Sedimentary features and sequence stratigraphy of the successions around the Carboniferous—Permian boundary in the Ordos Basin: Links to glacial and volcanic impacts

doi:10.1016/j.jop.2023.04.001

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (0)

Download: PDF (33395 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

The sedimentary successions around the Carboniferous—Permian boundary (CPB) in the Ordos Basin were investigated using extensive outcrop, borehole, well logging, thin section, and geochemistry data to study sedimentology and sequence stratigraphic response to glaciation and volcanism in paleotropical transitional strata. Within the studied interval, five distinct lithofacies have been identified, including bauxite, coal, and carbonaceous shale (No. 8+9 coal seams), sandstone (Qiaotou), limestone (Baode), and mudstone, which can be classified into three lithofacies associations. The most complete lithofacies association is composed of bauxite, coal, carbonaceous shale, sandstone, limestone/mudstone or their combinations from the bottom to the top, while coal and carbonaceous shale, as well as sandstone, are absent locally, resulting in the formation of the other two types of lithofacies associations. The occurrence of bauxite indicates shelf exposure and weathering, the occurrence of coal and carbonaceous shale indicates swampiness of the shelf, and the occurrence of sandstone reveals river rejuvenation; all of these are thought to be sedimentary responses to the transcontinental glacier expansion in Gondwana around the CPB. The presence of limestone and mudstone indicates carbonate platform and lagoon deposition, respectively, in the context of the earliest Asselian transgression caused by volcano-induced glacier melting. The lithofacies associations record the regressive-transgressive cycles that occurred because of glaciation and volcanism near the CPB. The top surface of bauxite can be used as a sequence boundary, while the lowstand systems tract consists of the No. 8+9 coal seams and the Qiaotou sandstone, and the transgressive systems tract consists of the overlying Baode limestone and laterally equivalent mudstone. The lowstand systems tract, which contains source rock and hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the overlying transgressive systems tract, which serves as cap rock, form an excellent source—reservoir—seal combination.

Key words： Glaciation Volcanism Incised valley Sequence stratigraphy Ordos Basin

Received: 08 December 2022

Corresponding Authors: ^*E-mail: houzshgu@163.com (Z.- S. Hou)

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors

Cite this article:

URL:

http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/10.1016/j.jop.2023.04.001 OR http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_jop/EN/Y2023/V12/I3/358

[1] Bishop J.W., Montañez I.P., Gulbranson E.L., Brenckle P.L., 2009. The onset of mid-Carboniferous glacio-eustasy: Sedimentologic and diagenetic constraints, Arrow Canyon, Nevada.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 276(1-4), 217-243.
[2] Bloomer R.R.,1977. Depositional environments of a reservoir sandstone in West-Central Texas.AAPG Bulletin, 61(3), 344-359.
[3] Boardman D.R., Heckel P.H., 1989. Glacial-eustatic sea-level curve for early Late Pennsylvanian sequence in north-central Texas and biostratigraphic correlation with curve for midcontinent North America.Geology, 17, 802-805.
[4] Boardman D.R., Wardlaw B.R., Nestell M.K., 2009. Stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy of the uppermost Carboniferous and lower Permian from the North American Midcontinent (Part A).Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin. 255, 1-41.
[5] Bohacs K., Suter J., 1997. Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples.AAPG Bulletin, 81(10),1612-1639.
[6] Bond D.P.G., Sun, Y.D., 2021. Global warming and mass extinctions associated with large Igneous Province volcanism. In: Ernst, R.E., Dickson, A.J., Bekker, A. (Eds.), Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes. Wiley, pp. 85-102.
[7] Bowen D.W., Weimer P., 2003. Regional sequence stratigraphic setting and reservoir geology of Morrow incised-valley sandstones (lower Pennsylvanian), eastern Colorado and western Kansas.AAPG Bulletin, 87(5), 781-815.
[8] Caputo M.V., Crowell J.C., 1985. Migration of glacial centers across Gondwana during Paleozoic Era.GSA Bulletin, 96(8), 1020-1036.
