Precipitation sequence of hydrothermal minerals and their controlling factors during the sedimentation: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous Tenggeer Formation in Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia
Zhong Da-Kang1,2, Su Chen1,2, Yang Zhe1,2, Jia Xiao-Lan1,2
1 College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China
Abstract：Hydrothermal sedimentary rock is deposited from the mixture fluid of hydrothermal water and the lake/ocean water from sedimentary basins. It belongs to a transitional type between magmatic rocks and sedimentary rocks,with some similarities and differences in mineral composition,rock texture and structure between these two types. The hydrothermal sedimentary rock contains much alminosilicate formed from the magma hydrothermal fluid,such as zeolite and feldspar,and also much carbonate minerals formed at normal lake/ocean water temperature,such as dolomite,magnesite,siderite,etc. A set of more than 300 m thick hydrothermal sedimentary rocks has been found in the Lower Cretaceous Tenggeer Formation of the Baiyinchagan sag,Erlian Basin. Base on the microscopy,electronic probe and Qemscan,several mineral precipitation sequences are established: (1)In lamellar rock,there is a sequence of precipitation from aluminosilicate to carbonate. In the association of aluminosilicate minerals,the analcime deposits first,then followed by natrolite,and the last by albite. In the association of carbonate minerals,magnesite first appears,the followed by siderite,and the last by ankerite. Calcite can appear after dolomite precipitation. (2)In flocculent nodule,pyrite appears at the center,and analcime,natrolite,magnesite,siderite,ankerite appear outward gradually. Sometimes the reverse of the above sequence appears. (3)In the fractures,the filling sequence is from aluminosilicate such as zeolite,chlorite to carbonate such as ankerite,from the edge of the fracture to the center. The most complete and ideal sequence of precipitation in the study area is pyrite-analcime-natrolite-albite-orthoclase-magnesite-siderite-dolomite-calcite. This complete sequence is often not fully observed. However, it is common to observe combinations of some of these minerals in the same order. The type of precipitation sequence is controlled by the jet and overflow stage,occurring time, temperature and hydrothermal chemical properties. Under the high temperature and salinity conditions at the early stage,the aluminosilicate sequences often occurred,or the carbonate mineral sequences mainly formed at the later stage.
Zhong Da-Kang,Su Chen,Yang Zhe et al. Precipitation sequence of hydrothermal minerals and their controlling factors during the sedimentation: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous Tenggeer Formation in Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(5): 695-708.
