准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组云质岩沉积环境及白云石成因探讨<sup>*</sup>

doi:10.7605/gdlxb.2018.01.003

摘要
图/表
参考文献 (60)
相关文章 (15)
点击分布统计
下载分布统计

全文: PDF (9348 KB) RICH HTML
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS) 背景资料

摘要

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组发育一套陆内裂谷背景下,由粉砂级—泥级陆源碎屑、凝灰碎屑、碳酸盐及热液矿物组成的湖相细粒云质岩。本研究以云质岩为研究对象,通过岩石学、矿物学及地球化学研究探讨其形成环境和白云石形成机理。云质岩岩矿特征和主、微量元素特征表明,在中二叠世为处于干旱气候的浅水咸化湖盆,区域火山活动强烈,湖盆内幔源热液活动发育。云质岩中的白云石主要呈自形—半自形的微粉晶颗粒,形成细纹层或与其他组分混合,局部可见自形—半自形的细晶白云石,微粉晶白云石为低有序度白云石(0.46),成分均匀,被纹层包绕,细晶白云石交代残留结构发育,为成岩交代的产物;两类白云石均富锶贫镁,细晶白云石较微粉晶白云石更富铁和锰。微粉晶白云石具有较低的δ¹⁸O_PDB(平均为-4.72‰),基于白云石的形成流体由湖水和幔源热液混合的假设,所计算得到的形成温度介于54.61~186.46 ℃之间;δ¹³C_PDB偏高(平均为8.79‰),推测其与芦草沟组高的有机质埋藏量及产甲烷古菌的代谢活动有关。微粉晶白云石为同生期—准同生期沉淀或交代的原白云石,其Mg²⁺来自于咸化湖水、凝灰碎屑和幔源热液,热液带来的高温和产甲烷古菌的代谢活动打破了白云石形成的动力学屏障。

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入我的书架
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章
	张帅
	柳益群
	焦鑫
	周鼎武
	张旭
	陆申童
	周宁超

关键词 ：白云石, 成因, 幔源热液, 芦草沟组, 吉木萨尔凹陷, 准噶尔盆地

Abstract：

The Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation of Jimusar Depression,Junggar Basin is characterized by lacustrine fine-grained dolomitic sediments,which are composed of silt-sized to mud-sized terrigenous clasts,tuff clasts,carbonate and hydrothermal minerals. This paper is aimed to understand the sedimentary environment and formation mechanism of dolomitic rocks by studying their petrological,mineralogical and geochemical features. Petrological-mineralogical and major and trace element characteristics of the dolomitic rocks suggest the study area was a shallow salty lake formed under an arid climate during the Middle Permian,and was characterized by intense regional volcanism and active mantle-derived hydrothermal in the basin. The dolomites in the dolomitic rocks mainly present as euhedral-subhedral micritic crystals,forming fine lamination or mixing with other compositions,while fine-crystalline dolomites can only be found occasionally. The micritic dolomites,with low order degrees(0.46)and homogeneous compositions,are usually surrounded by laminations. The fine-crystalline dolomites are featured by well-developed metasomatic relict texture and thereby should be the product of diagenesis. Both two kinds of dolomites have high strontium and low magnesium contents,while fine-crystalline dolomites have higher contents of iron and manganese than that of micritic dolomites. The micritic dolomites have a low δ¹⁸O_PDB(av.-4.72‰). The forming temperature,54.61℃ to 186.46℃,is calculated from the δ¹³C_PDB(av. 8.79‰)of micritic dolomites might be resulted from the gigantic buried organic matter of Lucaogou Formation and metabolic activities of methanogens. In conclusion,the micritic dolomites are contemporaneous-penecontemporaneous protodolomite. Magnesium ion was supplied by the salty lake water,tuff materials as well as mantle-dervied hydrothermal fluid. The dynamic barrier of dolomite formation was broken by the high temperature brought from hydrothermal fluid and the metabolic activities of methanogens.