[9] Chanvry E., Marchand E., Lopez M., Séranne M., Saout G.L., Vinches M., 2020. Tectonic and climate control on allochthonous bauxite deposition. Example from the mid-Cretaceous Villeveyrac basin, southern France.Sedimentary Geology, 407, 105727.
[10] Chen J.H., Wang Q.F., Zhang Q.Z., Carranza E.J.M., Wang J.Q., 2018. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations on the iron-rich gibbsitic bauxite in Yongjiang basin, SW China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 188, 413-426.
[11] Chen J.T., Montañez I.P., Qi Y.P., Shen S.Z., Wang X.D., 2018. Strontium and carbon isotopic evidence for decoupling ofpCO₂ from continental weathering at the apex of the late Paleozoic glaciation. Geology, 46(5), 395-398.
[12] Chen X.Y.,2010. The study of the sequence stratigraphy and the sedimentary facies of Carboniferous to lower Permian of Bachu area in Tarim Basin. Master Dissertation. China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13] Chen Z.H.,1989. The depositional environments and coal accumulation regularities of late Paleozoic coal bearing measures in the eastern margin of Ordos, North-Western China. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, pp. 30-64 (in Chinese).
[14] Cheng K.Y., Elrick M., Romaniello S.J., 2020. Early Mississippian Ocean anoxia triggered organic carbon burial and late Paleozoic cooling: Evidence from uranium isotopes recorded in marine limestone.Geology, 48(4), 363-367.
[15] Chou C.L.,2012. Sulfur in coals: A review of geochemistry and origins.International Journal of Coal Geology, 100, 1-13.
[16] Cleal C.J., Thomas B.A., 2005. Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?Geobiology, 3, 13-31.
[17] Condie K.C., Dengate J., Cullers R.L., 1995 Behavior of rare earth elements in a paleoweathering profile on granodiorite in the Front Range, Colorado, USA.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(2), 279-294.
[18] Crosato A., Saleh M.S., 2011. Numerical study on the effects of floodplain vegetation on river planform style.Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 36, 711-720.
[19] Crowder R.K.,1990. Permian and Triassic sedimentation in the Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska: deposition of Sadlerochit Group.AAPG Bulletin, 74(9), 1351-1370.
[20] Crowell J.C.,1999. Pre-Mesozoic Ice Ages: their bearing on understanding the climate system.Geological Society of America Memoir, 192, 1-112.
[21] Dai S.F., Bechtel A., Eble C.F., Flores R.M., French D., Graham I.T., Hood M.M., Hower J.C., Korasidis V.A., Moore T.A., Püttmann W., Wei Q., Zhao L., O'Keefe J.M.K., 2020. Recognition of peat depositional environments in coal: A review.International Journal of Coal Geology, 219, 103383.
[22] Davydov V.I., Biakov A.S., 2015. Discovery of shallow-marine biofacies conodonts in a bioherm within the Carboniferous-Permian transition in the Omolon Massif, NE Russia near the North paleo-pole: Correlation with a warming spike in the southern hemisphere.Gondwana Research, 2015, 28, 888-897.
[23] Davydov V.I., Haig D.W., McCartain E., 2013. A latest Carboniferous warming spike recorded by a fusulinid-rich bioherm in Timor Leste: Implications for East Gondwana deglaciation.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 376, 22-38.
[24] Davydov V.I., Korn D., Schmitz M.D., 2012. The Carboniferous Period. In: Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.B., Ogg, G.M. (Eds.), The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, pp. 603-651.
[25] DiMichele W.A.,2014. Wetland-dryland vegetational dynamics in the Pennsylvanian ice age tropics.International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2),123-164.
[26] Du J., Zhu G.H., Wu L.F., Zhang Z.H., Gao J.X., Yu Y.J., Ma Z.J., Ma M., 2021. "Multi-series and quasi-continuous" tight gas accumulation pattern and giant gas field exploration practice in Linxing area.Natural Gas Industry, 41(3), 58-71 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[27] Ernst R.E.,2014. Large Igneous Provinces. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 418-458.
