1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China; 2 Institute of Sedimentary Geology,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu 610059,China; 3 Chengdu University of Technology Research Branch,Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir,CNPC,Chengdu 610059,China; 4 PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology,Hangzhou 310023,China; 5 Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir,CNPC,Hangzhou 310023,China
Abstract：The dolomite reservoir is developed in the typical dolomite-evaporite paragenetic system(DEPS)of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin. Many researchers have conducted numerous studies on the characteristics and formation mechanism of dolomite reservoirs in the Majiagou Formation. However,limited research has been done on the dolomitization process and evolution characteristics from the perspective of DEPS. In this study,two dolomite-evaporite sedimentary sequences(S1 and S2)from the Xiweikou section on the southeast margin of the Ordos Basin were selected for high-precision continuous sampling. Through sedimentology and petrology analysis,as well as carbon-oxygen isotopes,rare earth elements(REEs)and trace elements,two types of dolomite-evaporite paragenetic assemblages were identified. A detailed study was conducted on the properties,sources,evolution of dolomitization fluid,and the dolomitization process. The results show that: (1)in the S1 sampling interval,a Type I paragenetic assemblage is present,consisting mainly of intraclast grain dolomite-dissolved gypseous breccias dolomite-dolomicrite bearing gypsum pseudocrystals-mudstone. This indicates a supratidal environment with strong evaporation. In the S2 sampling interval,a Type II paragenetic assemblage is observed,mainly composed of thin-medium thick layers of finely crystalline dolomite-medium(grain)dolomite-argillaceous dolomite bearing gypsum pseudocrystals-mudstone,representing an intertidal-subtidal environment. (2)The REE distribution patterns of dolomite in two types of paragenetic assemblages are similar to those of pore water,both showing enrichment of MREE,with slightly negative anomalies-normal of Ce and Eu. There is no significant difference between δ13C and δ18O,and the contents of Fecarb and Mncarb are relatively high. It is speculated that the sources of dolomitized fluid are the same,originating from weakly reducing pore water derived from seawater. (3)The sedimentary sequence in the studied geological section changes from type I to type II from bottom to top,reflecting the typical dolomitization process of paragenetic systems in evaporative tidal flat environments. As sea level rose from S1 to S2,penecontemporaneous sabkha dolomitization in the supratidal zone evolved into seepage reflux dolomitization in the intertidal-subtidal zone. The concentrations of MREE and Fecarb in dolomite of the type I paragenetic assemblage are higher than those in type Ⅱ,indicating the evolution of dolomitization fluid properties from rich Fe2+-Mn2+ and MREE to poor Fe2+-Mn2+ and MREE. The research has enriched the basic theory of dolomite genesis under paragenetic systems and provides theoretical guidance for oil and gas exploration in the Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin.
WU Yuting,NING Meng,XIA Pan et al. Research on dolomitization process in dolomite-evaporite syngenetic system of the Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin[J]. JOPC, 2024, 26(4): 895-910.
