1 Tourism and History Culture Department,Liupanshui Normal University,Guizhou Liupanshui 553004,China; 2 School of Geography Science,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China; 3 Institute of Karst Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Guangxi Guilin 541004,China
摘要 黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS14C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明: 轨道尺度上,MIS3(氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2(氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3(Heninrich 3)、H2(Heninrich 2)和LGM(Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19~18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。
Abstract：Western Guizhou plateau is an ideal place to reconstruct variations of the Southwest Monsoon since the Last Glacial Period. However,lack of continuous and high temporal resolution records obstacle understanding of evolution of the paleo-vegetation and the Southwest Monsoon. Here we present a palynology record since the Last Glacial Period,which was obtained from a drained paleo-lake in the western Guizhou plateau,with precise AMS14C date, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of vegetation and monsoon. Result shows that: On orbital scale during the stage of MIS3,the main vegetation comprised of arboreal and herbs,in which coniferous arboreal pollen percentage reach its maximum,and indicated a warm and humid climate,implying a strong Southwest Asia Monsoon. During MIS2,the arboreal forest decreased dramatically and the herbs and ferns extended,indicating that a cold and dry climate occurred in this area,implying a weaker Southwest Asia Monsoon,especially during the LGM. On millennium scale,Southwest Asia Monsoon of the western Guizhou plateau co-responded to the “ice drift events”in the North Atlantic,and the Heinrich(mainly H3 and H2)and LGM events resulted in weaker Southwest Asia Monsoon and the decrease of coniferous vegetation in western Guizhou plateau. Comparing with regional climate records reveal that the Southwest Monsoon and the East Asia Summer Monsoon changed synchronous on orbital or millennial scale. The in-phrase relationship implies variations of monsoon system attributed to insolation dynamics in north high latitude and the North Atlantic “ice sheets raft”. Between 19-18 cal ka BP,the research area underwent the driest and coldest climate since MIS2,the arboreal and herbal vegetation nearly disappeared,and the dominant vegetation were ferns,indicating the weakest Southwest Monsoon,while the East Asia Summer Monsoon began to strengthen,which testifies the out-phrase relationship of the two monsoon systems on sub-millennial scale.
Zhao Zeng-You,Shi Sheng-Qiang,Yuan Zhi-Chen et al. Evolution of vegetation and Southwest Monsoon during the late Last Glacial Period in western Guizhou plateau[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(6): 1013-1024.
[1] 陈建国,杨扬,孙航. 2011. 高山植物对全球气候变暖的响应研究进展. 应用与环境生物学报, 17(3): 435-446. [Chen J G,Yang Y,Sun H.2011. Advances in the studies of responses of Alpine plants to global warming. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 17(3): 435-446] [2] 陈建徽,饶志国,刘建宝,黄伟,Feng S,董广辉,胡玉,许清海,陈发虎. 2016. 全新世东亚夏季风最强盛期出现在何时?——兼论中国南方石笋氧同位素的古气候意义. 中国科学: 地球科学, 46: 1494-1504. [Chen J H,Rao Z G,Liu J B,Huang W,Feng S,Dong G H,Hu Y,Xu Q H,Chen F H.2016. On the timing of the East Asian summer monsoon maximum during the Holocene: Does the speleothem oxygen isotope record reflect monsoon rainfall variability?Scientia Sinica Terrae, 46: 1494-1504] [3] 崔英方,汪永进,刘殿兵. 2011. 黔西南雾露洞石笋记录的MIS3晚期亚洲季风变化和南北极气候的联系. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 31(3): 101-107. [Cui Y F,Wang Y J,Liu D B.2011. High-revolution stalagmite δ18O records of Asian Monsoon changes in Southwest Guizhou during the late episode of MIS3: A test of the bi-polar see-saw model at centennial scale. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 31(3): 101-107] [4] 姜大膀,王会军,郎咸梅. 2002. 末次盛冰期气候模拟及青藏高原冰盖的可能影响. 第四纪研究, 22(4): 323-331. [Jiang D B,Wang H J,Lang X M.2002. Palaeoclimate modeling for the LGM and the possible influence of the continental ice sheet over the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. Quaternary Science, 22(4): 323-331] [5] 孔凡翠,杨瑞东,沙占江. 2013. 贵州草海赵家院子晚更新世泥炭层地球化学特征及其环境意义. 地质论评, 59(4): 716-730. [Kong F C,Yang R D,Sha Z J.2013. Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Epipleistocene Peat on Zhaojiayuanzi sediment column in Caohai Basin,Guizhou Province. Geological Review, 59(4): 716-730] [6] 李文漪. 1991. 神农架巴山冷杉林花粉与植物关系及其森林植被之间演替. 地理学报, 46(2): 186-194. [Li W Y.1991. Relationships between pollen and plant of the Abies fargesii forest and its succession in the Shengnongjia Mountain. Acta Geographica Sinica, 46(2): 186-194] [7] 林瑞芬,卫克勤. 2000. 草海ZHJ柱样沉积物有机质的δ13C记录及其古气候信息. 地球化学, 29(4): 390-396. [Lin R F,Wei K Q.2000. A δ13C record of the organic matter in lacustrine sediments of the core ZHJ from Lake Caohai and its palaeoclimate implications. Geochimica, 29(4): 390-396] [8] 吕厚远,王淑云,沈才明,羊向东,童国榜,廖淦标. 2004. 青藏高原现代表土中冷杉和云杉花粉的空间分布. 第四纪研究, 24(1): 39-49. [Lü H Y,Wang S Y,Shen C M,Yang X D,Tong G B,Liao G B.2004. Spatial pattern of modern Abies and Picea pollen in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Science, 24(1): 39-49] [9] 施雅风,贾玉连,于革,杨达源,范云崎,李世杰,王云飞. 2002.40-30 ka BP青藏高原及邻区高温大降水事件的特征、影响及原因探讨. 湖泊科学, 14(1): 1-11. [Shi Y F,Jia Y L,Yu G,Yang D Y,Fan Y Q,Li S J,Wang Y F.2002. Features,impacts and causes of the high temperature and large precipitation event in the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent area during 40-30 ka BP. Journal of Lake Science, 14(1): 1-11] [10] 施雅风,赵井东. 2009.40~30 ka BP中国特殊暖湿气候与环境的发现与研究过程的回顾. 冰川冻土, 31(1): 1-10. [Shi Y F,Zhao J D.2009. The special warm-humid climate and environment in China during 40-30 ka BP: Discovery and review. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 31(1): 1-10] [11] 谭明. 2009. 环流效应: 中国季风区石笋氧同位素短尺度变化的气候意义——古气候记录与现代气候研究的一次对话. 第四纪研究, 29(5): 851-862. [Tan M.2009. Circulation effect: Climatic significance of the oxygen isotopes in stalagmites from monsoonal China—Dialogue between paleoclimate records and modern climate research. Quaternary Science, 29(5): 851-862] [12] 唐领余,沈才明,孔昭宸,王富葆,廖淦标. 1998. 青藏高原东部末次冰期最盛期气候的花粉证据. 冰川冻土, 20(2): 133-140. [Tang L Y,Shen C M,Kong Z C,Wang F B,Liao J B.1998. Pollen evidence of climate during the Last Glacial Maximum in eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 20(2): 133-140] [13] 吴征镒. 1980. 中国植被. 北京: 科学出版社: 1-1364. [Wu Z Y.1980. Chinese Vegetation. Beijing: Science Press,1-1364] [14] 许清海,李曼玥,张生瑞,张娅红,张攀攀,卢静瑶. 2015. 中国第四纪花粉现代过程: 进展与问题. 中国科学: 地球科学, 45: 1661-1682. [Xu Q H,Li M Y,Zhang S R,Zhang Y H,Zhang P P,Lu J Y.2015. Modern pollen processes of China: Progress and problems. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 45: 1661-1682] [15] 杨琰,袁道先,程海,张美良,覃嘉铭,林玉石,朱晓燕. 2010. 末次冰消期亚洲季风突变事件的精确定年: 以贵州衙门洞石笋为例. 中国科学: 地球科学, 40(2): 199-210. [Yang Y,Yuan D X,Cheng H,Zhang M L,Qin J M,Lin Y S,Zhu X Y.2010. Precise dating of abrupt shifts in the Asian Monsoon during the last deglaciation based on stalagmite data from Yamen Cave,Guizhou Province,China. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 40(2): 199-210] [16] 殷勇,方念乔,盛静芬,胡超涌,聂浩刚. 2002. 云南中甸纳帕海湖泊记录指示的57 ka环境演化. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 22(4): 99-105. [Yin Y,Fang N Q,Sheng J F,Hu C Y,Nie H G.2002. Lacustrine records of environmental changes during the last 57 ka in the Napahai lake,northwestern Yunnan,China. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 22(4): 99-105] [17] 张美良,程海,袁道先,林玉石,覃嘉铭,章程. 2004. 末次冰期贵州七星洞石笋高分辨率气候记录与Heinrich事件. 