Key words： dolomite origin mantle-derived hydrothermal fluid Lucaogou Formation Jimusar Depression Junggar Basin

收稿日期: 2017-10-16

ZTFLH:	P512.2
	P571

基金资助:

*国家自然科学基金面上项目(编号:41572086,41272116)资助

通讯作者: 柳益群,女,1951年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积学、含油气盆地地质学、地幔热液喷流沉积的研究工作。E-mail: liu-yiqun@263.com。

作者简介: 张帅,男,1993年生,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学研究工作。E-mail: geologyzs0409@gmail.com。

引用本文:

张帅,柳益群,焦鑫等. 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组云质岩沉积环境及白云石成因探讨^*[J]. 古地理学报, 2018, 20(1): 33-48.

Zhang Shuai,Liu Yi-Qun,Jiao Xin et al. Sedimentary environment and formation mechanisim of dolomitic rocks in the Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation,Jimusar Depression, Junggar Basin[J]. JOPC, 2018, 20(1): 33-48.

链接本文:

http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/gdlxb/CN/10.7605/gdlxb.2018.01.003 或 http://journal09.magtechjournal.com/gdlxb/CN/Y2018/V20/I1/33

[1] 陈发景,汪新文,汪新伟. 2005. 准噶尔盆地的原型和构造演化. 地学前缘, 12(3): 77-89. [Chen F J,Wang X W,Wang X W. 2005. Prototype and tectonic evolution of the Junggar basin,northwestern China. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 77-89]
[2] 方世虎,贾承造,郭召杰,宋岩,徐怀民,刘楼军. 2006. 准噶尔盆地二叠纪盆地属性的再认识及其构造意义. 地学前缘, 13(3): 108-121. [Fang S H,Jia C Z,Guo Z J,Song Y,Xu H M,Liu L J. 2006. New view on the Permian evolution of the Junggar basin and its implications for tectonic evolution. Earth Science Frontiers, 13(3): 108-121]
[3] 冯有良,张义杰,王瑞菊,张光亚,吴卫安. 2011. 准噶尔盆地西北缘风城组白云岩成因及油气富集因素. 石油勘探与开发, 38(6): 685-692. [Feng Y L,Zhang Y J,Wang R J,Zhang G Y,Wu W A. 2011. Dolomites genesis and hydrocarbon enrichment of the Fengcheng Formation in the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin. Petroleum Exploration & Development, 38(6): 685-692]
[4] 黄思静. 2010. 碳酸盐岩的成岩作用. 北京: 地质出版社,28-66. [Huang S J. 2010. Carbonate Diagenesis. Beijing: Geology Publishing House,28-66]
[5] 贾承造,邹才能,李建忠,李登华,郑民. 2012. 中国致密油评价标准、主要类型、基本特征及资源前景. 石油学报, 33(3): 343-350. [Jia C Z,Zou C N,Li J Z,Li D H,Zheng M. 2012. Assessment criteria,main types,basic features and resource prospects of the tight oil in China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 33(3): 343-350]
[6] 蒋宜勤,柳益群,杨召,南云,王睿,周鹏,杨焱钧,寇均益,周宁超. 2015. 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷凝灰岩型致密油特征与成因. 石油勘探与开发, 42(6): 741-749. [Jiang Y Q,Liu Y Q,Yang Z,Nan Y,Wang R,Zhou P,Yang Y J,Kou J Y,Zhou N C. 2015. Characteristics and origin of tuff-type tight oil in Jimusar Depression,Junggar Basin,NW China. Petroleum Exploration & Experiment, 42(6): 741-749]
[7] 匡立春,唐勇,雷德文,常秋生,欧阳敏,侯连华,刘得光. 2012. 准噶尔盆地二叠系咸化湖相云质岩致密油形成条件与勘探潜力. 石油勘探与开发, 39(6): 657-667. [Kang L C,Tang Y,Lei D W,Chang Q S,Ouyang M,Hou L H,Liu D G. 2012. Formation conditions and exploration potential of tight oil in the Permian saline lacustrine dolomitic rocks,Junggar Basin,NW China. Petroleum Exploration & Experiment, 39(6): 657-667]
[8] 匡立春,胡文瑄,王绪龙,吴海光,王小林. 2013. 吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储集层初步研究: 岩性与孔隙特征分析. 高校地质学报, 19(3): 529-535. [Kuang L C,Hu W X,Wang X L,Wu H G,Wang X L. 2013. Research of the tight oil reservoir in the Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag: Analysis of lithology and porosity characteristics. Geological Journal of China Universities, 19(3): 529-535]
