Evolution of Yanliao aulacogen in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic and its control on manganese deposit
Jin Song1,2, Guo Hua2, Yu Wen-Chao2, Du Yuan-Sheng2, Ma Peng-Fei2
1 Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation,Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration,Shijiazhuang 050081,China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology,School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan),Wuhan 430074,China
Abstract It is found that the bottom of Sangshu'an subgroup,which belongs to the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation located at the Yanliao aulacogen,is rich in manganese. Although there are still different viewpoints on the origin of manganese and the formation environment of manganese deposits,most scholars believe that the manganese is closely related with the extensive rifting background of the Yanliao aulacogen. In this paper,based on the analysis of exploration data on many manganese ores,the Qinjiayu manganese deposit located at Qianxi belonging to the Yanliao aulacogen,is selected. The manganese ore characteristics,ore types,and element geochemistry are analyzed. The results show that manganese mainly comes from submarine hydrothermal fluids. By analyzing the relationship between the distribution of main manganese deposits and the tectonic faults in the Yanliao aulacogen,it is found that the manganese ore of Gaoyuzhuang formation mainly concentrates at the intersections of the northeast-trending main fault and the northwest-trending transverse fault,and the relatively blocked,deep-water stagnant environment surrounded by faults,where the ore layers are thick and show a relatively high grade. It shows that the structure of the Yanliao aulacogen plays an important role in controlling the formation of Gaoyuzhuang manganese deposits. The syn-depositional faults act as channels for hydrothermal activity,providing a major source of minerals for the manganese-forming basins.
Fund:Co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41402091)、Research Project of Post-doctoral Scientific Research Station of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources(No.454-0602-YBN-Z9E4) and Research Project of Talent Engineering Training of Hebei Province(No. A2016002031)
Corresponding Authors:
Guo Hua,born in 1986,is an associate professor of China University of Geosciences(Wuhan). She is mainly engaged in carbonate sedimentology. E-mail: hguo@cug.edu.cn.
About author: Jin Song,born in 1982,is a senior engineer of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration. He is engaged in research on petrogeochemistry. E-mail: js521@163.com.
Cite this article:
Jin Song,Guo Hua,Yu Wen-Chao et al. Evolution of Yanliao aulacogen in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic and its control on manganese deposit[J]. JOPC, 2020, 22(5): 841-854.
Jin Song,Guo Hua,Yu Wen-Chao et al. Evolution of Yanliao aulacogen in the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic and its control on manganese deposit[J]. JOPC, 2020, 22(5): 841-854.
[1] 段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪. 2002. 华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律. 地质学报, 76(4): 441-445,577-578. [Duan J Y,Liu P J,Wan C B. 2002. Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic seismite and its rhythm in the Yanshan area,North China Platform. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76(4): 441-445,577-578] [2] 方同明,高学泉,刘林生,刘旭东,李莉,程新彬,何付兵,张晓亮,董静,林天懿,郭高轩. 2020. 北京区域成矿规律综述. 地质学报, 94(1): 36-49. [Fang T M,Gao X Q,Liu L S,Liu X D,Li L,Cheng X B,He F B,Zhang X L,Dong J,Lin T Y,Guo G X. 2020. A summary of regional metallogenic regularity in Beijing. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(1): 36-49] [3] 冯钟燕,张兴余. 1985. 冀东兴隆一带层状黄铁矿—铅锌矿床的地质特征及其成因. 矿床地质, 4(3): 1-9,30. [Feng Z Y,Zhang X Y. 1985. Geologic characteristics and genesis of the stratiform sulfide ore deposits in Xinglong region,eastern Hebei. Mineral Deposits, 4(3): 1-9,30] [4] 高林志,张传恒,史晓颖,周洪瑞,王自强. 2007. 华北青白口系下马岭组凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年. 地质通报, 26(3): 249-255. [Gao L Z,Zhang C H,Shi X Y,Zhou H R,Wang Z Q. 2007. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the tuff bed in the Xiamaling Formation of the Qingbaikou System in North China. Geological Bulletin of China, 26(3): 249-255] [5] 高林志,张传恒,史晓颖,宋彪,王自强,刘耀明. 2008a. 华北古陆下马岭组归属中元古界的锆石SHRIMP年龄新证据. 科学通报, 53(21): 2617-2623. [Gao L Z,Zhang C H,Shi X Y,Song B,Wang Z Q,Liu Y M. 2008a. New evidence of zircon SHRIMP dating in the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation,North China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(21): 2617-2623] [6] 高林志,张传恒,尹崇玉,史晓颖,王自强,刘耀明,刘鹏举,唐烽,宋彪. 2008b. 华北古陆中、新元古代年代地层框架SHRIMP锆石年龄新依据. 地球学报, 29(3): 366-376. [Gao L Z,Zhang C H,Yin C Y,Shi X Y,Wang Z Q,Liu Y M,Liu P J,Tang F,Song B. 2008b. SHRIMP zircon ages: Basis for refining the chronostratigraphic classification of the Meso- and Neoproterozoic strata in North China Old Land. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 29(3): 366-376] [7] 耿元生,旷红伟,杜利林,柳永清,赵太平. 2019. 从哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件论古/中元古代的界限. 岩石学报. 从哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件论古/中元古代的界限. 岩石学报, 35(8): 2299-2324. [Geng Y S,Kuang H W,Du H L,Liu Y Q,Zhao T P. 2019. On the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic boundary from the breakup event of the Columbia supercontinent. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 35(8): 2299-2324] [8] 胡俊良,赵太平,徐勇航,陈伟. 2007. 华北克拉通大红峪组高钾火山岩的地球化学特征及其岩石成因. 矿物岩石, 27(4): 70-77. [Hu J L,Zhao T P,Xu Y H,Chen W. 2007. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the high-K volcanic rocks in the Dahongyu Formation,North China Craton. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 27(4): 70-77] [9] 和政军. 1991. 燕山地区长城纪沉积盆地分析及沉积建造学研究. 中国地质科学院博士论文. [He Z J. 1991. Basin analysis and study of sedimentary suites in the Changchengian aulacogen of Yanshan,North China. Doctoral dissertation of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences] [10] 和政军,孟祥化,葛铭. 1994. 燕山地区长城纪沉积演化及构造背景. 沉积学报, 12(2): 10-19. [He Z J,Meng X H,Ge M. 1994. Environmental evolutions and structural control of Changchengian of the Mid-Proterozoic in the Yanshan Basin,North China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 12(2): 10-19] [11] 和政军,宋天锐,丁孝忠,张巧大. 2000. 北京及邻区长城纪火山事件的沉积记录. 沉积学报, 18(4): 510-514. [He Z J,Song T R,Ding X Z,Zhang Q D. 2000. Sedimentary record of the Proterozoic Changchengian volcanic events in Beijing and its neighbouring area. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 18(4): 510-514] [12] 侯贵廷,李江海,刘玉琳,钱祥麟. 2005. 华北克拉通古元古代末的伸展事件: 拗拉谷与岩墙群. 自然科学进展, 15(11): 1366-1373. [Hou G T,Li J H,Liu Y L,Qian X L. 2005. Extensional events in the termial Paleoproterozoic North China Craton: The jura valley and the rock wall group. Progress in Natural Science, 15(11): 1366-1373] [13] 李怀坤,李惠民,陆松年. 1995. 长城系团山子组火山岩颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义. 地球化学, 24(1): 43-48. [Li H K,Li H M,Lu S N. 1995. Grain zircon U-Pb ages for volcanic rocks from Tuanshanzi Formation of Changcheng System and their geological implications. Geochimica, 24(1): 43-48] [14] 李怀坤,陆松年,李惠民,孙立新,相振群,耿建珍,周红英. 2009. 侵入下马岭组的基性岩床的锆石和斜锆石U-Pb精确定年: 对华北中元古界地层划分方案的制约. 