[28] Ernst R.E., Youbi N., 2017. How Large Igneous Provinces affect global climate, sometimes cause mass extinctions, and represent natural markers in the geological record.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 478, 30-52.
[29] Fielding C.R.,2021. Late Palaeozoic cyclothems-A review of their stratigraphy and sedimentology.Earth-Science Reviews, 217, 103612.
[30] Fielding C.R., Frank T.D., Isbell J.L., 2008. The late Paleozoic ice age-a review of current understanding and synthesis of global climate patterns. In: Fielding, C.R., Frank, T.D., Isbell, J.L. (Eds.), Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 441, pp. 343-354.
[31] Frank T.D., Birgenheier L.P., Montañez I.P., Fieldging C.R., Rygel M.C., 2008. Late Paleozoic climate dynamics revealed by comparison of ice-proximal stratigraphic and ice-distal isotopic records. In: Fielding, C.R., Frank, T.D., Isbell, J.L. (Eds.), Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 441, pp. 331-342.
[32] Fu. J.H., Fan L.Y., Liu X.S., Hu X.Y., Li J.H., Ji H.K., 2019. New progresses, prospects and countermeasures of natural gas exploration in the Ordos Basin.China Petroleum Exploration, 24(4), 418-430 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[33] Gao C.L., Ji Y.L., Ren Y., Zhou Y., Jin J., Zhang L.Y., Li Z.C., Zhou Y.Q., Wu H., Geomorphology and sedimentary sequence evolution during the buried stage of paleo-uplift in the Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation, Junggar Basin, northwestern China: Implications for reservoir lithofacies and hydrocarbon distribution.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 86, 1224-1251.
[34] Gastaldo R.A., Dimichele,W., Pfefferkorn H.W., 1996. Out of the icehouse into the greenhouse: a Late Paleozoic analog for modern global vegetational change.GSA Today, 6(10),1-7.
[35] Giles P.S.,2012. Low-latitude Ordovician to Triassic brachiopod habitat temperatures (BHTs) determined from δ¹⁸O: A cold hard look at ice-house tropical oceans. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 317-318, 134-152.
[36] Gordon J.B., Sanei H., Pedersen P.K., Secondary porosity development in incised valley sandstones from two wells from the Flemish Pass area, offshore Newfoundland.Marine and Petroleum Geology, 140, 105644.
[37] Grader G.W., Isaacson P.E., Díaz-Martínez, E., Pope, M.C., 2008. Pennsylvanian and Permian sequences in Bolivia: Direct responses to Gondwana glaciation. In: Fielding, C.R., Frank, T.D., Isbell, J.L. (Eds.), Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 441, pp. 143-159.
[38] Griffis N.P., Montañez I.P., Mundil R., Richey J., Isbell J.I., Fedorchuk N., Linol B., Iannuzzi R., Vesely F., Mottin T., Rosa E., Keller B., Yin Q.Z., 2019. Coupled stratigraphic and u-pb zircon age constraints on the late paleozoic icehouse-to-greenhouse turnover in south-central gondwana. Geology, 47(12), 1146-1150.
[39] Groves J.R., Lee A., 2008. Accelerated rates of foraminiferal origination and extinction during the late Paleozoic ice age.Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 38(1), 74-84.
[40] Gulbranson E.L., Montañez I.P., Schmitz M.D., Limarino C.O., Isbell J.L., Marenssi S.A., Crowley J.L., 2010. High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina.GSA Bulletin, 122(9-10), 1480-1498.
[41] Haq B.U., andSchutter S.R., 2008. A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes.Science, 322, 64-68.
[42] He Z.X.,2003. The evolution and hydrocarbon recourses of the Ordos Basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 3-154 (in Chinese).
[43] Heckel P.H.,1986. Sea-level curve for Pennsylvanian eustatic marine transgressive-regressive depositional cycles along midcontinent outcrop belt, North America.Geology, 14(4), 330-334.
[44] Hession W.C., Pizzuto J.E., Johnson T.E., Horwitz R.J., 2003.Influence of bank vegetation on channel morphology in rural and urban watersheds.GSA Bulletin, 31(2), 147-150.
