Deep or super-deep dolostone reservoirs:Opportunities and challenges
Chen Daizhao1, 2, Qian Yixiong3
1 Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029 ; 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049 ; 3 Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute, SINOPEC,Wuxi 214126,Jiangsu
Abstract：Deep or super-deep dolostone reservoirs tend to be the important exploration field and targets in the future. Resulting from dolomite replacement and dissolution,abundant volumes of secondary porosity were commonly produced,which made the dolostones the potential high-quality petroleum reservoirs. In this context,it is imperative to reveal the mechanisms of dolomitization,porosity generation and preservation,as well as to investigate responsible fluid attributes and evolution pathay,then to establish reliable geological reservoir models. Under documenting the core issues related to “dolomite problems”,this review listed the major dolomitization models,present bandawagons,and main concerns in future dolomite studies,particularly for the deeply-buried dolostones experiencing complicated tectonic and fluid modifications. In China,abundant dolostones occur at great depths of >6500,m in the three largest cratonic sedimentary basins(Sichuan Basin,Tarim Basin and Ordos Basin), which have contributed numerical commercial petroleum reserves and provided favourable opportunities for petroleum exploration in deep or super￣deep formations. However,big challenges would also exist due to the great burial depths,multiple-phase,superimposed tectonic overprinting and complicated history of basin-fluid evolution.
1 陈代钊. 2008. 构造—热液白云岩化作用与白云岩储集层. 石油与天然气地质,29(5): 614-622. [Chen D Z. 2008. Structure-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization and hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs. Oil & Gas Geology,29(5): 614-622] 2 杜金虎,邹才能,徐春春,何海清,沈平,杨跃民,李亚林,魏国齐,汪泽成,杨雨. 2014. 川中隆起龙王庙组特大型气田战略发现与理论技术创新. 石油勘探与开发,41(3): 268-293. [Du J H,Zou C N,Xu C C,He H Q,Shen P,Yang Y M,Li Y L,Wei G Q,Wang Z C,Yang Y. 2014. Theoretical and technical innovations in strategic discovery of a giant gas field in Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation of central Sichuan paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development,41(3): 268-293] 3 何自新,郑聪斌,王彩丽,黄道军. 2005. 中国海相油气勘探实例之二: 鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田的发现与勘探. 海相油气地质,10(2): 37-44. [He Z X,Zheng C B,Wang C L,Huang D J. 2005. Cases of discovery and exploration of marine fields in China(Part 2): Jingbian Gas Field,Ordos Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,10(2): 37-44] 4 黄正良,陈调胜,任军峰,包洪平. 2012. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系中组合白云岩储集层及圈闭成藏特征. 石油学报,33(S2): 118-124. [Huang Z L,Chen T S,Ren J F,Bao H P. 2012. The characteristics of dolomite reservoir and trap accumulation in the middle assemblages of Ordovician in Ordos Basin,China. Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(S2): 118-124] 5 焦存礼,何治亮,邢秀娟,卿海若,何碧竹,李程成. 2011塔里木盆地构造热液白云岩及其储集层意义. 岩石学报,27(1): 277-284. [Jiao C L,He Z L,Xing X J,Qing H R,He B Z,Li C C. 2011. Tectonic hydrothermal dolomite and its significance of reservoirs in Tarim basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(1): 277-284] 6 罗志立,刘顺,徐世琦. 1998. 四川盆地震旦系含气层中有利勘探区块的选择. 石油学报,19(4): 1-7. [Luo Z L,Liu S,Xu S Q. 1998. Selection of favorable area of exploration in Sinian bearing gas formation of Sichuan Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica,19(4): 1-7] 7 马永生. 2006. 中国海相油气田勘探实例之六: 四川盆地普光大气田的发现与勘探. 海相油气地质,11(2): 35-40. [Ma Y S. 2006. Cases of discovery and exploration of marine fields in China(Part 6): Puguang Gasfield in Sichuan Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,11(2): 35-40] 8 马永生,郭彤楼,赵雪凤,蔡勋育. 2007. 普光气田深部优质白云岩储集层形成机制. 中国科学(D辑: 地球科学),37(S2): 43-52. [Ma Y S,Guo T L,Zhao X F,Cai X Y. 2007. The formation mechanism of high-quality dolomite reservoir in the deep of Puguang Gas Field. Science China(Series D: Earth Sciences),37(S2): 43-52] 9 马永生,郭旭升,郭彤楼,黄锐,蔡勋育,李国雄. 2005. 四川盆地普光大型气田的发现与勘探启示. 