地质通报, 28(10): 1396-1404. [Li H K,Lu S N,Li H M,Sun L X,Xiang Z Q,Geng J Z,Zhou H Y. 2009. Zircon and beddeleyite U-Pb precision dating of basic rock sills intruding Xiamaling Formation. North China. Geological Bulletin of China, 28(10): 1396-1404] [15] 李怀坤,朱士兴,相振群,苏文博,陆松年,周红英,耿建珍,李生,杨锋杰. 2010. 北京延庆高于庄组凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb定年研究及其对华北北部中元古界划分新方案的进一步约束. 岩石学报, 26(7): 2131-2140. [Li H K,Zhu S X,Xiang Z Q,Su W B,Lu S N,Zhou H Y,Geng J Z,Li S,Yang F J. 2010. Zircon U-Pb dating on tuff bed from Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanqing,Beijing: Further constraints on the new subdivision of the Mesoproterozoic stratigraphy in the northern North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(7): 2131-2140] [16] 李怀坤,苏文博,周红英,相振群,田辉,杨立公,Huff W D,Ettensohn F R. 2014. 中—新元古界标准剖面蓟县系首获高精度年龄制约: 蓟县剖面雾迷山组和铁岭组斑脱岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb同位素定年研究. 岩石学报, 30(10): 2999-3012. [Li H K,Su W B,Zhou H Y,Xiang Z Q,Tian H,Yang L G,Huff W D,Ettensohn F R. 2014. The first precise age constraints on the Jixian System of the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Standard Section of China: SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of bentonites from the Wumishan and Tieling formations in the Jixian Section,North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(10): 2999-3012] [17] 刘志臣,周琦,颜佳新,汪洋,陈登,钟月丽,秦先进. 2019. 二叠纪贵州遵义次级裂谷盆地结构及其对锰矿的控制作用. 古地理学报, 21(3): 517-526. [Liu Z C,Zhou Q,Yan J X,Wang Y,Chen D,Zhong Y L,Qin X J. 2019. Structure of Zunyi rift basin in Guizhou Province during the Permian and its controlling on manganese deposits. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 21(3): 517-526] [18] 刘超辉,刘福来. 2015. 华北克拉通中元古代裂解事件: 以渣尔泰—白云鄂博—化德裂谷带岩浆与沉积作用研究为例. 岩石学报, 31(10): 3107-3128. [Liu C H,Liu F L. 2015. The Mesoproterozoic rifting in the North China Craton: A case study for magmatism and sedimentation of the Zhaertai-Bayan Obo-Huade rift zone. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(10): 3107-3128] [19] 陆松年,李惠民. 1991. 蓟县长城系大红峪组火山岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb法准确定年. 中国地质科学院院报, 22: 137-146. [Lu S N,Li H M. 1991. A precise U-Pb single zircon age determination for the volcanics of Dahongyu Formation Changcheng System in Jixian. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 22: 137-146] [20] 缪建普,邓佳,易大宝. 2015. 冀西北地区锰矿地质特征及成矿规律分析. 有色金属文摘, 30(3): 31-32. [Miao J P,Deng J,Yi D B. 2015. The analysis of manganese ore geological features and mineralization rules in the northwest Hebei. Nonferrous Metals Abstract, 30(3): 31-32] [21] 孟祥化,刘红军. 1992. 火山沉积建造: 最重要的含锰建造. 现代地质, 6(4): 418-425. [Meng X H,Liu H J. 1992. Volcanic sedimentary formation: The most important manganese-bearing formation. Geoscience, 6(4): 418-425] [22] 潘建国,曲永强,马瑞,潘中奎,王海龙. 2013. 华北地块北缘中新元古界沉积构造演化. 高校地质学报, 19(1): 109-122. [Pan J G,Qu Y Q,Ma R,Pan Z K,Wang H L. 2013. Sedimentary and Tectonic Evolution of the Meso-Neoproterozoic Strata in the Northern Margin of the North China Block. Geological Journal of China Universities, 19(1): 109-122] [23] 乔秀夫,高林志,张传恒. 2007. 中朝板块中、新元古界年代地层柱与构造环境新思考. 地质通报, 26(5): 503-509. [Qiao X F,Gao L Z,Zhang C H. 2007. New thinking on the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic stratigraphic columns and tectonic environment of the Chinese and Korean plates. Geological Bulletin of China, 26(5): 503-509] [24] 史晓颖,张传恒,蒋干清,刘娟,王议,刘典波. 2008. 华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力. 现代地质, 22(5): 669-682. [Shi X Y,Zhang C H,Jiang G Q,Liu J,Wang Y,Liu D B. 2008. Microbial mats from the Mesoproterozoic carbonates of the North China Platform and their potential for hydrocarbon-generation. Geoscience, 22(5): 669-682] [25] 苏文博,李怀坤,Huff W D,Ettensohn F R,张世红,周红英,万渝生. 2010. 铁岭组钾质斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究及其地质意义. 