[45] Holz M., Kalkreuth W., Banerjee I., 2002. Sequence stratigraphy of paralic coal-bearing strata: an overview.International Journal of Coal Geology, 48, 147-179.
[46] Hou Z.S., Chen S.Y., Wang Y., Li T.B., He Q.Q., Cui Q.M., 2018. Characteristics of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Upper Paleozoic in Baode area, eastern margin of Ordos Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 20(2), 231-243 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[47] Huang B.C., Yan Y.G., Piper J.D.A., Zhang D.H., Yi Z.Y., Yu S., Zhou T.H., 2018. Paleomagnetic constraints on the paleogeography of the East Asian blocks during Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic times.Earth-Science Reviews, 186, 8-36.
[48] Isbell J.L., Cole D.I., Catunaenu O., 2008. Carboniferous-Permian glaciation in the main Karoo Basin, South Africa: Stratigraphy, depositional controls, and glacial dynamics. In: Fielding, C.R., Frank, T.D., Isbell, J.L. (Eds.), Resolving the late Paleozoic ice age in time and space. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 441, pp. 71-82.
[49] Isbell J.L., Henry L.C., Gulbranson E.L., Limarino C.O., Fraiser M. L., Koch Z. J., Ciccioil P.L., Dineen A.A., 2012. Glacial paradoxes during the late paleozoic ice age: evaluating the equilibrium line altitude as a control on glaciation.Gondwana Research, 22(1), 1-19.
[50] Isbell J.L., Miller M.F., Wolfe K.L., Lenaker P.A., 2003. Timing of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: was glaciation responsible for the development of northern hemisphere cyclothems? In: Chan, M.A., Archer, A.W. (Eds.), Extreme depositional environments: mega end members in geologic time. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 370, pp. 5-24.
[51] Jiang H.J., Luo Y., Li Q., Zhou Y.S., 2017. Upper Carboniferous unconformity and reservoir development model of the western Maigaiti area, Tarim Basin.Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 39(6), 776-782(in Chinese with English abstract).
[52] Jiang Z.X., Xu J., Wang G.T., 2012. The discovery and significance of a sedimentary hiatus within the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation, northeastern Ordos Basin, China.AAPG Bulletin, 96(7), 1173-1195.
[53] Joachimski M.M., Alekseev A.S., Grigoryan A., andGatovsky Yu.A., 2020. Siberian Trap volcanism, global warming and the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: New insights from Armenian Permian-Triassic sections.GSA Bulletin, 132(1/2), 427-443.
[54] Jones D.S., Martini A.M., Fike D.A., Kaiho K., 2017. A volcanic trigger for the Late Ordovician mass extinction? Mercury data from south China and Laurentia.Geology, 45(7), 631-634.
[55] Kasbohm J., Schoene B., 2018. Rapid eruption of the Columbia River flood basalt and correlation with the mid-Miocene climate optimum. Science Advance, 4, eaat8223.
[56] Koch J. T., Frank T.D., 2012. Imprint of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age on stratigraphic and carbon isotopic patterns in marine carbonates of the Orogrande Basin, New Mexico, USA.Sedimentology, 59(1), 291-318.
[57] Koch J.T., Frank T.D., 2011. The Pennsylvanian-Permian transition in the low-latitude carbonate record and the onset of major Gondwanan glaciation.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 308(3-4), 362-372.
[58] Ku X.F.,2014. Resource potential evaluation and favorable exploration areas prediction of the shale gas in Upper Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in Ordos Basin. Master Dissertation. China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(in Chinese with English abstract).
[59] Lakin J.A., Marshall, J.E.A., Troth I., Harding, I.C., 2016. Greenhouse to icehouse: a biostratigraphic review of latest Devonian-Mississippian glaciations and their global effects. In: Becker, R.T., Königshof, P., Brett, C.E. (Eds.), Devonian climate, sea level and evolutionary events. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 423, pp. 439-464.
[60] Leila M., Sharawy M.E., Bakr A., Mohamed A.K., Controls of facies distribution on reservoir quality in the Messinian incised-valley fill Abu Madi Formation in Salma delta gas field, northeastern onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 97, 104360.