[9] 李红,柳益群,张丽霞,周鑫,牛元哲,李旭,刘永杰. 2017. 准噶尔盆地东部中二叠统平地泉组具“斑状”结构热水喷流沉积岩的成因及地质意义. 古地理学报, 19(2): 211-226. [Li H,Liu Y Q,Zhang L X,Zhou X,Niu Y Z,Li X,Liu Y J. 2017. Origin and geological significance of sedimentary exhalative rocks with“porphyritic”structures in the Middle Permian Pingdiquan Formation,eastern Junggar Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 19(2): 211-226]
[10] 李锦轶. 1995. 新疆东准噶尔蛇绿岩的基本特征和侵位历史. 岩石学报,(S1): 73-84. [Li J Y. 1995. Main characteristics and emplacement processes of the east Junggar ophiolites,Xinjiang,China. Acta Petrologica Sinica,(S1): 73-84]
[11] 李玮,柳益群,董云鹏,周小虎,柳小明,李红,樊婷婷,周鼎武,徐学义,陈隽璐. 2012. 新疆三塘湖地区石炭纪火山岩年代学、地球化学及其大地构造意义. 中国科学: 地球科学, 11(42): 1716-1731. [Li W,Liu Y Q,Dong Y P,Zhou X H,Liu X M,Li H,Fan T T,Zhou D W,Xu X Y,Chen J L. 2012. The geochemical characteristics,geochronology and tectonic significance of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Santanghu area in northeastern Xinjiang,China. Science China: Earth Sciences, 11(42): 1716-1731]
[12] 柳益群,周鼎武,焦鑫,南云,杨晚,李红,周小虎. 2013. 一类新型沉积岩: 地幔热液喷积岩: 以中国新疆三塘湖地区为例. 沉积学报, 31(5): 773-781. [Liu Y Q,Zhou D W,Jiao X,Nan Y,Yang W,Li H,Zhou X H. 2013. A new type of sedimentary rocks: Mantle-originated hydroclastites and hydrothermal exhalites,Santanghu area,Xinjiang,NW China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 31(5): 773-781]
[13] 陆申童. 2017. 新疆吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组热液喷流沉积特征及沉积环境. 西北大学硕士学位论文: 46-48[Lu S T. 2017. Sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary environment of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Xinjiang. Master's Dissertation of Northwest University: 46-48]
[14] 彭立才,韩德馨,濮人龙,高嵩. 1999. 陆相咸化湖泊沉积中锶/钡比值及其地质意义. 中国矿业大学学报, 28(1): 57-59. [Peng L C,Han D X,Pu R L,Gao S. 1999. w(Sr)/w(Ba)value of continental brackish lake deposit and its geological significance. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 28(1): 57-59]
[15] 彭雪峰,汪立今,姜丽萍. 2011. 准噶尔盆地东南缘二叠系芦草沟组沉积环境分析. 新疆大学学报(自然科学版), 28(4): 395-400. [Peng X F,Wang L J,Jiang L P. 2011. Analysis of sedimentary environment of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Southeastern Margin of the Junggar Basin. Journal of Xinjiang University(Natural Science Edition), 28(4): 395-400]
[16] 邵雨,杨勇强,万敏,邱隆伟,操应长,杨生超. 2015. 吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组沉积特征及沉积相演化. 新疆石油地质, 36(6): 635-641. [Shao Y,Yang Y Q,Wan M,Qiu L W,Cao Y C,Yang S C. 2015. Sedimentary characteristic and facies evolution of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 36(6): 635-641]
[17] 宋永,周路,郭旭光,常秋生,王霞田. 2017. 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组湖相云质致密油储集层特征与分布规律. 岩石学报, 33(4): 1159-1170. [Song Y,Zhou L,Guo X G,Chang Q S,Wang X T. 2017. Characteristics and occurrence of lacustrine dolomitic tight-oil reservoir in the Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation,Jimusar Sag,southeastern Junggar Basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(4): 1159-1170]
[18] 谭红兵,于升松. 1999. 中国湖泊沉积环境演变研究中元素地球化学的应用现状及发展方向. 盐湖研究, 7(3): 58-65. [Tan H B,Yu S S. 1999. Present situation and future development of elemental geochemistry in the study of lake sediments' evolution. Journal of Salt Lake Research, 7(3): 58-65]