科学通报, 55(22): 2197-2206. [Su W B,Li H K,Huff W D,Ettensohn F R,Zhang S H,Zhou H Y,Wan Y S. 2010. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of potassic porphyry in the Tieling Formation and its geological significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(22): 2197-2206] [26] 孙求实,郜晓勇,宗文明. 2017. 凌源—宁城盆地中元古代早期盆地构造演化过程研究. 地质论评,63(增刊): 133-135. [Sun Q S,Gao X Y,Zong W M. 2017. Study on tectonic evolution process of Early Mesoproterozoic in Lingyuan-Ningcheng basin. Geological Review,63(Supp.): 133-135] [27] 田辉,张健,李怀坤,苏文博,周红英,杨立公,相振群,耿建珍,刘欢,朱士兴,许振清. 2015. 蓟县中元古代高于庄组凝灰岩锆石LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb定年及其地质意义. 地球学报, 36(5): 647-658. [Tian H,Zhang J,Li H K,Su W B,Zhou H Y,Yang L G,Xiang Z Q,Geng J Z,Liu H,Zhu S X,Xu Z Q. 2015. Zircon LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb dating of tuff from Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Jixian County of North China and tts geological significance. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 36(5): 647-658] [28] 王富良,付勇,徐志刚,裴浩翔,江冉,周文喜. 2016. 天津蓟县东水厂锰方硼石矿床成因新认识. 地质学报, 90(2): 398-408. [Wang F L,Fu Y,Xu Z G,Pei H X,Jiang R,Zhou W X. 2016. The new understanding of the cause of Dongshuichang chambersite deposit in Jixian Tianjin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 90(2): 398-408] [29] 王丽瑛,黄凡,朵兴芳,屠立鹏. 2020. 天津矿产资源特征及其成矿规律. 地质学报, 94(1): 50-64. [Wang L Y,Huang F,Duo X F,Tu L P. 2020. Characteristics and metallogenic regularity of mineral resources in Tianjin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(1): 50-64] [30] 王秋舒. 2013. 天津蓟县锰方硼石矿物学特征及其成矿机理初探. 中国地质大学(北京)硕士学位论文. [Wang Q S. 2013. Mineralogical characteristics of the chambersite and its ore genesis of Jixian,Tanjin. Masteral dissertation of China University of Geosciences(Beijing)] [31] 王秋舒,许虹,高燊,杨利军,吴德新,田竹,孙逸. 2013. 稀有矿物锰方硼石的合成及其矿床地质意义. 地学前缘,20(3): 123-130. [Wang Q S,Xu H,Gao S,Yang L J,Wu D X,Tian Z,Sun Y. 2013. Synthesis of the rare mineral chambersite and its ore deposit geological significance. Earth Science Frontiers, 20(3): 123-130] [32] 王培君. 1996. 硼矿床含硼地层的二元结构模式. 化工矿产地质, 18(3): 201-206. [Wang P J. 1996. Binary association of borate-bearing sequences in borate deposit. Geology of Chemical Minerals, 18(3): 201-206] [33] 汪凯明,罗顺社. 2010. 冀北坳陷高于庄组含锰岩层地球化学特征. 矿产与地质, 24(2): 187-192. [Wang K M,Luo S S. 2010. Geochemical characteristics of manganese-bearing sequences of Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the north Hebei Depression. Mineral Resources and Geology, 24(2): 187-192] [34] 肖成东,张静,张宝华,刘景兰,秦正永,李世伟. 2007. 天津蓟县锰方硼石矿床. 地质调查与研究, 30(3): 186-191. [Xiao C D,Zhang J,Zhao B H,Liu J L,Qin Z Y,Li S W. 2007. Chambersite deposit in Jixian,Tianjin. Geological Survey and Research, 30(3): 186-191] [35] 肖荣阁,大井隆夫,侯万荣,安国英,费红彩. 2002. 天津蓟县硼矿床锰方硼石矿物的硼同位素研究. 现代地质, 16(3): 270-275. [Xiao R G,Takao Q,Hou W R,An G Y,Fei H C. 2002. Boron isotopic composition of Dongshuichang chambersite deposit,Ji County,Tianjin,China. Geoscience, 16(3): 270-275] [36] 张飞飞. 2014. 华南南华系含锰建造的形成机制与南华纪间冰期海洋的氧化还原状态. 中国地质科学院硕士学位论文. [Zhang F F. 2014. The formation mechanism of Datangpo manganese ore deposits during Nanhua Period in South China and the paleo-redox conditions of Nanhua marine basin. Masteral dissertation of Chinese Academy of Geologicla Sciences] [37] 张健,田辉,李怀坤,苏文博,周红英,相振群,耿建珍,杨立功. 2015. 华北克拉通北缘Columbia超大陆裂解事件: 来自燕辽裂陷槽中部长城系碱性火山岩的地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素证据. 岩石学报, 31(10): 3129-3146. [Zhang J,Tian H,Li H K,Su W B,Zhou H Y,Xiang Z Q,Geng J Z,Yang L G. 2015. Age,geochemistry and zircon Hf isotope of the alkaline basaltic rocks in the middle section of the Yan-Liao aulacogen along the northern margin of the North China Craton: New evidence for the breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(10): 3129-3146] [38] 翟明国,卞爱国. 2000. 