[1] 蔡元吉,周茂. 1993. 金矿床黄铁矿晶形标型特征实验研究. 中国科学, 23(9): 972-978. [Cai Y J,Zhou M.1993. Experimental study on the characteristics of crystal form of pyrite in gold deposit. China Science, 23(9): 972-978] [2] 陈先沛. 1988. 热水沉积成岩成矿作用的研究进展. 岩石矿物地球化学通讯,(2): 102-104. [Chen X P.1988. Research progress on hydrothermal sedimentary diagenesis and mineralization. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology,and Geochemistry,(2): 102-104] [3] 陈先沛,陈多福. 1989. 广西上泥盆统乳房状燧石的热水沉积地球化学特征. 地球化学,(1): 1-8. [Chen X P,Chen D F.1989. Geochemistry of Upper Devonian mammiform chert in Guangxi. Geochimica,(1): 1-8] [4] 陈先沛,高计元,陈多福,董维全. 1992. 热水沉积作用的概念和几个岩石学标志. 沉积学报, 10(3): 124-131. [Chen X P,Gao J Y,Chen D F,Dong W Q.1992. The concept of hydrothermal sedimentation and its petrological criteria. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 10(3): 124-131] [5] 陈勇,周瑶琪,倪培,胡文瑄,任拥军,赵振宇. 2007. 南黄海盆地含烃热液流体活动: 流体包裹体证据. 岩石学报, 23(9): 2296-2302. [Chen Y,Zhou Y Q,Ni P,Hu W X,Ren Y J,Zhao Z Y.2007. Activities of hydrocarbon bearing fluids in South Yellow Sea Basin,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(9): 2296-2302] [6] 郭强,钟大康,张放东,刘新刚,范凌霄,李君军. 2012. 内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统湖相白云岩成因. 古地理学报, 14(1): 59-68. [Guo Q,Zhong D K,Zhang F D,Liu X G,Fan L X,Li J J.2012. Origin of the Lower Cretaceous lacustrine dolostones in Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 14(1): 59-68] [7] 郭强,李子颖,秦明宽,钟大康,张放东,贾翠,邬军. 2014. 内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷热水沉积序列探讨. 沉积学报, 32(5): 809-815. [Guo Q,Li Z Y,Qin M K,Zhong D K,Zhang F D,Jia C,Wu J.2014. Discussion of hydrothermal sedimentary sequence in Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 32(5): 809-815] [8] 季汉成,杨德相,高先志,房晓东,王薇. 2012. 二连盆地洪浩尔舒特凹陷中生界火山岩特征及储层控制因素分析. 地质学报, 86(8): 1227-1240. [Ji H C,Yang D X,Gao X Z,Fang X D,Wang W.2012. Characteristic of Mesozoic volcanic rock and analysis of reservoir controlling factors in the Honghaoershute sag of Erlian Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 86(8): 1227-1240] [9] 蒋云,赵珊茸,马昌前,张金阳. 2008. 青藏高原当雄地区方沸石响岩的主要造岩矿物特征: 原生方沸石的证据. 地球科学, 33(3): 320-328. [Jiang Y,Zhao S R,Ma C Q,Zhang J Y.2008. Characteristics of rock-forming minerals of analcime phonolite in the Damxung area,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Evidence for primary analcime. Earth Science, 33(3): 320-328] [10] 焦鑫,柳益群,周鼎武,汪双双,南云,周宁超,杨焱钧. 2013. “白烟型”热液喷流岩研究进展. 地球科学进展, 28(2): 221-231. [Jiao X,Liu Y Q,Zhou D W,Wang S S,Nan Y,Zhou N C,Yang Y J.2013. Progress of research on “white smoke type”exhalative hydrothermal rocks. Advances in Earth Science, 28(2): 221-231] [11] 焦鑫,柳益群,樊婷婷,周鼎武,杨焱钧,张旭. 2017. 幔源纹层状岩浆—热液喷溢沉积岩. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 47(6): 887-895. [Jiao X,Liu Y Q,Fan T T,Zhou D W,Yang Y J,Zhang X.2017. Mantle-derived laminated magmatic-hydrothermal effusive-eruptive sedimentary rocks. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 47(6): 887-895] [12] 库国正,张放东,邓已寻,李西爱,王婧韫,柳金钟. 2005. 白音查干凹陷变换构造与油气关系. 石油与天然气地质, 26(2): 257-261. [Ku G Z,Zhang F D,Deng Y X,Li X A,Wang J Y,Liu J Z.2005. Relationship between transfer structures and hydrocarbons in Baiyinchagan depression. Oil & Gas Geology, 26(2): 257-262] [13] 李浩,高先志,杨德相,朱超,韦庆亮,张丽. 2014. 二连盆地赛汉塔拉凹陷白垩系火山岩储集层特征及分布预测. 石油实验地质36(4),442-449. [Li H,Gao X Z,Yang D X,Zhu C,Wei Q L,Zhang L.2014. Characteristics and distribution prediction of Cretaceous volcanic reservoirs in Saihantala sag,Erlian Basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 36(4): 442-449] [14] 李红,柳益群,朱玉双. 2007. 新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系湖相白云岩形成机理初探. 沉积学报, 25(1): 75-81. [Li H,Liu Y Q,Zhu Y S.2007. Primary study on the origin of lacutrine dolostones of Permian,Sangtanghu Bain,Xinjiang. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 25(1): 75-81] [15] 李红,柳益群,梁浩,罗权生,李玮,周小虎,焦鑫,杨锐,雷川,孙芹. 2012. 三塘湖盆地二叠系陆相热水沉积方沸石岩特征及成因分析. 沉积学报, 30(2): 205-218. [Li H,Liu Y Q,Liang H,Luo Q S,Li W,Zhou X H,Jiao X,Yang R,Lei C,Sun Q.2012. Lithology and origin analysis of sublacustrine hydrothermal deposits characterized by analcime,sanidine,dolomite,quartz,etc. in Lucaogou Formation,Middle Permian,Santanghu Basin,Northeast Xinjiang,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 30(2): 205-218] [16] 李红,柳益群. 2013. “白云石(岩)”问题与湖相白云岩研究. 沉积学报, 31(2): 302-314. [Li H,Liu Y Q.2013. “Dolomite problem”and research of ancient lacustrine dolostones. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 31(2): 302-314] [17] 李楠,杨立强,张闯,张静,雷时斌,王恒涛,王宏伟,高雪. 2012. 西秦岭阳山金矿带硫同位素特征: 成矿环境与物质来源约束. 岩石学报, 28(5): 1577-1587. [Li N,Yang L Q,Zhang C,Zhang J,Lei S B,Wang H T,Wang H W,Gao X.2012. Sulfur isotope characteristics of the Yangshan gold belt,West Qinling: Constraints on ore-forming environment and material source. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28(5): 1577-1587] [18] 李正文,焦贵浩,董艳蕾. 1997. 二连盆地断陷模型研究及其在新区评价中的应用. 西安石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 12(5): 8-13. [Li Z W,Jiao G H,Dong Y L.1997. Research on fault depression model of Erlian Basin and its application in evaluation of new area. Journal of xi’an Shiyou University: Natural Science Edition, 12(5): 8-13] [19] 柳益群,李红,朱玉双,胡亭,傅国斌,刘洪福,周小虎,郑朝阳,樊婷婷. 2010. 白云岩成因探讨: 新疆三塘湖盆地发现二叠系湖相喷流型热水白云岩. 沉积学报, 28(5): 861-867. [Liu Y Q,Li H,Zhu Y S,Hu T,Fu G B,Liu H F,Zhou X H,Zheng C Y,Fan T T.2010. Permian lacustrine eruptive hydrothermal dolomites,Santanghu Basin,Xinjiang Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 28(5): 861-867] [20] 柳益群,周鼎武,焦鑫,南云,杨晚,李红,周小虎. 2013. 一类新型沉积岩: 地幔热液喷积岩: 以中国新疆三塘湖地区为例. 沉积学报, 31(5): 773-781. [Liu Y Q,Zhou D W,Jiao X,Nan Y,Yang W,Li H,Zhou X H.2013. A new type of sedimentary rocks: Mantle-originated hydroclastites and hydrothermal exhalites,Santanghu area,Xinjiang,NW China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 31(5): 773-781] [21] 路占军,娜仁,崔俊峰,王彦卿,杨桂茹,郑扶军. 2011. 内蒙古二连盆地洪浩尔舒特凹陷白垩系火山岩储集层. 古地理学报, 13(2): 201-208. [Lu Z J,Na R,Cui J F,Wang Y Q,Yang G R,Zheng F J.2011. Volcanic rock reservoir of the Cretaceous in Honghao’ershute sag in Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 13(2): 201-208] [22] 罗平,杨式升,马龙,苏丽萍. 2001. 酒西盆地青西坳陷湖相纹层状泥质白云岩中泥级斜长石成因、特征与油气勘探意义. 石油勘探与开发, 28(6): 32-33. [Luo P,Yang S S,Ma L,Su L P.2001. Origin,feature and its significance to the petroleum exploration of the clay-size plagioclase in lacustrine laminated argillaceous dolomite,Qingxi Depression in Jiuxi Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 28(6): 32-33] [23] 罗平,杨式升,苏丽萍. 2002. 酒西盆地湖相纹层状泥质白云岩储层的形成条件与特征. 见: 油气储层重点实验室论文集. 北京: 石油工业出版社,32-44. [Luo P,Yang S S,Su L P.2002. Formation condition and feature of the clay-size plagioclase in lacustrine laminated argillaceous dolomite reservoir of Jiuxi Basin. In: Symposium of Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoirs. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,32-44] [24] 任建业,李思田,焦贵浩. 1998. 二连断陷盆地群伸展构造系统及其发育的深部背景. 地球科学, 23(6): 567-571. [Ren J Y,Li S T,Jiao G H.1998. Extensional tectonic system of Erlian fault basin group and its deep background. Earth Science, 23(6): 567-571] [25] 涂光炽. 1983. 