[19] 谭佳奕,吴润江,张元元,王淑芳,郭召杰. 2009. 东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区巴塔玛依内山组火山岩特征和年代确定. 岩石学报, 25(3): 539-546. [Tan J Y,Wu R J,Zhang Y Y,Wang S F,Guo Z J. 2009. Characteristics and geochronology of volcanic rocks of Batamayineshan Formation in Kalamaily,Eastern Junggar,Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25(3): 539-546]
[20] 王兵杰,蔡明俊,林春明,张霞,程远忠,曲长伟,张妮. 2014. 渤海湾盆地塘沽地区古近系沙河街组湖相白云岩特征及成因. 古地理学报, 16(1): 65-76. [Wang B J,Cai M J,Lin C M,Zhang X,Cheng Y Z,Qu C W,Zhang N. 2014. Characteristics and origin of lacustrine dolostone of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Tanggu area,Bohai Bay Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 16(1): 65-76]
[21] 王成云,匡立春,高岗,崔玮,孔玉华,向宝力,柳广弟. 2014. 吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组泥质岩类生烃潜力差异性分析. 沉积学报, 32(2): 385-390. [Wang C Y,Kuang L C,Gao G,Cui W,Kong Y H,Xiang B L,Liu G D. 2014. Difference in hydrocarbon generation potential of the shaly source rocks in Jimusar Sag,Permian Lucaogou Formation. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 32(2): 385-390]
[22] 王俊怀,刘英辉,万策,朱筱敏,王小军,葛家旺,张昕. 2014. 准噶尔盆地乌—夏地区二叠系风城组云质岩特征及成因. 古地理学报, 16(2): 157-168. [Wang J H,Liu Y H,Wan C,Zhu X M,Wang X J,Ge J W,Zhang X. 2014. Characteristics and origin of dolomitic tuff in the Permian Fengcheng Formation in Wu-Xia area of Junggar Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 16(2): 157-168]
[23] 葸克来,操应长,朱如凯,邵雨,薛秀杰,王小军,高阳,张景. 2015. 吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储集层岩石类型及特征. 石油学报, 36(12): 1495-1507. [Xi K L,Cao Y C,Zhu R K,Shao Y,Xue X J,Wang X J,Gao Y,Zhang J. 2015. Rock types and characteristics of tight oil reservoir in Permian Lucaogou Formation,Jimsar Sag. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 36(12): 1495-1507]
[24] 肖云. 1995. 察尔汗湖表层卤水及沉积物中各类水体的氢氧同位素研究. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 34(2): 249-255. [Xiao Y. 1995. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope research of different waters in Qarhan Salt Lake and lake sediments. Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science), 34(2): 249-255]
[25] 周鼎武,柳益群,邢秀娟,郝建荣,董云鹏,欧阳征健. 2006. 新疆吐—哈、三塘湖盆地二叠纪玄武岩形成古构造环境恢复及区域构造背景示踪. 中国科学: 地球科学, 36(2): 143-153. [Zhou D W,Liu Y Q,Xing X J,Hao J R,Dong Y P,Ouyang Z J. 2006. The paleotectonic setting reverting and regional tectonic setting tracking of basalt during Permian in Tu-Ha,Santanghu basin in Xinjiang. Science China: Earth Sciences, 36(2): 143-153]
[26] 周路,汪长明,雷德文,张伯新,杨飞. 2009. 准噶尔盆地不同期次石炭系断裂特征及分布. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 31(4): 1-7. [Zhou L,Wang C M,Lei D W,Zhang B Y,Yang F. 2009. Feature and distribution of Carboniferous surface fault in different tectonic movements in Junggar Basin. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition), 31(4): 1-7]
[27] 张旭. 2017. 吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组凝灰岩类特征及其与油气的关系. 西北大学硕士学位论文: 31-36. [Zhang X. 2017. Characteristics of stuff and its relationship with oil and gas in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar sag,Junggar Basin. Master's Dissertaion of Northwest University: 31-36]
