation structure, common type in proximal zone, disappears gradually; in the medial zone, liquefied and plastic SSDS become dominant types; while in distal zone, slightly liquefied SSDS develops. Additionally,the scale and size of SSDS is negatively correlated with the distance from the volcanic vent.
Zhou Yaoqi,Zhou Tengfei,Zhang Zhenkai et al. Characteristics and formation mechanism of soft-sediment deformation structures related to volcanic earthquakes of the Lower Cretaceous Qingshan Group in Lingshan Island, Shandong Province[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(4): 567-582.
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