[61] Li B.F., Wen X.R., Li G.D., 1999. High resolution sequence stratigraphy analysis on the Permo-Carboniferous in North China Platform.Earth Science Frontiers(China University of Geosciences, Beijing), 6(Supply), 81-94 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[62] Li J.L., Liu J.G., Scott J.M., Wu C., Zhu D.C., Zhang L.L., 2022. Early Permian magmatism above a slab window in Inner Mongolia, North China: Implications for the Paleo-Asian Ocean subduction processes and accretionary crustal growth.Solid Earth Sciences, 7, 87-103.
[63] Liu C., Jarochowska E., Du Y.S., Vachard D., Munnecke A., 2017. Stratigraphical and δ¹³C records of Permo-Carboniferous platform carbonates, South China: Responses to Late Paleozoic icehouse climate and icehouse-greenhouse transition.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 474, 113-129.
[64] Liu H.F., Xu Y.F., Li S.P., Wu Z.S., Bai Z.H., Chen L.J., Huang Q.H., Liu J.X., He J., Xiong S.J., Li Y.H., Xie X.L., Wang Y.D., Yang H.P., Lin W.S., 2017. Grouping of thirty-nine elements and elemental geochemistry. Geology Press, Beijing, pp. 100-105 (in Chinese).
[65] Liu J.C., Cao D.Y., Zhang Y., Li Y., 2020. Temporal changes in an epeiric paralic deposition during a third-order relative sea-level cycle (Late Pennsylvanian, western North China): Insights from integrated facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 196, 104349.
[66] Liu J.L., Yin W., Ji Y.L., Wang T.Y., Huang F.X., Yu H.Y., Li W.S., 2018. Sequence architecture and sedimentary characteristics of a Middle Jurassic incised valley, western Sichuan depression, China.Petroleum Science, 15, 230-251.
[67] Liu Q.F., Yang X.J., Ding S.L., 1998. Geochemistry of trace elements and REE on kaolinite rocks in late-Paleozoic measures, North China.Geochimica, 27(2), 196-203 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[68] Lu J., Wang Y., Yang M.F., Shao L.Y., Hilton J., 2021. Records of volcanism and organic carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C_org) linked to changes in atmosphericpCO₂ and climate during the Pennsylvanian icehouse interval. Chemical Geology, 570, 120168.
[69] Lv D.W., Wang L.J., Isbell J.L., Lu C.Y., Li P.P., Wang Y.J., Zhang Z.H., 2022. Records of chemical weathering and volcanism linked to paleoclimate transition during the Late Paleozoic Icehouse.Global and Planetary Change, 217, 103934.
[70] Ma S.X., Meng Q.R., Duan L., Wu G.L., 2014. Reconstructing Late Paleozoic exhumation history of the Inner Mongolia Highland along the northern edge of the North China Craton.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 87, 89-101.
[71] Ma S.X., Meng Q.R., Wu G.L., Duan L., 2014. Late Paleozoic exhumation of the Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift: Evidences from sedimentary records.Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(10), 1771-1789 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[72] Michel L.A., Tabor N.J., Montañez I.P., Schmitz M.D., Davydov V.I., 2015. Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous-Permian boundary.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 118-131.
[73] Montañez I.P., McElwain J.C., Poulsen C.J., White J.D., DiMichele W.A., Wilson J.P., Griggs G., Hren M.T., 2016. Climate,pCO₂ and terrestrial carbon cycle linkages during late Palaeozoic glacial-interglacial cycles. Nature Geoscience, 9(11), 824-828.
[74] Montañez I.P., Poulsen C.J., 2013. The Late Paleozoic Ice Age: An evolving paradigm.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 629-656.
[75] Montañez I.P., Tabor N.J., Niemeier D., DiMichele W.A., Frank T.D., Fielding C.R., Isbell J.L., Birgenheier L.P., Rygel M.C., 2007. CO₂-forced climate and vegetation instability during Late Paleozoic deglaciation.Science, 315(5808), 87-91.