[28] 朱晨光,许政暟,宋任涛. 2009. 产甲烷古菌. 生命的化学, 29(1): 129-133. [Zhu C G,Xu Z K,Song R T. 2009. Progress in research of methanogens. Chemistry of Life, 29(1): 129-133]
[29] 朱如凯,许怀先,邓胜徽,郭宏莉. 2007. 中国北方地区二叠纪岩相古地理. 古地理学报, 9(2): 133-142. [Zhu R K,Xu H X,Deng S H,Guo H L. 2007. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Permian in northern China. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 9(2): 133-142]
[30] 朱世发,朱筱敏,刘英辉,陈相亦,王俊怀,王小军,马爱钰. 2014. 准噶尔盆地西北缘北东段下二叠统风城组白云质岩岩石学和岩石地球化学特征. 地质论评, 60(5): 1113-1122. [Zhu S F,Zhu X M,Liu Y H,Chen X Y,Wang J H,Wang X J,Ma A Y. 2014. Petrological and geochemical features of dolomitic rocks in the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in Wuerhe-Xiazijie area,Junggar Basin. Geological Review, 60(5): 1113-1122]
[31] Bian W H,Hornung J,Liu Z H,Wang P J,Hinderer M. 2010. Sedimentary and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China. Palaeobiodiversity & Palaeoenvironments, 90: 175-186.
[32] Carroll A R,Graham S A,Hendrix M S,Ying D,Zhou D. 1995. Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of northwestern China: Sedimentary record of the northern Tarim,northwestern Turpan,and southern Junggar Basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107: 571-594.
[33] Carroll A R,Liang Y H,Graham S A,Xiao X C,Hendrix M S,Chu J C,Mcknight C L. 1990. Junggar Basin,Northwest China: Trapped Late Paleozoic ocean. Tectonophysics, 181: 1-14.
[34] Carroll A R,Brassell A R,Graham S A. 1992. Upper Permian lacustrine oil shales of the southern Junggar Basin,Northwest China. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 76: 1874-1902.
[35] Carroll A R, Graham S A, Smith M E. 2010. Walled sedimentary basins of China. Basin Research, 22(1):17-32.
[36] Gregory R T. 1991. Oxygen isotope history of seawater revisited: Composition of seawater. In: Taylor H P,Jr. O'Neil J R,Kaplan I R.(eds). Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein. Geochemical Society Special Publication,3:65-76.
[37] Hatch J R,Leventhal J S. 1992. Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian(Missourian)stark shale member of the Dennis limestone,Wabaunsee County,Kansas,USA. Chemical Geology,99(1-3):65-82.
[38] Ilich M. 1974. Hydrothermal-sedimentary dolomite: The missing link?: reply. AAPG Bulletin, 59(7): 1331-1347.
[39] Kaufman A J,Jacobsen S B,Knoll A H. 1993. The Vendian record of Sr and C isotopic variations in seawater: Implications for tectonics and paleoclimate. Earth Planet Sci Lett,120(3/4): 409-430.
[40] Kaufman A J,Knoll A H,Awramik S M. 1992. Biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic correlation of Neoproterozoic sedimentary successions: Upper Tindir Group,northwestern Canada,as a test case. Geology, 20: 181-185.
[41] Kenward P A,Goldstein R H,González L A,Roberts J A. 2009. Precipitation of low-temperature dolomite from an anaerobic microbial consortium: The role of methanogenic Archaea. Geobiology, 7: 556-565.
[42] Korte C,Jasper T,Kozur H W,Veizer J. 2005. δ 18 O and δ 13 C of Permian brachiopods: A record of seawater evolution and continental glaciation. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,224(4):333-351.
