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2017 Vol.  6 No.  3
Published: 2017-08-10

Biopalaeogeography and palaeoecology
Lithofacies palaeogeography and mineral resources
Lithofacies palaeogeography and mineral resources
183 Sedimentary and environmental history of the Late Permian Bonikowo Reef (Zechstein Limestone, Wuchiapingian), western Poland
Paweł Raczyński, Tadeusz Marek Peryt, Wacław Strobel

The Bonikowo Reef occurs in the central part of the Zechstein Limestone Basin in western Poland and was growing on the topmost edges of tilted blocks and/or on the top of uplifted horsts of the Brandenburg-Wolsztyn-Pogorzela High. Its size is ca. 1.6 km2. The Bonikowo Reef shows the thickest reef section (90.5 m) recorded in the High. The Zechstein Limestone unit is represented mostly by limestones, often thoroughly recrystallized, although the macrotextures and biota of the boundstone are identi?able in most cases. The drillcore section is a mixture of boundstones (microbial and bryozoan), wackestones, packstones and grainstones, which often co-occur. The d13C and d18O values for both calcite (avg. 3.8 ± 0.8‰ and -3.4 ± 1.7‰, respectively) and dolomite (avg. 3.5 ± 0.7‰ and -5.2 ± 1.3‰, respectively) are transitional between the values previously reported for condensed sequences of the basinal facies and larger reef complexes. The biofacies of the Bonikowo Reef are very similar to those recognized in other reefs of the Brandenburg-Wolsztyn-Pogorzela High, which owe their origin to the destruction of bryozoan boundstones. The biota composition is typical and characteristic of other Zechstein Limestone reefs. However, the Bonikowo Reef demonstrates the importance of microbialites, laminar and nodose encrustations, in the growth and cohesion of the Zechstein Limestone reefs. Such encrustations abound within the Zechstein Limestone although, in many cases, the real nature of the encrustations is dif?cult to ascertain. These laminated encrustations show great similarity to Archaeolithoporella that is one of the most important Permian reef-building organisms. The encrustations considered to represent Archaeolithoporella were also previously recorded in the Zechstein Limestone of western Poland and in its stratigraphic equivalent, the Middle Magnesian Limestone of Northeast England. The lower part of the sequence shows great biofacies variability that re?ects common environmental changes. The major part of the section is represented by slope deposits

2017 Vol. 6 (3): 183-205 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] PDF (10971 KB)   ( 110 )
Academic discussions
206 Seismic interpretation and hydrocarbon accumulations implication of the Miocene Meishan Formation reefs in southern Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea
Yang-Wei Feng, Hong-Jun Qu, Gong-Cheng Zhang, Ren-Hai Pu
Numerous moundy reflections were found at the Upper Meishan Formation in southern Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea which are suspected reefs. However, no common understanding on the seismic and geologic interpretation was acquired. Based on seismic reflection identification, geometrical configuration description, wave impedance inversion, forward simulation, analysis of reef-building sedimentary environments and pseudomorph identification, these suspected-reef moundy reflections were studied in details. Three types of reefs were recognized, i.e., patch reef, platform-edge reef, and pinnacle reef. They have some typical characteristics of reefs, including moundy or lenticular shape, clear outline with crest and canal, internal foreset bedding, bidirectional uplap between limbs, and strong reflection at top and bottom. The patch reefs are of moundy seismic facies, with moderate-strong amplitude and medium frequency, and distribute at the higher part of southern slope belt. Fore-reef and back-reef of patch reefs are slightly asymmetrical being perpendicular to palaeo-bathymetric orientation; while symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical being parallel to the palaeo-bathymetric orientation, and the wave impedance value is about 7 kg/m3×m/s. Platform-edge reefs are of flat-moundy seismic facies with strong amplitude and medium frequency, which develop at the carbonate platform edge of higher part of southern slope belt, and the wave impedance value is about 7.5 kg/m3×m/s. Pinnacle reefs grow up on volcanic cones, forming the complex of pinnacle reef and volcanic cone. The Miocene Meishan Formation reefs in southern Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea, with high quality source-reservoir-seal assemblages, have good petroleum exploration prospects.
2017 Vol. 6 (3): 206-218 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] PDF (6854 KB)   ( 133 )
219 Words of the Editor-in-Chief ? Academic discussion is an effective measure to promote scientific development
Zeng-Zhao Feng
Van Loon et al.’s paper “The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India” with a new term “tomboliths” and original viewpoints should be published, but some contents need to be discussed. Shanmugam’s paper “The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India: Discussion and liquefaction basics” pointed out some queries and problems about Van Loon et al.’s paper. It is an academic discussion paper and should be published as well. However, some main problems, such as the new term “tomboliths” and its origin of seismic shocks, “whether stromatolites or tomboliths are soft-sediment deformation structures or not”, etc., also need to be discussed. Academic discussion is an effective measure to promote scientific development. The more thorough academic discussions are carried out regarding academic problems, the more scientific facts and truths will become clear. All participants in this discussion are contributors. It is active to carry out the policy of “A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend” by our Journal of Palaeogeography.
2017 Vol. 6 (3): 219-223 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] PDF (168 KB)   ( 97 )
224 The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India: Discussion and liquefaction basics
G. Shanmugam
This discussion of a paper by Van Loon et al. (2016), published in the Journal of Palaeogeography (2016, 5(4), 381-390), is aimed at illustrating that there are fundamental deficiencies, which include (1) incomplete etymological reasoning for proposing a new genetic term "tomboliths" for stromatolitic bioclasts in the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, eastern India, (2) omission of empirical data in documenting depositional facies using sedimentological logs, (3) misapplication of the stratigraphic concept of "angular unconformity", (4) failure to consider the multifarious origins of earthquakes, and (5) a dated view on the basic tenets of process sedimentology and triggering mechanisms of liquefaction that are the basis for forming soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). As a consequence, their conclusions are unconvincing.
2017 Vol. 6 (3): 224-234 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] PDF (2233 KB)   ( 88 )
Biopalaeogeography and palaeoecology
235 “The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India”: Reply
A.J.van Loon, Rajat Mazumder, Shuvabrata De

Our contribution about a newly recognized sedimentological feature, which we called tombolith, has raised some comments on the etymology of the term, the assumed lack of field data, the usage of a term that has a special meaning in stratigraphy, the origin of the seismic shocks that played a role, so-called basic tenets, the origin of soft-sediment deformation structures, and the role of liquefaction. We argue that most comments result from an insufficiently thorough reading of our text, whereas some other remarks concern aspects that we did not deal with. Finally, several remarks are based on outdated literature and from insufficient knowledge of the regional geology.

2017 Vol. 6 (3): 235-241 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] PDF (234 KB)   ( 64 )
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