[76] Mujal E., Fortuny J., Marmi J., Dinarès-Turell J., Bolet A., Oms O., 2018. Aridification across the Carboniferous-Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula).Sedimentary Geology, 363, 48-68.
[77] Mussard M., Hir G.L., Fluteau F., 2014. Modeling the carbon-sulfate interplays in climate changes related to the emplacement of continental flood basalts. In: Keller, G., Kerr, A. (Eds.), Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 505, pp.339-352.
[78] Nesbitt H.W.,1979. Mobility and fractionation of rare earth elements during weathering of a granodiorite.Nature, 279, 206-210.
[79] Qie W.K., Algeo T.J., Luo G.M., Herrmann A., 2019. Global events of the Late Paleozoic (Early Devonian to Middle Permian): A review.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 531, 109259.
[80] Racki G., Rakociński M., Marynowski L., Wignall P.B., 2018. Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: A volcanic trigger proved?Geology, 46(6),543-546.
[81] Retallack G.J.,2001. Soils of the past. Blackwell Science Press, Oxford, pp. 128-159.
[82] Richey J.D., Montañez I.P., Goddéris Y., Looy C.V., Griffis N.P., DiMichele W.A., 2020. Influence of temporally varying weatherability on CO₂-climate coupling and ecosystem change in the late Paleozoic.Climate of the Past, 16, 1759-1775.
[83] Rolland Y., Bernet M., Van Der Beek P., Gautheron C., Duclaux G., Bascou J., Balvay M., Héraudet L., Sue C., Ménot R.P., 2019. Late Paleozoic ice age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 506, 123-133.
[84] Roy P.D., Smykatz-Kloss W., 2007. REE geochemistry of the recent playa sediments from the Thar Desert, India: An implication to playa sediment provenance.Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 67(1), 55-68.
[85] Rygel M.C., Fielding C.R., Frank T.D., Birgenheier L.P., 2008. The magnitude of Late Paleozoic glacioeustatic fluctuations: a synthesis.Journal of Sedimentary Research, 78, 500-511.
[86] Sato A.M., Llambías E.J., Basei M.A., Castro C.E., 2015. Three stages in the Late Paleozoic to Triassic magmatism of southwestern Gondwana, and the relationships with the volcanogenic events in coeval basins. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 63, 48-69.
[87] Schlumberger., 1998. Well logging handbook of rocks and minerals. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 16-118 (in Chinese).
[88] Schmitz M.D., Pfefferkorn H.W., Shen S.Z., Wang J., 2021. A volcanic tuff near the Carboniferous-Permian boundary, Taiyuan Formation, North China: Radioisotopic dating and global correlation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 294, 104244.
[89] Shao L.Y., Zheng M.Q., Hou H.H., Dong D.X., Wang H.S., 2018. Characteristics sequence-palaeogeography and coal accumulation of Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in Shanxi Province.Coal Science and Technology, 46(2), 1-8.
[90] Shen B.H., Shen S.Z., Wu Q., Zhang S.C., Zhang B., Wang X.D., Hou Z.S., Yuan D.X., Zhang Y.C., Liu F., Liu J., Zhang H., Shi Y.K., Wang J., Feng Z., 2022. Carboniferous and Permian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of North China Block.Science China Earth Sciences, 65(6), 983-1011(in Chinese with English abstract).
[91] Shen J., Yu J.X., Chen J.B., Algeo T.J., Xu G.Z., Feng Q.L., Shi X., Planavsky N.J., Shu W.C., Xie S.C., 2019. Mercury evidence of intense volcanic effects on land during the Permian-Triassic transition.Geology, 47(12): 1117-1121.
[92] Shen Y.L., Guo Y.H., Li Z.F., Wei X.S., Jia Z.G., 2009. Sequence stratigraphy of Benxi-Taiyuan Formation in Eastern Ordos Basin.Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 30(2), 187-193(in Chinese with English abstract).
[93] Shen Y.L., Guo Y.H., Li Z.F., Wei X.S., Xue L.X., Liu J.B., 2017. Distribution of radioactive elements (U, Th) in the upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the eastern Ordos Basin.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 157, 1130-1142.