中国层控矿床地球化学·第一卷. 北京: 科学出版社,70-128. [Tu G Z.1983. Geochemistry of China’s Stratigraphic Deposits,Volume 1. Beijing: Science Press,70-128] [26] 涂光炽. 1987. 中国层控矿床地球化学·第二卷. 北京: 科学出版社,131-168. [Tu G Z.1987. Geochemistry of China’s Stratigraphic Deposits,Volume 2. Beijing: Science Press,131-168] [27] 王江海,颜文. 1998. 陆相热水沉积作用: 以云南地区为例. 北京: 地质出版社. [Wang J H,Yan W.1998. Continental Hydrothermal Sedimentation: A Case Study of Yunnan Region. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [28] 王静,施光海,王君,袁野,杨梦楚. 2013. 缅甸硬玉岩地区的热液型钠长石岩. 岩石学报, 29(4): 1450-1460. [Wang J,Shi G H,Wang J,Yuan Y,Yang M C.2013. Hydrothermal albitite from the Myanmar jadeite deposit. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(4): 1450-1460] [29] 文华国. 2005. 酒西盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相“白烟型”喷流岩研究. 成都理工大学硕士学位论文. [Wen H G.2005. Study on the “White Smoke Type”of Lacustrine Exhalative Rock in the Xiagou Formation of Qingxi Sag of Jiuxi Basin. Masteral Dissertation of Chengdu University of Technology] [30] 文华国. 2008. 酒泉盆地青西凹陷湖相“白烟型”热水沉积岩地质地球化学特征及成因. 成都理工大学博士学位论文. [Wen H G.2008. Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Lacustrine “White Smoke Type”Hydrothermal Sedimentary Rock in Qingxi Sag,Jiuxi Basin. Doctoral Dissertation of Chengdu University of Technology] [31] 文华国,郑荣才,Hairuo Qing,范铭涛,吴国瑄. 2008. 青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩中的重晶石流体包裹体特征. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 35(3): 288-296. [Wen H G,Zheng R C,Qing H R,Fan M T,Wu G X.2008. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the barite of lacustrine hydrothermal sedimentary rock from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation in Qingxi sag,Jiuquan basin,China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), 35(3): 288-296] [32] 文华国,郑荣才,Hairuo Qing,范铭涛,汪满福. 2010. 酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩流体包裹体特征. 地质学报, 84(1): 106-116. [Wen H G,Zheng R C,Qing H R,Fan M T,Wang M F.2010. Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the lacustrine hydrothermal sedimentary rock from the Xiagou Formation,Lower Cretaceous in Qingxi Sag,Jiuquan Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(1): 106-116] [33] 文华国,郑荣才,Hairuo Qing,范铭涛,李雅楠,宫博识. 2014. 青藏高原北缘酒泉盆地青西凹陷白垩系湖相热水沉积原生白云岩. 中国科学: 地球科学, 44(4): 591-604. [Wen H G,Zheng R C,Qing H R,Fan M T,Li Y N,Gong B S.2014. Primary dolostone related to the Cretaceous lacustrine hydrothermal sedimentation in Qingxi sag,Jiuquan Basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 44(4): 591-604] [34] 肖荣阁,杨忠芳,杨卫东,李朝阳. 1994. 热水成矿作用. 地学前缘, 1(4): 140-147. [Xiao R G,Yang Z F,Yang W D,Li C Y.1994. Hydrothermal mineralizing process. Earth Science Frontiers, 1(4): 140-147] [35] 肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林. 2001. 二连盆地形成的地球动力学背景. 石油与天然气地质, 22(2): 137-142. [Xiao A C,Yang S F,Chen H L.2001. Geodynamic background on formation of Erlian Basin. Oil & Gas Geology, 22(2): 137-142] [36] 张振亮,焦大庆,谈玉明,王秀林,张放东,刘绍光. 2009. 白音查干凹陷古地温与油气的关系研究. 见: 第五届油气成藏机理与油气资源评价国际学术研讨会论文集. [Zhang Z L,Jiao D Q,Tan Y M,Wang X L,Zhang F D,Liu S G.2009. A study on the relationship between paleogeotemperature and oil and gas in Baiyinchagan Depression. In: Papers Collection of the Fifth International Symposium on Oil and Gas Reservoir Formation Mechanism and Oil and Gas Resources Evaluation] [37] 郑荣才,王成善,朱利东,刘红军,方国玉,杜文博,王崇孝,汪满福. 2003. 