地质论评,51(4): 477-480. [Ma Y S,Guo X S,Guo T L,Huang R,Cao X Y,Li G X. 2005. Discovery of the large-scale Puguang Gas Field in the Sichuan Basin and its enlightenment for hydrocarbon prospecting. Geological Review,51(4): 477-480] 10 梅冥相. 从3个科学理念简论沉积学中的“白云岩问题”. 2012. 古地理学报,14(1): 1-12. [Mei M X. 2007. Brief introduction of“dolostone problem”in sedimentology according to three scientific ideas. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),14(1): 1-12] 11 强子同,曾德铭,王兴志,吴仕玖. 2012. 川东北下三叠统飞仙关组鲕粒滩白云岩同位素地球化学特征. 古地理学报,14(1): 13-20. [Qiang Z T,Zeng D M,Wang X Z,Wu S J. 2012. Isotopic geochemical characteristics of oolitic bank dolostones in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in northeastern Sichuan Province. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),14(1): 13-20] 12 钱一雄,陈代钊,尤东华,卿海若,何治亮,董少峰,马玉春,焦存礼,田蜜. 2012. 塔东北库鲁克塔格地区中上寒武统白云岩类型与孔隙演化. 古地理学报,14(4): 461-476. [Qian Y X,Chen D Z,You D H,Qing H R,He Z L,Dong S F,Ma Y C,Jiao C L,Tian M. 2012. Types of dolostones and pore evolution of the Middle and Upper Cambrian in Kuruk Tag area of northeastern Tarim Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),14(4): 461-476] 13 王国芝,刘树根,李娜,王东,高媛. 2014. 四川盆地北缘灯影组深埋白云岩优质储集层形成与保存机制. 岩石学报,30(3): 667-678. [Wang G Z,Liu S G,Li N,Wang D,Gao Y. 2014. Formation and preservation mechanism of high quality reservoir in deep burial dolomite in the Dengying Formation on the northern margin of the Sichuan basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica,30(3): 667-678] 14 杨雪飞,王兴志,杨跃明,李兴彦,姜楠,谢继荣,罗文军. 2015. 川中地区下寒武统龙王庙组白云岩储集层成岩作用. 地质科技情报,34(1): 35-41. [Yang X F,Wang X Z,Yang Y M,Li X Y,Jiang N,Xie J R,Luo W J. 2015. Diagenesis of the dolomite reservoir in Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in central Sichuan Basin. 2015. Geological Science and technology Information,34(1): 35-41] 15 张永生. 2000. 鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系马家沟群中部块状白云岩的深埋藏白云石化机制. 沉积学报,18(3): 424-430. [Zhang Y S. 2000. Mechanism of deep burial dolomitization of massive dolostones in the Middle Majiagou Group of the Ordovician,Ordos Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,18(3): 424-430] 16 朱东亚,孟庆强,胡文瑄,金之钧. 2012. 塔里木盆地深层寒武系地表岩溶型白云岩储集层及后期流体改造作用. 地质论评,58(4): 691-701. [Zhu D Y,Meng Q Q,Hu W X,Jin Z J. 2012. Deep cambrian surface-karst dolomite reservoir and its alteration by later fluid in Tarim Basin. Geological Review,58(4): 691-701] 17 Adams J E,Rhodes M L. 1960. Dolomitization by seepage refluxion. AAPG Bulletin,44: 1912-1920. 18 Amthor J E,Mountjoy E W,Machel H G. 1994. Regional-scale porosity and permeability variations in Upper Devonian Leduc buildups: Implications for reservoir development and prediction in carbonates. America Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin,78(10): 1541-1559. 19 Austead K L,Spencer R J. 1985. Diagenesis of the Keg River Formation in the South-East of South Australia. Canada Petroleum Geology Bulletin,33: 167-183. 20 Badiozamani K. 1973. The Dorag dolomitization model-application to the Middle Ordovician of Wiscosin. Journal Sedimentology Petroleum,43: 965-984. 21 Bathurst,R G C. 1975. Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology,12. Elsevier,Amsterdam,658. 22 Bontongnali T R R,Vasconcelos C,Warthmann R J,Berasconi S M,Dupraz C,Stromenger C,Mckenzie J A. 2010. Dolomite formation within microbial mats in the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi(Unites Arab Emirates). Sedimentology,57(3): 824-844. 23 Burns S J,Mckenzie J A,Vasconcelos C. 2000. Dolomite formation and biogeochemical cycles in the Phanerozoic. Sedimentology,47(Supplement 1): 49-61. 24 Cai C F,Hu W S,Worden R H. 2001. Thermochemical sulphate reduction in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates in Central Tarim. Marine and Petroleum Geology,18: 729-741. 25 Cai C F,Worden R H,Bottrell S H,Wang L S,Yang C C. 2003. Thermochemical sulphate reduction and the generation of hydrogen sulphide and thiols(mercaptans)in Triassic carbonate reservoirs from the Sichuan Basin,China. Chemical Geology,202: 39-57. 