[1] 包洪平,杨帆,白海峰,武春英,王前平. 2017a. 细分小层岩相古地理编图的沉积学研究及油气勘探意义: 以鄂尔多斯地区中东部奥陶系马家沟组马五段为例. 岩石学报, 33(4): 1094-1106. [Bao H P,Yang F,Bai H F,Wu C Y,Wang Q P.2017a. Sedimentology study on sub-member lithofacies paleogeography mapping and its petroleum exploration significance: taking Ma5 member of Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation in central-eastern Ordos Basin for example. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(4): 1094-1106] [2] 包洪平,杨帆,蔡郑红,王前平,武春英. 2017b. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系白云岩成因及白云岩储层发育特征. 天然气工业, 37(1): 32-45. [Bao H P,Yang F,Cai Z H,Wang Q P,Wu C Y.2017b. Origin and reservoir characteristics of Ordovician dolostones in the Ordos Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 37(1): 32-45] [3] 陈强,张慧元,李文厚,郝松立,刘卓. 2012. 鄂尔多斯奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其意义. 古地理学报, 14(1): 117-124. [Chen Q,Zhang H Y,Li W H,Hao S L,Liu Z.2012. Characteristics of carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Ordovician carbonate rocks in Ordos and their implication. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edtion), 14(1): 117-124] [4] 付斯一,张成弓,陈洪德,陈安清,赵俊兴,苏中堂,杨帅,王果,密文天. 2019. 鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系马家沟组五段盐下白云岩储集层特征及其形成演化. 石油勘探与开发, 46(6): 1087-1098. [Fu S Y,Zhang C G,Chen H D,Chen A Q,Zhao J X,Su Z T,Yang S,Wang G,Mi W T.2019. Characteristics,formation and evolution of pre-salt dolomite reservoirs in the fifth member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation,mid-east Ordos Basin,NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 46(6): 1153-1164] [5] 付金华,刘新社,魏柳斌,任军峰,古永红,王前平,师平平. 2022. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系盐下马家沟组四段天然气勘探突破及意义. 中国石油勘探, 27(2): 47-58. [Fu J H,Liu X S,Wei L B,Ren J F,Gu Y H,Wang Q P,Shi P P.2022. Breakthrough and significance of natural gas exploration in the fourth member of Majiagou Formation of subsalt Ordovician in Ordos Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 27(2): 47-58] [6] 侯方浩,方少仙,董兆雄,赵敬松,卢蜀秀,吴诒,陈娅娜. 2003. 鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组沉积环境与岩相发育特征. 沉积学报, 21(1): 106-112. [Hou F H,Fang S X,Dong Z X,Zhao J S,Lu S X,Wu Y,Chen Y N.2003. The developmental characters of sedimentary environments and lithofacies of Middle Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 21(1): 106-112] [7] 胡文瑄,陈琪,王小林,曹剑. 2010. 白云岩储层形成演化过程中不同流体作用的稀土元素判别模式. 石油与天然气地质, 31(6): 810-818. [Hu W X,Chen Q,Wang X L,Cao J.2010. REE models for the discrimination of fluids in the formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs. Oil and Gas Geology, 31(6): 810-818] [8] 黄擎宇,张哨楠,丁晓琪,段杰,向雷. 2010. 鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系马家沟组白云岩成因研究. 石油实验地质, 32(2): 147-153,158. [Huang Q Y,Zhang S N,Ding X Q,Duan J,Xiang L.2010. Origin of dolomite of Ordovician Majiagou Formation,western and southern margin of the Ordos Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 32(2): 147-153,158] [9] 黄正良,包洪平,任军峰,白海峰,武春英. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系马家沟组白云岩特征及成因机理分析. 现代地质, 25(5): 925-930. [Huang Z L,Bao H P,Ren J F,Bai H F,Wu C Y.2011. Characteristics and genesis of dolomite in Majiagou Formation of Ordovician,south of Ordos Basin. Geoscience, 25(5): 925-930] [10] 胡安平,沈安江,杨翰轩,张杰,王鑫,杨柳,蒙绍兴. 2019. 碳酸盐岩—膏盐岩共生体系白云岩成因及储盖组合. 石油勘探与开发, 46(5): 916-928. [Hu A P,Shen A J,Yang H X,Zhang J,Wang X,Yang L,Meng S X.2019. Dolomite genesis and reservoir-cap rock assemblage in carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 46(5): 916-928] [11] 李春堂,祁壮壮,丁晓琪,刘四洪,高景云,朱颖. 2023. 鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组四段白云岩特征及分布规律. 天然气勘探与开发, 46(1): 32-41. [Li C T,Qi Z Z,Ding X Q,Liu S H,Gao J Y,Zhu Y.2023. Characteristics and distribution regularity of dolomites in the fourth member of Majiagou Formation,Daniudi gas field,Ordos Basin. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 46(1): 32-41] [12] 李文厚,陈强,李智超,王若谷,王妍,马瑶. 2012. 鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理. 古地理学报, 14(1): 85-100. [Li W H,Chen Q,Li Z C,Wang R G,Wang Y,Ma Y.2012. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early Paleozoic in Ordos area. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edtion), 14(1): 85-100] [13] 刘德良,孙先如,李振生,唐南安,谈迎,刘波. 2006. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系白云岩碳氧同位素分析. 石油实验地质, 28(2): 155-161. [Liu D L,Sun X R,Li Z S,Tang N A,Tan Y,Liu B.2006. Analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope on the Ordovician dolostones in the Ordos Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 28(2): 155-161] [14] 刘燕,付金华,李建明. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组白云岩成因机理分析. 石油天然气学报, 33(11): 46-50. [Liu Y,Fu J H,Li J M.2011. Dolomite genetic analysis on Ordovician Majiagou Formation in eastern Ordos Basin. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 33(11): 46-50] [15] 刘朝全,姜学峰. 2016.2016年国内外油气行业发展报告. 北京: 石油工业出版社. [Liu Z Q,Jiang X F.2016.2016 Domestic and Foreign Oil and Gas Industry Development Report. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press] [16] 罗清清,刘波,姜伟民,于进鑫,刘诗琦,王远翀,魏柳斌,蔡郑红. 2020. 鄂尔多斯盆地中部奥陶系马家沟组五段白云岩储层成岩作用及孔隙演化. 石油与天然气地质, 41(1): 102-115. [Luo Q Q,Liu B,Jiang W M,Yu J X,Liu S Q,Wang Y C,Wei L B,Cai Z H.2020. Diagenesis and pore evolution of dolomite reservoir in the 5th member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation,central Ordos Basin. Oil and Gas Geology, 41(1): 102-115] [17] 穆龙新. 2017. 全球油气勘探开发形势及油公司动态(2017). 北京: 石油工业出版社. [Mu L X.2017. Global Oil and Gas Exploration Situation and Oil Company Dynamics(2017). Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press] [18] 任军峰,杨文敬,丁雪峰,赵伟波,黄正良,魏柳斌. 2016. 鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组白云岩储层特征及成因机理. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 43(3): 274-281. [Ren J F,Yang W J,Ding X F,Zhao W B,Huang Z L,Wei L B.2016. Discussion on characteristics and origin of Majiagou Formation dolomite reservoir in Ordos Basin,China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science Technology Edition), 43(3): 274-281] [19] 苏中堂,陈洪德,朱平,赵俊兴,董少锋,郝雁. 2010. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部马家沟组孔隙类型及其演化. 海相油气地质, 15(4): 6-13. [Su Z T,Chen H D,Zhu P,Zhao J X,Dong S F,Hao Y.2010. Pore types and evolution of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the southern part of Ordos Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 15(4): 6-13] [20] 苏中堂,陈洪德,徐粉燕,魏柳斌,李洁. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组白云岩地球化学特征及白云岩化机制分析. 岩石学报, 27(8): 2230-2238. [Su Z T,Chen H D,Xu F Y,Wei L B,Li J.2011. Geochemistry and dolomitization mechanism of Majiagou dolomites in Ordovician,Ordos,China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(8): 2230-2238] [21] 苏中堂,陈洪德,欧阳征健,金学强. 2012. 鄂尔多斯地区马家沟组层序岩相古地理特征. 中国地质, 39(3): 623-633. [Su Z T,Chen H D,Ouyang Z J,Jin X Q.2012. Sequence-based lithofacies and paleogeography of Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin. Geology in China, 39(3): 623-633] [22] 孙玉景,周立发. 2018. 鄂尔多斯盆地马五段膏盐岩沉积对天然气成藏的影响. 岩性油气藏, 30(6): 67-75. [Sun Y J,Zhou L F.2018. Influences of gypsum-salt deposition on gas accumulation of the fifth member of Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin. Lithologic Reservoirs, 30(6): 67-75] [23] 王保全,强子同,张帆,王兴志,王一,曹伟. 2009. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组马五段白云岩的同位素地球化学特征. 