[94] Shi G.R., Chen Z.Q., 2006. Lower Permian oncolites from South China: Implications for equatorial sea-level responses to Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan glaciation.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26, 424-436.
[95] Shi J., Huang W.H., Lü C.H., Cui X.N., 2018. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of the Upper Paleozoic mudstones from Linxing area in Ordos Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica, 39(8), 876-889 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[96] Soreghan G.S., Giles K.A., 1999. Amplitudes of Late Pennsylvanian glacioeustasy.Geology, 27(3), 255-258.
[97] Soreghan G.S., Soreghan M.J., Heavens N.G., 2019. Explosive volcanism as a key driver of the late Paleozoic ice age.Geology, 47, 600-604.
[98] Stollhofen H., Werner M., Stanistreet I.G., Armstrong R.A., 2008. Single-zircon U-Pb dating of Carboniferous-Permian tuffs, Namibia, and the intercontinental deglaciation cycle framework. In: Fielding, C.R., Frank, T.D., Isbell, J.L. (Eds.), Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 441, pp. 83-96.
[99] Sun S., Chen A.Q., Chen H.D., Hou M.C., Yang S., Xu S.L., Wang F., Huang Z.F., Ogg J.G., 2022. Early Permian chemical weathering indices and paleoclimate transition linked to the end of the coal-forming episode, Ordos Basin, North China Craton.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 585, 110743.
[100] Tabor N.J., Montañez I.P., 2005. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of Permian pedogenic phyllosilicates: Development of modern surface domain arrays and implications for paleotemperature reconstructions.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 223, 127-146.
[101] Tang X., Zhang J.C., Shan Y.S., Xiong J.Y., 2012. Upper Paleozoic coal measures and unconventional natural gas systems of the Ordos Basin, China.Geoscience Frontiers, 3(6), 863-873.
[102] Timmerman M.J.M., Heeremans M., Kirstein L.A., Larsen B.T., Spencer-Dunworth E.A., Sundvoll B., 2009. Linking changes in tectonic style with magmatism in northern Europe during the late Carboniferous to latest Permian.Tectonophysics, 473, 375-390.
[103] Tobin T.S., Bitz C.M., Archer D., 2017. Modeling climatic effects of carbon dioxide emissions from Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 478, 139-148.
[104] Torsvik T.H., Smethurst M.A., Burke K., Steinberger B., 2008. Long term stability in deep mantle structure: evidence from the ~300 Ma Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (the SCLIP).Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267, 444-452.
[105] Veevers J.J., Powell C.M., 1987. Late Paleozoic glacial episodes in Gondwanaland reflected in transgressive-regressive depositional sequences in Euramerica.GSA Bulletin, 98(4), 475-487.
[106] Wakefield O.J.W., Mountney N.P., 2013. Stratigraphic architecture of back-filled incised-valley systems: Pennsylvanian-Permian lower Cutler beds, Utah, USA.Sedimentary Geology, 298, 1-16.
[107] Wang G.T.,2010. The sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the Taiyuan Formation in the Daniudi gas field of the Ordos Basin. Master Dissertation. China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(in Chinese with English abstract).
[108] Wang M., Zhong Y.T., He B., Denyszyn S.W., Wang J., Xu Y.G., 2020. Geochronology and geochemistry of the fossil-flora-bearing Wuda Tuff in North China Craton and its tectonic implications. Lithos, 364-365, 105485.
[109] Wang S., Shao L.Y., Wang D.D., Hilton J., Guo B., Lu J., 2020. Controls on accumulation of anomalously thick coals: Implications for sequence stratigraphic analysis.Sedimentology, 67, 991-1013.
[110] Wu P., Gao J.X., Guo J.C., Zhou Y.Z., Hu X.X., 2018. Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary characteristic analysis of Qiaotou sandstone of Taiyuan Fm in Linxing area, eastern margin of Ordos Basin.Oil & Gas Geology, 39(1), 66-76 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[111] Wu P., Gao L.J., Li Y., Wu J.G., Shi X.F., Kang H.N., Kong W., Wu X., 2022. An evaluation method for shale gas potential of marine-continent transitional facies with frequent interbedded lithology: A case study on the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation in Linxing Block of the Ordos Basin.Natural Gas Industry, 42(2), 28-39 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[112] Xiong Y., Tan X.C., Zhong S.K., Xiao D., Wang B.B., Yang M.Y., Nie W.C., Cao J., 2022. Dynamic paleokarst geochemistry within 130 Myr in the Middle Ordovician Shanganning carbonate platform, North China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 591, 110879.