地球学报, 25(3): 337-344. [Zhang M L,Cheng H,Yuan D X,Lin Y S,Qin J M,Zhang C.2004. The high resolution climate records from two stalagmites in Qixing Cave of Guizhou and the Heinrich events of the last glacial period. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 25(3): 337-344] [18] 张伟宏. 2015. 末次盛冰期以来十年—百年年际亚洲季风气候变率与驱动机制. 南京:南京师范大学博士学位论文, 1-143. [Zhang W H.2015. Decadal-to centennial scale Asian monsoon variability since the Last Glacial Maximum and forcing mechanisms. Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing Normal University, 1-143] [19] 赵侃,汪永进. 2011. 黔西南石笋记录MIS3/2阶段百年尺度季风演变和H事件特征. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 31(2): 121-128. [Zhao K,Wang Y J.2011. Asian monsoon changes on centennial-scale and characters of Heinrich events during the MIS3/2 transition from a stalagmite record in southwest China. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 31(2): 121-128] [20] 赵增友,袁道先,石胜强,罗伦德. 2012. 孢粉、炭屑揭示的黔西高原MIS3b期间古植被、古气候演变. 生态学报, 32(15): 4811-4818. [Zhao Z Y,Yuan D X,Shi S Q,Luo L D.2012. MIS3b vegetation and climate changes based on pollen and charcoal on Qianxi Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(15): 4811-4818] [21] 赵增友,石胜强,殷建军,陈志霞,秦趣,刘安乐. 2019. 黔西高原MIS3-MIS2期炭屑记录与火灾模式研究. 生态学报, 39(2): 509-517. [Zhao Z Y,Shi S Q,Yin J J,Chen Z X,Qin Q,Liu A L.2019. Fire history can be obtained from the charcoal record on the Southwest Plateau of Guizhou. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(2): 509-517] [22] 郑茜,张虎才,明庆忠,常凤琴,蒙红卫,张文翔,刘梦竹,沈才明. 2014. 泸沽湖记录的西南季风区15 000 a BP以来植被与气候变化. 第四纪研究, 34(6): 1314-1326. [Zheng Q,Zhang H C,Ming Q Z,Chang F Q,Meng H W,Zhang W X,Liu M Z,Shen C M.2014. Vegetational and environmental changes since 15 ka B.P. recorded by Lake Lugu in the southwest monsoon domain region. Quaternary Science, 34(6): 1314-1326] [23] 郑秋凤,张茂恒,李吉均,舒强,陈晔,萧家仪,赵志军. 2014. 大九湖钻孔记录的神农架地区中更新世晚期以来的气候环境变化. 地理研究, 33(6): 1167-1177. [Zheng Q F,Zhang M H,Li J J,Shu Q,Chen Y,Xiao J Y,Zhao Z J.2014. The climate and environment change of Shennongjia area recorded in the core of Dajiuhu Basin since the late Middle Pleistocene. Geographical Research, 33(6): 1167-1177] [24] 左经会,林长松,田应洲. 2006. 贵州玉舍国家森林公园种子植物区系研究. 广西植物, 26(4): 434-440. [Zuo J H,Lin C S,Tian Y Z.2006. Foristic study on seed plants in the Yushe National Forest Park of Guizhou Province. Guihaia, 26(4): 434-440] [25] 左经会, 杨再超, 杨友联, 谢斐, 吴承梦. 2018. 贵州韭菜坪风景区野生观赏种子植物资源调查研究. 六盘水师范学院学报, 30(6): 1-6. [Zuo J H, Yang Z C, Yang Y L, Xie F, Wu C M.2018. Wild ornamental plant resources of Jiucaiping scenic spot in Guizhou Province. Journal of Liupanshui Normal University, 30(6): 1-6] [26] Bonan G B,Pollard D,Thompson S L.1992. Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature, 359(6397): 716-718. [27] Caley T,Roche D M,Renssen H,An Z S.2014. Orbital Asian summer monsoon dynamics revealed using an isotope-enabled global climate model. Nature Communications, 5(1): 1-6. [28] Chen X M,Chen F H,Zhou A F,Huang X Z,Tang L Y,Wu D,Zhang X J,Yu J Q.2014. Vegetation history,climatic changes and Indian summer monsoon evolution during the Last Glaciation(36,400-13,400 cal yr BP)documented by sediments from Xingyun Lake,Yunnan,China. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 410: 179-189. [29] Cook C G,Leng M J,Jones R T,Langdon P G,Zhang E L.2012. Lake ecosystem dynamics and links to climate change inferred a stable isotope and organic palaeorecord from a mountain lake in southwestern China(ca. 22.6-10.5 cal ka BP). Quaternary Research, 77: 132-137. [30] Dai L,Weng C Y,Mao L M.2015. Patterns of vegetation and climate change in the northern South China Sea during the last glaciation inferred from marine palynological records. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 440: 249-258. [31] Duan F C,Liu D B,Cheng H,Wang X F,Wang Y J,Kong X G,Chen S T.2014. A high-resolution monsoon record of millennial-scale oscillations during late MIS3 from Wulu Cave,south-west China. Journal of Quaternary Science, 29(1): 83-90. [32] Feagri K,Iversen J.1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 1-295. [33] Fleitmann D,Burns S J,Mudelsee M,Neff U,Kramers J,Mangini A,Matter A.2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from southern Oman. Science, 300: 1737-1739. [34] Gillson L.2006. A‘large infrequent disturbance’ in an East African savanna. South African Journal of Botany, 44: 458-467. [35] Hodell D A,Brenner M,Kanfoush S L,Curtis J H,Stoner J S,Song X L,Wu Y,Whitmore T J.1999. Paleoclimate of southwestern China for the past 50 000 yr inferred from lake sediment records. Quaternary Research, 52: 369-380. [36] Hu G,Yi C L,Zhang J F,Dong G C,Liu J H,Xu X K,Jiang T.2017. Extensive glacial advances during the Last Glacial Maximum near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Quaternary International, 443: 1-12. [37] Huang C,Wei G J,Ma J L,Liu Y.2016. Evolution of the Indian summer monsoon during the interval 32.7-11.4 cal. ka BP: Evidence from the Baoxiu peat,Yunnan,southwest China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 131: 72-80. [38] Jarvis D I.1993. Pollen evidence of changing Holocene monsoon climate in Sichuan Province,China. Quaternary Research, 39(3): 325-337. [39] Jarvis D I,Clay-Poole S T.1992. A comparison of modern pollen rain and vegetation in southwestern Sichuan Province,China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 75(3-4): 239-258. [40] Jiang X Y,He Y Q,Shen C C,Lee S Y,Yang B,Lin K,Li Z Z.2014. Decoupling of the East Asian summer monsoon and Indian summer monsoon between 20 and 17 ka. Quaternary Research, 82(1): 146-153. [41] Kumar P K,Ramesh R.2017. Revisiting reconstructed Indian monsoon rainfall variations during the last~25 ka from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O from the eastern Arabian Sea. Quaternary International, 443: 29-38. [42] Li J,Zheng Z,Huang K Y,Yang S X,Chase B,Valsecchi V,Carré M,Cheddadi R.2013. Vegetation changes during the past 40 000 years in central China from a long fossil record. Quaternary International, 310: 221-226. [43] Liu J,Wang B,Yang J.2008. Forced and internal modes of variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Climate of Past, 4: 225-233. [44] Liu J B,Chen J H,Zhang X J,Li Y,Rao Z G,Chen F H.2015. Holocene East Asian summer monsoon records in northern China and their inconsistency with Chinese stalagmite δ18O records. Earth-Science Reviews, 148: 194-208. [45] Liu J S,Algeo T J,Yang H,Pan J J,Tang C Y,Huang J H,Xie S C.2018. Changes in vegetation type on the Chinese Loess Plateau since 75 ka related to East Asian Summer Monsoon variation. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,510:124-139. [46] Liu X Q,Chi Z Q,Herzschuh U,Wang Y,Ni J,Xu Q H.2014. A MIS3 charcoal and pollen record and quantitative precipitation inferences from the Jingerwa section of the Nihewan Basin,north-central China. Journal of Paleolimnology, 51: 211-221. [47] Maher B A,Thompson R.2012. Oxygen isotopes from Chinese caves: Records not of monsoon rainfall but of circulation regime. Journal of Quaternary Science, 27: 615-624. [48] Phillips S C,Johnson J E,Giosan L,Rose K.2014. Monsoon-influenced variation in productivity and lithogenic sediment flux since 110 ka in the offshore Mahanadi Basin,northern bay of Bengal. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58: 502-525. [49] Ramsey B C.2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon, 51(1): 337-360. [50] Rao V P,Kessarkar P M,Thamban M,Patil S K.2010. Paleoclimatic and diagenetic history of the Late Quaternary sediments in a core from the southeastern Arabian Sea: Geochemical and magnetic signals. Journal of Oceanography, 66: 133-146. [51] Stott L,Poulsen C,Lund S,Thunell R.2002. Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales. Science, 297(5579): 222-226. [52] Sun X J,Li X,Luo Y L,Chen X D.2000. The vegetation and climate at the last glaciation on the emerged continental shelf of the South China Sea. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 160: 301-316. [53] Svensson A,Andersen,K K,Bigler M,Clausen H B,Dahl-Jensen D,Davies S M,Johnsen S J,Muscheler R,Rasmussen S O,Röthlisbergerd R,Steffensena J P,Vinther B M.2006. The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005,15-42 ka. Part 2: Comparison to other records. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25: 3258-3267. [54] Tan M.2014. Circulation effect: Response of precipitation δ18O to the ENSO cycle in monsoon regions of China. Climate Dynamics, 42(3-4): 1067-1077. [55] Tang L Y,Shen C M,Li C H,Peng J L,Liu H,Liu K B,Morrill C,Overpeck J T,Cole J E,Yang B.2009. Pollen-inferred vegetation and environmental changes in the central Tibetan Plateau since 8200 yr BP. Science in China Series D: Earth Science, 52(8): 1104-1114. [56] Wang Y J,Cheng H,Edwards R L,Kong X G,Shao X H,Chen S T,Wu J Y,Jiang X Y,Wang X F,An Z S.2008. Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature, 451(7182): 1090-1093. [57] Wang Y J,Cheng H,Edwards R L,An Z S,Wu J Y,Shen C C,Dorale J A.2001. A high resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China. Science, 294: 2345-2348. [58] Xue J B,Zhong W,Xie L C,Unkel I.2015. Vegetation responses to the last glacial and early Holocene environmental changes in the northern Leizhou Peninsula,south China. Quaternary Research, 84: 223-231. [59] Yancheva G,Nowaczyk N R,Mingram J,Dulski P,Schettler G,Negendank J F W,Liu J Q,Sigman D M,Peterson L C,Haug G H.2007. Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon. Nature, 445: 74-77. [60] Yao Y F,Song X Y,Wortley A H,Blackmore S,Li C S.2015. A 22 570-year record of vegetational and climatic change from Wenhai lake in the Hengduan mountains biodiversity hotspot,Yunnan,Southwest China. Biogeosciences, 12: 1525-1535. [61] Yao Z,Wu H,Liang M,Shi X.2011. Spatial and temporal variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance over the Chinese Loess Plateau since the last glacial maximum. Journal of Arid Environments, 75: 881-889. [62] Yuan D X,Cheng H,Edwards L R,Dykoski C A,Kelly, M J,Zhang M L,Qin J M,Lin Y S,Wang Y J,Wu J Y,Dorale J A,An Z S,Cai Y J.2004. Timing,duration,and transitions of the Last Interglacial Asian Monsoon. Science, 304(5670): 575-578. [63] Zhang J,Li T Y.2019. Seasonal and interannual variations of hydrochemical characteristics and stable isotopic compositions of drip waters in Furong Cave,southwest China based on 12 years’ monitoring. Journal of Hydrology, 572: 40-50. [64] Zhao Y,Xu Q H,Huang X Z,Guo X L,Tao S C.2009. Differences of modern pollen assemblages from lake sediments and surface soils in arid and semi-arid China and their significance for pollen-based quantitative climate reconstruction. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 156: 519-524. [65] Zhao Y T,An C B,Duan F T,Zhao J J,Mao L M,Zhou A F,Cao Z H,Chen F H.2017. Consistent vegetation and climate deterioration from early to late MIS3 revealed by multi-proxies(mainly pollen data)in north-west China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 244: 43-53. [66] Zhu L P,Zhen X L,Wang J B,Lü H Y,Xie M P,Kitagawa H,Possnert G.2009. A~30 000-year record of environmental changes inferred from Lake Chen Co,southern Tibet. Journal of Paleolimnology, 42: 343-358. [67] Zorzi C,Sanchez-Goñi M F,Anupama K, Prasad S, Hanquiez V, Johnson J, Giosan L.2015. Indian monsoon variations during three contrasting climatic periods: The Holocene,Heinrich Stadial 2 and the last interglacial-glacial transition. Quaternary Science Reviews, 125: 50-60.