地球化学, 38(5): 472-479. [Wang B Q,Qiang Z T,Zhang F,Wang X Z,Wang Y,Cao W.2009. Isotope characteristics of dolomite from the fifth member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation,the Ordos Basin. Geochimica, 38(5): 472-479] [24] 魏水建,冯琼,冯寅,袁书坤. 2011. 川东北通南巴地区三叠系膏盐岩盖层预测. 石油实验地质, 33(1): 81-86. [Wei S J,Feng Q,Feng Y,Yuan S K.2011. Prediction of Triassic gypsum cap rocks in Tongnanba region of Northeast Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 33(1): 81-86] [25] 王淑丽,郑绵平. 2012. 我国寒武系膏盐岩分布特征及其对找钾指示. 矿床地质,31(S1): 487-488. [Wang S L,Zheng M P.2012. Distribution characteristics of Cambrian gypsum salt rocks in China and its indication for potassium prospecting. Mineral Deposits,31(S1): 487-488] [26] 文华国,霍飞,郭佩,甯濛,梁金同,钟怡江,苏中堂,徐文礼,刘四兵,温龙彬,蒋华川. 2021. 白云岩—蒸发岩共生体系研究进展及展望. 沉积学报, 39(6): 1321-1343. [Wen H G,Huo F,Guo P,Ning M,Liang J T,Zhong Y J,Su Z T,Xu W L,Liu S B,Wen L B,Jiang H C.2021. Advances and prospects of dolostone-evaporite paragenesis system. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 39(6): 1321-1343] [27] 吴东旭,李昌,周进高,胡琮,黄正良,于洲,李维岭,郭玮. 2022. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组白云岩储层特征及成因机制. 高校地质学报, 28(4): 606-616. [Wu D X,Li C,Zhou J G,Hu C,Huang Z L,Yu Z,Li W L,Guo W.2022. Characteristics and genesis mechanism of the dolomite reservoir in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin. Geological Journal of China Universities, 28(4): 606-616] [28] 颜茂都,张大文. 2014. 中国主要陆块特定时段的漂移演化历史及其对海相钾盐成矿作用的制约. 矿床地质, 33(5): 945-963. [Yan M D,Zhang D W.2014. Drifting history of China's main blocks during specific periods and its tectonic constraints on marine potash formation. Mineral Deposits, 33(5): 945-963] [29] 杨虎,石堃,刘佳玮. 2016. 鄂尔多斯奥陶系白云岩岩相学及其碳、氧稳定同位素特征. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 46(3): 415-422. [Yang H,Shi K,Liu J W.2016. The characteristics of Ordovician Dolomite petrography and its composition of Carbon and Oxygen stable isotope in Ordos Basin. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 46(3): 415-422] [30] 杨华,席胜利,魏新善,李振宏. 2006. 鄂尔多斯多旋回叠合盆地演化与天然气富集. 中国石油勘探, 11(1): 17-24,6. [Yang H,Xi S L,Wei X S,Li Z H.2006. Evolution and natural gas enrichment of multicycle superimposed basin in Ordos Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 11(1): 17-24,6] [31] 杨华,付金华,魏新善,任军峰. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩天然气勘探领域. 石油学报, 32(5): 733-740. [Yang H,Fu J H,Wei X S,Ren J F.2011. Natural gas exploration domains in Ordovician marine carbonates,Ordos Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 32(5): 733-740] [32] 张福礼. 2004. 多旋回与鄂尔多斯盆地石油天然气. 石油实验地质, 26(2): 138-142,152. [Zhang F L.2004. Relation of multicycles to oil and natural gas in the Ordos Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 26(2): 138-142,152] [33] 赵俊兴,陈洪德,张锦泉,刘小丽,付锁堂. 2005. 鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五段白云岩成因机理研究. 石油学报, 26(5): 38-41. [Zhao J X,Chen H D,Zhang J Q,Liu X L,Fu S T.2005. Genesis of dolomite in the fifth member of Majiagou Formation in the middle Ordos Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 26(5): 38-41] [34] 赵思凡,顾尚义,沈洪娟,吴忠银,冯永. 2020. 华南地区南沱冰期海洋氧化还原环境研究: 来自贵州松桃南沱组白云岩稀土元素地球化学的指示. 沉积学报, 38(6): 1140-1151. [Zhao S F,Gu S Y,Shen H J,Wu Z Y,Feng Y.2020. Ocean Redox Environment in the Nantuo Ice Age of South China: an indication of the rare earth element geochemistry in the dolomites from the Nantuo Formation in Guizhou Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 38(6): 1140-1151] [35] 赵卫卫,王宝清. 2011. 鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格地区奥陶系马家沟组马五段白云岩的地球化学特征. 地球学报, 32(6): 681-690. [Zhao W W,Wang B Q.2011. Geochemical characteristics of dolomite from 5th member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Sulige area,Ordos Basin. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 32(6): 681-690] [36] 赵彦彦,李三忠,李达,郭玲莉,戴黎明,陶建丽. 2019. 碳酸盐(岩)的稀土元素特征及其古环境指示意义. 大地构造与成矿学, 43(1): 141-167. [Zhao Y Y,Li S Z,Li D,Guo L L,Dai L M,Tao J L.2019. Rare earth element geochemistry of carbonate and its paleoenvironmental implications. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 43(1): 141-167] [37] Azmy K,Veizer J,Misi A,de Oliveira T F,Sanches A L,Dardenne M A.2001. Dolomitization and isotope stratigraphy of the Vazante Formation,São Francisco Basin,Brazil. Precambrian Research, 112(3-4): 303-329. [38] Badiozamani K.1973. The dorag dolomitization model,application to the middle Ordovician of Wisconsin. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 43(4): 965-984. [39] Banner J L.1995. Application of the trace element and isotope geochemistry of strontium to studies of carbonate diagenesis. Sedimentology, 42(5): 805-824. [40] Banner J L,Hanson G N,Meyers W J.1988. Rare earth element and Nd isotopic variations in regionally extensive dolomites from the Burlington-Keokuk Formation(Mississippian): implications for REE mobility during carbonate diagenesis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(3): 415-432. [41] Banner J L,Hanson G N.1990. Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(11): 3123-3137. [42] Bau M.1996. Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho,Zr/Hf,and lanthanide tetrad effect. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 123(3): 323-333. [43] Bau M,Alexander B W.2009. Distribution of high field strength elements(Y,Zr,REE,Hf,Ta,Th,U)in adjacent magnetite and chert bands and in reference standards FeR-3 and FeR-4 from the Temagami iron-formation,Canada,and the redox level of the Neoarchean Ocean. Precambrian Research, 174(3-4): 337-346. [44] Bayon G,German C R,Burton K W,Nesbitt R W,Rogers N.2004. Sedimentary Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides as paleoceanographic archives and the role of aeolian flux in regulating oceanic dissolved REE. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224(3-4): 477-492. [45] Budd D A.1997. Cenozoic dolomites of carbonate islands: their attributes and origin. Earth-Science Reviews, 42(1): 1-47. [46] Byrne R H,Liu X W,Schijf J.1996. The influence of phosphate coprecipitation on rare earth distributions in natural waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(17): 3341-3346. [47] Compton J,Harris C,Thompson S.2001. Pleistocene dolomite from the Namibian shelf: high87Sr/86Sr and δ18O values indicate an evaporative,mixed-water origin. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71(5): 800-808. [48] Davies G R,Smith L B.2006. Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies: An overview. AAPG Bulletin, 90(11): 1641-1690. [49] Delpomdor F,Blanpied C,Virgone A,Préat A.2013. Paleoenvironments in Meso-Neoproterozoic carbonates of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup(Democratic Republic of Congo)-Microfacies analysis combined with C-O-Sr isotopes,major-trace elements and REE+Y distributions. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 88: 72-100. [50] Frimmel H E.2009. Trace element distribution in Neoproterozoic carbonates as palaeoenvironmental indicator. Chemical Geology, 258(3-4): 338-353. [51] Haley B A,Klinkhammer G P,McManus J.2004. Rare earth elements in pore waters of marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(6): 1265-1279. [52] Land L S.1980. The isotopic and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: the state of the art. Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. SEPM(Society for Sedimentary Geology), 28: 87-110. [53] Lawrence M G,Greig A,Collerson K D,Kamber B S.2006. Rare earth element and yttrium variability in South East Queensland waterways. Aquatic Geochemistry, 12(1): 39-72. [54] Liu C,Xie Q B,Wang G W,He W G,Song Y F,Tang Y,Wang Y H.2017. Rare earth element characteristics of the carboniferous Huanglong Formation dolomites in eastern Sichuan Basin,southwest China: implications for origins of dolomitizing and diagenetic fluids. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 81: 33-49. [55] Lottermoser B G.1992. Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geology Reviews, 7(1): 25-41. [56] Machel H G.2004. Concepts and models of dolomitization: a critical reappraisal. Geological Society,London,Special Publications, 235(1): 7-63. [57] Melim L A,Scholle P A.2002. Dolomitization of the Capitan Formation forereef facies(Permian,west Texas and New Mexico): seepage reflux revisited. Sedimentology, 49(6): 1207-1227. [58] Nothdurft L D,Webb G E,Kamber B S.2004. Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates,Canning Basin,western Australia: confirmation of a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(2): 263-283. [59] Qing H,Mountjoy E W.1994a. Rare earth element geochemistry of dolomites in the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: implications for fluid-rock ratios during dolomitization. Sedimentology, 41(4): 787-804. [60] Qing H,Mountjoy E W.1994b. Formation of coarsely crystalline,hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in the Presqu'ile barrier,western Canada sedimentary basin. AAPG Bulletin, 78(1): 55-77. [61] Saller A H.1984. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite,Enewetak Atoll: an example of dolomitization by normal seawater. Geology, 12(4): 217-220. [62] Vahrenkamp V C,Swart P K.1990. New distribution coefficient for the incorporation of strontium into dolomite and its implications for the formation of ancient dolomites. Geology, 18(5): 387-391. [63] Veizer J,Ala D,Azmy K,Bruckschen P,Buhl D,Bruhn F,Carden G A F,Diener A,Ebneth S,Godderis Y,Jasper T,Korte C,Pawellek F,Podlaha O G,Strauss H.1999. 87Sr/86Sr,δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 161(1-3): 59-88. [64] Wang L C,Hu W X,Wang X L,Cao J,Chen Q.2014. Seawater normalized REE patterns of dolomites in Geshan and Panlongdong sections,China: implications for tracing dolomitization and diagenetic fluids. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 56: 63-73. [65] Wang X L,Jin Z J,Hu W X,Zhang J T,Qian Y X,Zhu J Q,Li Q.2009. Using in situ REE analysis to study the origin and diagenesis of dolomite of Lower Paleozoic,Tarim Basin. Science in China(Earth Sciences), 52(5): 681-693. [66] Ward W C,Halley R B.1985. Dolomitization in a mixing zone of near-seawater composition,late Pleistocene,northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 55(3): 407-420. [67] Warren J K.2000. Dolomite: occurrence,evolution and economically important associations. Earth-Science Reviews, 52(1-3): 1-81. [68] Warren J K.2010. Evaporites through time: Tectonic,climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits. Earth-Science Reviews, 98(3-4): 217-268. [69] Xiang P F,Ji H C,Shi Y Q,Huang Y,Sun Y S,Xu X R,Zou S Q.2020. Petrographic,rare earth elements and isotope constraints on the dolomite origin of Ordovician Majiagou Formation(Jizhong Depression,North China). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 117: 104374. [70] Zhang K,Zhu X K,Yan B.2015. A refined dissolution method for rare earth element studies of bulk carbonate rocks. Chemical Geology, 412: 82-91.