26 Carballo J D,Land L S,Miser D E. 1987. Holocene dolomitization of supratidal sediments by active tidal pumps,Sugarloaf Key,Florida. Journal of Sedimentology Petrolgy,57: 153-165. 27 Caspard E,Rudkiewicz L,Eberli G P,Brosse E,Renard M. 2004. Massive dolomitization of Messinian reef in the Great Bahama Bank: A numerical modeling evolution of Kohout geothermal convection. Geofluids,4: 40-60. 28 Chen D Z,Qing H R,Yang C. 2004. Multistage hydrothermal dolomites in the Middle Devonian(Givetian)carbonates from the Guilin area,South China. Sedimentology,51: 1029-1051. 29 Chilingar G V,Zenger D H,Bissel H J,Wolf K H. 1979. Dolomites and dolomitization. In: Larsen G,Chilingar G V(eds),Diagenesis in sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Developments in Sedimentology,25A. Elsevier,Amsterdam. 423-535. 30 Coniglio M,Sherlock R,Williams-Jones A E,Middleton K,Frape K. 1994. Burial and hydrothermal diagenesis of Ordovician carbonates from the Michigan Basin,Ontario,Canada. In: Purser B,Tucker M E,Zenger D(eds). Dolomites. In. Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication,21: 231-254. 31 Davies G R,Smith L B Jr. 2006. Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies: An overview. AAPG Bulletin,90: 1641-1690. 32 Deckker P D,Last W M. 1988. Modern dolomite deposition in continental,saline lakes,Western Victoria,Australia. Geology,16: 29-32. 33 Deffeyes K S,Lucia F J,Weylt P K. 1964. Dolomitization: Observations on the island Bonaire,Netherlands Antitites. Science,143: 678-679. 34 Dong S F,Chen D Z,Qing H R,Zhou X Q,Wang D,Guo Z H,Jiang M S,Qian Y X. 2013. Hydrothermal alteration of dolostones in Lower Ordovician,Tarim Basin,NW China: Multiple constraints from petrology,isotope geochemistry and fluid inclusion microthermometry. Marine and Petroleum Geology,46: 270-286. 35 Dorobek S. 1989. Migration of orogenic fluids through the Siluro-Devonian Helderberg Group during late Paleozoic deformation: Constraints on fluid sources and implications for thermal histories of sedimentary basins. Tectonophysics,159: 25-45. 36 Drivet E,Mountjoy E W. 1997. Dolomitization of the Leduc Formation(Upper Devonian),southern Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trends,Alberta. Journal of Sedimentary Research,67: 411-423. 37 Duggan J P,Mountjoy E W,Stasiuk L D. 2001. Fault-controlled dolomitization at Swan Hills Simonette oil field(Devonian),deep basin west-central Alberta,Canada. Sedimentology,48: 301-323. 38 Ehrenberg S N,Nadeau P H. 2005. Sandstone vs. carbonate petroleum reservoirs: A global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships. AAPG Bulletin,89: 435-445. 39 Esteban M,Taberner C. 2003. Secondary porosity development during late burial carbonate reservoir as a result of mixing and/or cooling of brines. Journal Geochemical Exploration,78-79:355-359. 40 Fanning K A,Byre R H,Brelard J A,Betzer P R. 1981. Geothermal springs of the west Florida continental shelf: Evidence for dolomitization and radionuclide enrichment. Earth and Planetray science Letters,52: 345-354. 41 Feazel C T,Schatzinger R A. 1985. Prevention of carbonate cementation in petroleum reservoirs. In: Schneiderman,Harris P M(eds). Carbonate Cements. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Publ.,36: 97-103. 42 Feng Z Z,Zhang Y S,Jin Z K. 1998. Type,origin and reservoir characteristics of dolostones of the Ordovician Majiagou Group,Ordos,North China Platform. Sedimentary Geology,118: 127-140. 43 Folk R L,Land L S. 1975. Mg/Ca ratio and salinity: Two controls over crystallization of dolomite. AAPG Bulletin,59: 60-68. 44 Friedman G M,Sanders J E. 1967. Origin and occurrence of dolostones. In: Chilingar G V,Bissell H J,Fairbridge R W(eds). Carbonate Rocks,Origin,Occurrence,and Classification. Elsevier,Amsterdam: 267-348. 45 Garven G,Freeze R A. 1984. Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of strabound ore deposits,1. Mathematical and numerical model. American Journal of Science,284: 1085-1124. 46 Garven G. 1995. Continental-scale groundwater flow and geological processes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,23:89. 