[113] Xu J.L., Zhang C.C., Zhang J.Z., Wang Y.F., Zhang L.W., 2022. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Carboniferous-Permian glacier-type sea level change carbonate rocks: An example from the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Chuanshan Formation in Baofeng section, Xuanzhou area, Anhui Province.Chinese Journal of Geology, 57(4), 1240-1261(in Chinese with English abstract).
[114] Yan,Y.J., Yan J.X., Wu S.Q., 2015. Sedimentary records of early Permian major glacial sea-level falls in Southern Guizhou Province, China.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 40(2): 372-380 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[115] Yang H., Liu X.S., 2014. Progress of Paleozoic coal-derived gas exploration in Ordos Basin, West China.Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(2), 129-137 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[116] Yang J.H., Cawood P.A., Du Y.S., 2015. Voluminous silicic eruptions during late Permian Emeishan igneous province and link to climate cooling.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 432, 166-175.
[117] Yang J.H., Cawood P.A., Montañez I.P., Condon D.J., Du Y.S., Yan J.X., Yan S.Q., Yuan D.X., 2020. Enhanced continental weathering and large igneous province induced climate warming at the Permo-Carboniferous transition.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 534, 116074.
[118] Yang J.J.,2002. Tectonic evolution and oil-gas reservoirs distribution in Ordos Basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 1-85 (in Chinese).
[119] Yang W., Kominz M.M., 2002. Characteristics, stratigraphic architecture, and time framework of multi-order mixed siliciclastic and carbonate depositional sequences, outcropping Cisco Group (Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian), Eastern Shelf, north-central Texas, USA.Sedimentary Geology, 154, 53-87.
[120] Yang W.L., Zhong Y.T., Xin H., Zheng Q.F., Qi Y.P., Wang Y., Chen J.T., 2021. Sedimentary features and carbon isotope changes of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age recorded in Fenghuangshan, Chaohu, Anhui.Journal of Stratigraphy, 45(1), 38-48 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[121] Yang Y.T., Li W., Ma L., 2005. Tectonic and stratigraphic controls of hydrocarbon systems in the Ordos basin: A multicycle cratonic basin in central China.AAPG Bulletin, 89(2): 255-269.
[122] Yao L., Qie W.K., Luo G.M., Liu J.S., Algeo T.J., Bai X., Yang B., Wang X.D., 2015. The TICE event: Perturbation of carbon-nitrogen cycles during the mid-Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous) greenhouse-icehouse transition.Chemical Geology, 401, 1-14.
[123] Ye L.M., Kerr D., 2000. Sequence stratigraphy of the middle Pennsylvanian Bartlesville sandstone, Northeastern Oklahoma: A case of an underfilled incised valley.AAPG Bulletin, 84(8), 1185-1204.
[124] Yu H.C., Qiu K. F., Li M., Santosh M., Zhao Z.G., Huang Y.Q., 2020. Record of the late Paleozoic ice age from Tarim, China. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21, e2020GC009237.
[125] Zhang C.L., Liu X.S., Yang Y.J., Yu J., Han T.Y., Zhang Y., Petroleum exploration history and enlightenment of Changqing Oilfield in Ordos Basin.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 42(3), 253-263 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[126] Zhang H., Shen G.L., He Z.L., 1999. A carbon isotopic stratigraphic pattern of the late Palaeozoic coals in the North China platform and its palaeoclimatic implications.Acta Geologica Sinica, 73(1), 111-119.
[127] Zhang L.F., Sun M., Wang S.G., Yu X.Y., 1998. The composition of shales from the Ordos basin, China: effects of source weathering and diagenesis.Sedimentary Geology, 116(1-2), 129-141.