酒西盆地首例湖相“白烟型”喷流岩: 热水沉积白云岩的发现及其意义. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 30(1): 1-8. [Zheng R C,Wang C S,Zhu L D,Liu H J,Fang G Y,Du W B,Wang C X,Wang M F.2003. Discovery of the first example of “White smoke type”of exhalative rock(hydrothermal sedimentary dolostone)in Jiuxi Basin and its significance. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), 30(1): 1-8] [38] 郑荣才,文华国,范铭涛,汪满福,吴国瑄,夏佩芬. 2006a. 酒西盆地下沟组湖相白烟型喷流岩岩石学特征. 岩石学报, 22(12): 3027-3038. [Zheng R C,Wen H G,Fan M T,Wang M F,Wu G X,Xia P F.2006a. Lithological characteristics of sublacustrine white smoke type exhalative rock of the Xiagou Formation in Jiuxi Basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(12): 3027-3038] [39] 郑荣才,文华国,高红灿,柯光明. 2006b. 酒西盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相喷流岩稀土元素地球化学特征. 矿物岩石, 26(4): 41-47. [Zheng R C,Wen H G,Gao H C,Ke G M.2006b. Characteristics of rare earth elements of lacustrine exhalative rock in the Xiagou Formation,Lower Creataceous in Qingxi sag,Jiuxi Basin. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 26(4): 41-47] [40] 钟大康,姜振昌,郭强,孙海涛,杨喆. 2015a. 内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷热水沉积白云岩的发现及其地质与矿产意义. 石油与天然气地质, 36(4): 587-595. [Zhong D K,Jiang Z C,Guo Q,Sun H T,Yang Z.2015a. Discovery of hydrothermal dolostones in Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia,and its geologic and mineral significance. Oil & Gas Geology, 36(4): 587-595] [41] 钟大康,姜振昌,郭强,孙海涛. 2015b. 热水沉积作用的研究历史、现状及展望. 古地理学报, 17(3): 285-296. [Zhong D K,Jiang Z C,Guo Q,Sun H T.2015b. A review about research history,situation and prospects of hydrothermal sedimentation. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 17(3): 285-296] [42] 钟大康,杨喆,孙海涛,张硕. 2018. 热水沉积岩岩石学特征: 以内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组为例. 古地理学报, 20(1): 19-32. [Zhong D K,Yang Z,Sun H T,Zhang S.2018. Petrological characteristics of hydrothermal-sedimentary rocks: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous Tengger Formation in the Baiyinchagan sag of Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 20(1): 19-32] [43] 周瑶琪,张振凯,梁文栋,李素,岳会雯. 2015. 山东东部晚中生代构造—岩浆活动及原型盆地恢复. 地学前缘, 22(1): 137-156. [Zhou Y Q,Zhang Z K,Liang W D,Li S,Yue H W.2015. Late Mesozoic tectono-magmatic activities and prototype basin restoration in eastern Shandong Province,China. Earth Science Frontiers, 22(1): 137-156] [44] 周永章. 1990. 丹池盆地热水成因硅岩的沉积地球化学特征. 沉积学报, 8(3): 75-83. [Zhou Y Z.1990. On sedimentary geochemistry of siliceous rocks originated from thermal water in Nandan-Hechi Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 8(3): 75-83] [45] 周永章,涂光炽,Chown E H,Guha J,卢焕章. 1994a. 热液围岩蚀变过程中数学不变量的寻找及元素迁移的定量估计: 以广东河台金矿田为例. 科学通报, 39(11): 1026-1028. [Zhou Y Z,Tu G Z,Chown E H,Guha J,Lu H Z.1994a. Searching for mathematical invariants and quantitative estimation of element migration in hydrothermal surrounding rock alteration: A case study of Guangdong Hetai Goldfield. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39(11): 1026-1028] [46] 周永章,涂光炽,卢焕章. 1994b. 粤西古水剖面震旦系顶部层状硅岩的热水成因属性: 岩石学和地球化学证据. 沉积学报, 12(3): 1-11. [Zhou Y Z,Tu G Z,Lu H Z.1994b. Hydrothermal origin of top Sinian chert formation at Gushui,western Guangdong,China: Petrologic and geochemical evidence. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 12(3): 1-11] [47] 周永章,何俊国,杨志军,付伟,杨小强,张澄博,杨海生. 2004. 华南热水沉积硅质岩建造及其成矿效应. 地学前缘, 11(2): 373-377. [Zhou Y Z,He J G,Yang Z J,Fu W,Yang X Q,Zhang C B,Yang H S.2004. Hydrothermally sedimentary formations and related mineralization in South China. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(2): 373-377] [48] 周永章,付伟,杨志军,何俊国,聂凤军,李文,赵文霞. 2008. 藏南地区中生代硅质岩的地球化学特征及其成因意义. 岩石学报, 24(3): 600-608. [Zhou Y Z,Fu W,Yang Z J,He J G,Nie F J,Li W,Zhao W X.2008. Geochemical characteristics of Mesozoic chert from southern Tibet and its petrogenic implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(3): 600-608] [49] Barrer R M,Hinds L.1950. Hydrothermal synthesis of potash feldspar in the range 195-200 degrees C. Nature, 166(4222): 562. [50] Baskin Y.1956. Observations on heat-treated authigenic microcline and albite crystals. Journal of Geology, 64(3): 219-224. [51] Branchu P,Bergonzini L,Delvaux D,Batist M D,Golubev V,Benedetti M,Klerkx J.2005. Tectonic,climatic and hydrothermal control on sedimentation and water chemistry of northern Lake Malawi(Nyasa),Tanzania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 43(4): 433-446. [52] Coogan L A,Attar A,Mihaly S F,Jeffries M,Pope M.2017. Near-vent chemical processes in a hydrothermal plume: Insights from an integrated study of the Endeavour segment. Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems, 18(4): 1641-1660. [53] Crane K.1991. Hydrothermal vents in Lake Baikal. Nature, 350: 281. [54] Fouquet Y.1999. Where are the large hydrothermal sulphide deposit in the oceans. Cambridge,United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press,211-224. [55] Ghobarkar H,Schäf O.1999. Synthesis of gismondine-type zeolites by the hydrothermal method. Materials Research Bulletin, 34(4): 517-525. [56] Goldsmith J R,Laves F.1954. The microcline-sanidine stability relations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 5(1): 1-4. [57] Goodfellow W G,Franklin J M.1993. Geology,mineralogy and chemistry of sediment hosted clastic massive sulfides in shallow cores,Middle Valley,Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Economic Geology, 88: 2037-2068. [58] Halbach R M,Halbach P.2002. Sulfide-impregnated and pure silica precipitates of hydrothermal origin from the central Indian Ocean. Chemical Geology, 182: 357-375. [59] Jiao X,Liu Y Q,Yang W,Zhou D W,Li H,Nan Y,Jin M Q.2018a. A magmatic-hydrothermal lacustrine exhalite from the Permian Lucaogou Formation,Santanghu Basin. Journal of Asian Earth Scinences, 156: 11-25. [60] Jiao X,Liu Y Q,Yang W,Zhou D W,Wang S,Jin M Q,Sun B,Fan T T.2018b. Mixed biogenic and hydrothermal quartz in Permian lacustrine shale of Santanghu Basin,NW China: Implications for penecontemporaneous transformation of silica minerals. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 107(6): 1989-2009. [61] Kelley D S,Karson J A,Blackman D K,Früh-Green G L,Rivizzigno P.2001. An offaxis hydrothermal vent field near the midatlantic ridge at 30°N. Nature, 412: 145-149. [62] Kumar S, Chattopadhyaya M C.2006. Synthesis of natrolite using the hydrothermal apparatus. Journal-Indian Chemical Society, 83(12): 1288-1290. [63] Merlini M, Sapelli F, Fumagalli P, Gatta G D, Lotti P, Tumiati S, Aabdellatief M, Lausi A, Plaisier J, Hanfland M, Crichton W, Chantel J, Guignard J, Meneghini C, Pavese A, Poli S.2016. High-temperature and high-pressure behavior of carbonates in the ternary diagram CaCO3-MgCO3-FeCO3. American Mineralogist, 10(16): 1423-1430. [64] Prolledesma R M,Canet C,Villanuevaestrada R E,Ortegaosorio A.2010. Morphology of pyrite in particulate matter from shallow submarine hydrothermal vents. American Mineralogist, 95(10): 1500-1507. [65] Renaut R W,Jones B.2002. Sublacustrine precipitation of hydrothermal silica in rift lakes: Evidence from Lake Baringo,central Kenya Rift Valley. Sedimentary Geology, 148: 235-257. [66] Reyes A G,Massoth G,De Ronde C,Wright I C.2006. Hydrothermal mineralization in arc-type submarine volcanoes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(18): A528. [67] Ribbe P H.1983. Feldspar mineralogy reviews in mineralogy. Washington D C: Mineralogical Society of America,18-77. [68] Rona P A.1983. Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers. Springer US. [69] Rona P A.1986. Mineral deposits from seafloor hot spring. Scientific American, 254: 84-92. [70] Rona P A.1988. Hydrothermal mineralization at oceanic ridges. The Canadian Mineralogist-Seafloor hydrothermal mineralization, 26(3): 431-466. [71] Rona P A,Scott S D.1993. A special issue of seafloor hydrothermal mineralization: New perspecitive. Economic Geology, 88(8): 1935-2078. [72] Rona P A.2002. Marine minerals for the 21st centry. Episodes, 25: 2-12. [73] Ronde C E J,Stoffers P,Garbe-Schönberg D,Christenson B W,Jones B,Manconi R,Browne P R L,Hissmann K,Botz R,Davy B W,Schmitt M,Battershill C N.2002. Discovery of active hydrothermal venting in Lake Taupo,New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 115: 257-275. [74] Russell M J.1983. Major Sediment-host Exhalative Zinc-lead Deposits: Formation from Hydrothermal Convection Cells That Deepen during Crustal Extension. Mineral Association of Canada, 8:251-282. [75] Russell M J.1996. The generation at hot springs of sedimentary ore deposits,microbialiates and life. Ore Geology Reviews, 10: 199-214. [76] Schardt C,Yang J,Large R.2003. Formation of massive sulfide ore deposits on the seafloor: Constraints from numerical heat and fluid flow modeling. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78-79: 257-259. [77] Scott S D.1997. Submarine hydrothermal systems and deposits. New York USA: Wiley,797-935. [78] Scott S D.2002. Minerals on land,minerals in the sea. Geotims, 47: 797-935. [79] Smith B L.1974. Granite petrology and the granite problem. Journal of Geology, 81(2): 242-243. [80] Stoffers P,Botz R.1994. Formation of hydrothermal carbonate in Lake Tanganyika,East Central Africa. Chemical Geology, 115(1-2): 117-122. [81] Tiercelin J J,Pflumio C,Castrec M.1993. Hydrothermal vents in Lake Tanganyika,East African Rift System. Geology, 21: 499-500. [82] Zierenberg R A,Fouquet Y,Miller D J,Bahr J M,Baker P A,Bjerkgård T,Brunner C A,Duckworth R C,Gable R,Gieskes J,Goodfellow W D,Gröschel-Becker H M,Guèrin G,Ishibashi J,Iturrino G,James R H,Lackschewitz K S,Marquez L L,Nehlig P,Peter J M,Rigsby C A,Schultheiss P,Shanks Ⅲ W C,Simoneit B R T,Summit M,Teagle D A H,Urbat M,Zuffa G G.1998. The deep structure of a seafloor hydrothermal deposit. Nature, 392: 485-488.