47 Gill I P,Moore C H,Aharon P. 1995. Evaporitic mixed-water dolomitization on St. Croix,U S V I. Journal of Sedimentary Research,A65: 591-604. 48 Giles M R,de Boer R B. 1989. Secondary porosity: Creation of enhanced porosities in the subsurface from the dissolution of carbonate cements as a result of cooling formation waters. Marine and Petroleum Geology,6: 261-269. 49 Given R K,Wilkinson B H. 1987. Dolomite abundance and stratigraphic age,constraints on rates and mechanisms of phanerozoic dolostone formation. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 57: 1068-1078. 50 Goodell H G,Garman R K. 1969. Carbonate geochemistry of Superior Deep Test Well,Andros Island,Bahamas. AAPG Bulletin,53: 513-536. 51 Gregg J M. 1985. Regional epigenetic dolomitization in the Bonneterre dolomite(Cambrian),southeastern Missouri. Geology,13: 503-506. 52 Gregg J M,Howard S A,Mazzullo S J. 1992. Early diagenetic recrystallization of Holocene-3000 years old peritidal dolomites,Ambergis Cay,Belize. Sedimentology,39: 143-160. 53 Gregg J M,Laudon P R,Woody R E,Shelton K L. 1993. Porosity evolution of the Cambrian Bonneterre Dolomite,southeastern Missouri. Sedimentology,40(6): 1153-1169. 54 Hanshaw B B,Back W,Deike R G. 1971. A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water. Econ. Geology,66: 710-724. 55 Hardie L A. 1987. Dolomitization: A critical review of some current views. Journal of Sedimentary Research,57: 166-183. 56 Heasley E C,Worden R H,Hendry J P. 2000. Cement distribution in a carbonate reservoir: Recognition of a palaeo oil-water contact and its relationship to reservoir quality in the Humbly Grove field,onshore,UK. Marine and Petroleum Geology,17(5): 639-654. 57 Heydary E. 1997. The role of burial diagenesis in hydrocarbon destruction and H 2 S accumulation,Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation,Black Creek Field,Mississipian. AAPG Bulletin,81: 26-45. 58 Hsü K J,Siegenthaler C. 1969. Prelimianry experiments on hydrodynamic movement induced by evaporation and their bearing on the dolomite problem. Sedimentology,12: 448-453. 59 Humprey J D. 1988. Late Pleistocene mixing zone dolomitization,southeastern Barbados,West Indies. Sedimentology,35: 327-348. 60 Illing L V,Wells A J,Taylor J C M. 1965. Penecontemporaneous dolomite in the Persian Gulf. In: Murray R C, Pray (ed). Dolomitization and Limestones Diagenesis. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,13: 89-111. 61 Jodry R L. 1969. Growth and dolomitization of Silurian Reefs,St. Clair County,Michigan. AAPG Bulletin,53: 957-981. 62 Jones G,Whitaker F,Smart P L,Sanford W. 2000. Numerical modelling of geothermal and reflux circulation in Enewetak Atoll: Implications for dolomitization. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,69-70: 71-75. 63 Kohout F A. 1967. Ground water flow and geothermal regime of the Florida Plateau. Trans. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies,17: 339-354. 64 Land L S. 1973. Contemporaneous dolomitization of middle Pleistocene reefs by meteoric water,north Jamaica. Bulletin Marine Science,23: 64-92. 65 Land L S. 1980. The isotopic and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: The state of the art. In: Zenger D H,Dunham J B,Ethington R L(eds). Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,28: 87-110. 66 Land L S. 1985. The origin of massive dolomite. Journal of Geological Education,33: 112-125. 67 Land L S. 1991. Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation(North Jamaica)by seawater: Reassessment of mixing zone dolomite. In: H.P. Taylor,J.R. O'Neil,I.R. Kaplan(eds). Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein(Eds . Geochem. Soc. Spec. Publ.,3: 121-133. 68 Land L S. 1998. Failure to precipitate dolomite at 25 ℃ from dilute solution despite 1000-fold oversaturation after 32 years. Aquatic Geochemistry,3(4): 361-368. 69 Lundegard P D,Land L S. 1986. Carbon dioxide and inorganic acids: Their role in porosity enhancement and cementation,Paleogene of the Texas Gulf. In: Gautier D L(ed). Roles of Organic Matter in Sediment Diageneses. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,38. 70 Luzaj J A,Goldstein R H. 2000. Diagenesis of the Lower Permian Krider Member,Southwest Kansas,U.S.A.: Fluid inclusion,U-Pb,and fission tract evidence for reflux-dolomitization during the latest Permian time. Journal of Sedimentary Research,70: 762-773. 71 Machel H G. 2000. Dolomite formation in Carbbean Islands-Driven by plate tectonics?!Journal of Sedimentary Research,70: 977-984. 72 Machel H G. 2004. Concepts and models of dolomitization: A critical reappraisal. In: Braithwaite C J R,Rizzi G,Drake G(eds). The Geometry and Petrogenesis of Dolomite Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ.,235: 7-63. 73 Machel H G,Anderson J H. 1989. Pervasive subsurface dolomitization of the Nisku Formation in central Alberta. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,59: 891-911. 74 Machel H G,Mountjoy E W. 1986. Chemistry and environments of dolomitization-a reappraisal. Earth-Science Reviews,23: 175-222. 75 Magritz M,Golderberg L,Kafri V,Arad A. 1980. Dolomite formation in the seawater-freshwater interface. Nature,287: 622-624. 76 Maliva R G,Dickson J A D. 1992. Microfacies and diagenetic controls of porosity in Cretaceous/Tertiary chalks,Eldfisk Field,Norwrwegian North Sea. AAPG Bulletin,76: 1825-1838. 77 Matttes B W,Mountjoy E W. 1980. Burial dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Miette buildup,Jasper National Park,Alberta. In: Zenger D H,Dunham J B,Ethington R L(eds). Concepts and models of dolomitization. The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,28: 259-320. 78 Mazzullo S J,Reid A M,Gregg J M. 1987. Dolomitization of Holocene supratidal deposits,Ambergis Cay,Belize. Geology Society America Bulletin,98: 224-231. 79 Mazzullo S J,Bischoff W D,Teal C S. 1995. Holocene shallow-subtidal dolomitization by near-normal seawater,northern Belize. Geology,23: 341-344. 80 Mazzullo S J. 2000. Organodolomitization from peritidal to deep-sea sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research,70: 10-23. 81 McKenzie J A. 1981. Holocene dolomitization of calcium carbonate sediments from the coastal sabkha of Abu Dhabi,U.A.E.: A stable isotope study. The Journal of Geologey,89(2): 185-198. 82 McKenzie J A,Vasconcelos C. 2009. Dolomite Mountains and the origin of the dolomite rock of which they mainly consist: Historical development and new perspectives. Sedimentology,56(1): 205-219. 83 Middleton K,Coniglio M,Sherlock R,Frape S K. 1993. Dolomitization of Middle Ordovician carbonate reservoirs,southwestern Ontario. Canad. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,41(2): 150-163. 84 Mitchell J T,Land L S,Miser D E. 1987. Modern marine dolomite cement in a North Jamaican Fringing Reef. Geology,15: 557-560. 85 Moore C H. 2001. Carbonate Reserviors: Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework. Elsevier,Amsterdam: 444. 86 Nadson G A. 1928. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bakeriogenen Kalkablagerungen. Arch. Hydrobiol.,19: 154-164. 87 Oliver. 1986. Fluid expelled tectonically from orogenic belts: Their role in the migration and other geological phenomena. Geology,14: 99-102. 88 Patterson R J,Kinsman J J. 1982. Formation of diagenetic dolomite in coastal sabkha along Arabian(Persian)Gulf. AAPG Bulletin,66: 28-48. 89 Qing H,Mountjoy E. 1992. Large-scale fluid flow in the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geology,20: 903-906. 90 Qing H,Mountjoy E. 1994. Formation of coarsely crystalline,hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in the Presqu'ile Barrier,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. AAPG Bulletin,78: 55-77. 91 Qing,H,Rose,E P F, Bosence W J. 2001. Dolomitization by penesaline seawater in the Early Jurassic peritidal platform carbonates,Gibraltar,western Mediterranean. Sedimentology,48: 153-163. 92 Riding R. 2006. Cyanobacterial calcification,carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms,and Proterozoic-Cambrian changes in atmospheric composition. Geobiology,4: 299-316. 