[43] Korte C,Jasper T,Kozur H W,Veizer J. 2006. Sr/Sr record of Permian seawater. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 240: 89-107.
[44] Land L S. 1983. The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments. In: Authur M A,Anderson T F,Kaplan I R, et al (eds). Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology,SEPM Short Course 10. Tulsa: Society for Sedimentary Geology,1-22.
[45] Lawrence S R. 1990. Aspects of petroleum geology of the Junggar Basin,northwest China. In: Brooks J(ed.). Classic Petroleum Provinces. Geological Society London Special Publications, 50: 545-557.
[46] Liu Y Q,Jiao X,Li H,Yuan M S,Yang W,Zhou X H,Liang H,Zhou D W,Zheng C Y,Sun Q,Wang S S. 2012. Mantle exhalative hydrothermal original dolostones of Permian,in Yuejingou section,Santanghu area,Xinjing. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(2): 183-192.
[47] Machel H G. 2004. Concepts and models of dolomitization: A critical reappraisal. In: Braithwaite C J R,Rizzi G,Darke G(eds). The geometry and petrogenesis of dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs. Geological Society(London),Special Publications, 235: 7-63.
[48] Mazzullo S J. 2000. Organogenic dolomitization in peritidal to deep-sea sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70: 10-23.
[49] Muehlenbachs K,Clayton R N. 1976. Oxygen isotope composition of the oceanic crust and its bearing on seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research. 81: 4365-4369.
[50] Muehlenbachs K. 1998. The oxygen isotopic composition of the oceans,sediments and the seafloor. Chemical Geology, 145: 263-273.
[51] Shao L,Stattegger K,Wenhou L,Haupt B J. 1999. Depositional style and subsidence history of the Turpan Basin(NW China). Sedimentary Geology, 128: 155-169.
[52] Slaughter M,Hill R J. 1991. The influence of organic matter in organogenic dolomitization. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61: 296-303.
[53] Suttner L J,Dutta P K. 1986. Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate,Ⅰ. Framework Mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 56(3): 329-345.
[54] Thauer R K. 1998. Biochemistry of methanogenesis: A tribute to Marjory Stephenson. Microbiology, 144: 2377-2406.
[55] Tribovillard N,Algeo T J,Lyons T. 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update. Chemical Geology, 232(1-2): 12-32.
[56] Valley J W,Taylor H P,O'Neil J R. 1986. Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Mineralogical Society of America, 16: 227-271.
[57] Vasconcelos C,McKenzie J A. 1997. Microbial mediation of modern dolomite precipitation and diagenesis under anoxic conditions Lagoa Vermelha,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67: 378-390.
[58] Warthmann R,Van Lith Y,Vasconcelos C,McKenzie J A,Karpoff A M. 2000. Bacterially induced dolomite precipitation in anoxic culture experiments. Geology, 28: 1091-1094.
[59] Wright D T. 1997. An organogenic origin for widespread dolomite in the Cambrian Eilean Dubh Formation,Northwestern Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67: 54-64.
[60] Zheng Y F,Hoefs J. 1993. Carbon and oxygen isotopic covariations in hydrothermal calcites. Mineralium Deposita, 28(2): 79-89.