93 Sagan J A,Hart B S. 2006. Three-dimensional seismic-based definition of fault-related porosity development: Trenton-Black River interval,Saybrook,Ohio. AAPG Bulletin,90(11): 1763-1785. 94 Saller A H. 1984. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite,Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal sea water. Geology,12: 217-220. 95 Sassen R,Moore C H. 1988. Framework of hydrocarbon generation and destruction in eastern Samckover trend. AAPG Bulletin,72: 649-663. 96 Scholle P A,Bebout D G,Moore C H. 1983. Carbonate Depositional Environments. Tulsa,OK,AAPG Memoir,33: 708. 97 Simms M A. 1984. Dolomitization by groundwater-flow systems in carbonate platforms. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. GCAGS Transactions,34: 411-420. 98 Sun S Q. 1994. A reappraisal of dolomite abundance and occurrence in the Phanerozoic. Journal of Sedimentary Research,B64: 396-404. 99 Sun S Q. 1995. Dolomite reservoirs;porosity evolution and reservoir characteristics. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bulletin, 79(2): 186-204. 100 Surdam R C,Boese S W,Crossey L J. 1984. The chemistry of secondary porosity. In: McDonald A M,Surdam R C(eds). Clastic Diagensis. AAPG Memoir,27: 127-150. 101 Tucker M E,Wright V P. 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Oxford: Blackwell Science,482. 102 van Lith Y,Warthmann R,Vasconcelos C,McKenzie J A. 2003. Sulphate-reducing bacteria induce low-temperature Ca-dolomite and high Mg-calcite formation. Geobiology,1: 71-79. 103 van Tuyl F M. 1916. The origin of dolomite. Lowa Geological Survey Annical Reptort,25: 251-422. 104 Vasconcelos C,Mckenzie J A,Bernasconi S,Grujic D,Tie A J. 1995. Microbial mediation as a possible mechanism for natural dolomite formation at low temperatures. Nature,377: 220-222. 105 Vasconcelos C,Mckenzie J A. 1997. Microbial mediation of modern dolomite precipitation and diagensis under anoxic conditions(Lagoa Vermelha,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil). Journal of Sedimentary Research,67: 378-390. 106 Von de Borch C C. 1965. The distribution and preliminary geochemistry of modern carbonate sediments of the Coorong area,South Australia. Geochimical Et Cosmochimica Acta,29: 781-799. 107 Von de Borch C C. 1976. Stratigraphy and formation of Holocene dolomitic carbonate deposits of the Coorong area,South Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Researches,46(4): 952-966. 108 Von der Borch C C,Lock D. 1979. Geological significance of the Coorong dolomites. Sedimentology,26: 813-824. 109 Wanless H R. 1979. Limestone response to stress;pressure solution and dolomitization. Journal of Sedimentology Petrology,49: 437-462. 110 Ward W C,Halley R B. 1985. Dolomitization in a mixing zone of near-sea-water composition,Late Pleistocene,northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Journal of Sedimentology Petrology,55: 407-420. 111 Warren J. 2000. Dolomite: Occurrence,evolution and economically important associations. Earth Sci. Revience Reviews,52: 1-81. 112 Wilson A M,Sanford W,Whitaker F,Smart P. 2000. Geothermal convection: A mechanism for dolomitization at Enewetak Atoll. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,69: 41-45. 113 Wilson E N,Hardie L A,Phillips O M. 1990. Dolomitization front geometry,fluid flow patterns,and the origin of massive dolomite: The Triassic Latemar buildup,Northern Italy. American Journal of Science,290(7): 741-796. 114 You X L,Sun S,Zhu J Q,Li Q,Hu W X,Dong H L. 2013. Microbially mediated dolomite in Cambrian stromatolites from the Tarim Basin,northwest China: Implications for the role of organic substrate on dolomite precipitation. Terra Nova,25: 387-395. 115 Zenger D H. 1983. Burial dolomitization in the Lost Buro Formation(Devonian),east-central California,and the significance of late diagenetic dolomitization. Geology,11: 519-522. 116 Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X. 2010. Hydrothermal recrystallization of the Lower Ordovician dolomite ans its significance to reservoir in northern Tarim Basin. Science China-Earth Sciences,53: 368-381.