华北克拉通新太古代末超大陆拼合及古元古代末—中元古代裂解. 中国科学(D),30(S1): 129-137. [Zhai M G,Bian A G. 2000. The late Neoarchean supercontinent assembly and the late Paleoproterozoic-Middle Proterozoic cracking of the North China Craton. Science in China(Series D),30(S1): 129-137] [39] 曾贻善. 1983. 锰方硼石的合成及其地球化学意义. 地质学报,(4): 88-115. [Zeng Y S. 1983. Synthesis of chambersite and its geochemical implication. Acta Geologica Sinica,(4): 88-115] [40] Bonatti E. 1975. Metallogenesis at oceanic spreading centers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3(1): 401-431. [41] Fan D L,Yang P J,Wang R. 1999a. Characteristics and origin of the Middle Proterozoic Dongshuichang chambersite deposit,Jixian,Tianjin,China. Ore Geology Reviews, 15(1): 15-29. [42] Fan D L,Ye J,Li J J. 1999b. Geology,mineralogy,and geochemistry of the Middle Proterozoic Wafangzi ferromanganese deposit,Liaoning Province,China. Ore Geology Reviews, 15(1): 31-53. [43] Gao B Y,Zhang L C,Jin X D,Li Z Q,Li W J. 2020. Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics of an Early Mesoproterozoic sedex polymetallic pyrite deposit in the North China Craton: Implications for geological significance and the marine osmium isotopic record. Ore Geology Reviews, 117: 103331. [44] Hou G T,Liu Y L,Li J H. 2006a. Evidence for ~1.8Ga extension of the Eastern Block of the North China Craton from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of mafic dyke swarms in Shandong Province. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(4): 392-401. [45] Hou G T,Wang C C,Li J H,Qian X L. 2006b. Late Paleoproterozoic extension and a paleostress field reconstruction of the North China Craton. Tectonophysics, 422(1): 89-98. [46] Lu S N,Yang C L,Li H K,Li H M. 2002. A group of rifting events in the terminal Paleoproterozoic in the North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 5(1): 123-131. [47] Lu S N,Zhao G C,Wang H C,Hao G J. 2008. Precambrian metamorphic basement and sedimentary cover of the North China Craton: A review. Precambrian Research, 160(1): 77-93. [48] Mclennan S M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin B R,McKay G A(eds). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 21(1): 169-200. [49] Roy S. 2006. Sedimentary manganese metallogenesis in response to the evolution of the Earth system. Earth-Science Reviews, 77(4): 273-305. [50] Santosh M. 2010. Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction. Precambrian Research, 178(1): 149-167. [51] Shang M H,Tang D J,Shi X Y,Zhou L M,Zhou X Q,Song H Y,Jiang G Q. 2019. A pulse of oxygen increase in the Early Mesoproterozoic ocean at ca. 1.57-1.56Ga. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 527: 115797. [52] Su W B,Zhang S H,Huff W D,Li H K,Ettensohn F R,Chen X Y,Yang H M,Han Y G,Song B,Santosh M. 2008. SHRIMP U-Pb ages of K-bentonite beds in the Xiamaling Formation: Implications for revised subdivision of the Meso- to Neoproterozoic history of the North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 14(3): 543-553. [53] Wang W,Liu S W,Santosh M,Deng Z B,Guo B R,Zhao Y,Zhang S H,Yang P T,Bai X,Guo R R. 2015. Late Paleoproterozoic geodynamics of the North China Craton: Geochemical and zircon U-Pb-Hf records from a volcanic suite in the Yanliao rift. Gondwana Research, 27(1): 300-325. [54] Wilde S A,Zhao G C,Sun M. 2002. Development of the North China Craton during the Late Archaean and its final amalgamation at 1.8Ga: Some speculations on its position within a global Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinent. Gondwana Research, 5(1): 85-94. [55] Zhai M G,Liu W J. 2003. Palaeoproterozoic tectonic history of the North China craton: A review. Precambrian Research, 122(1): 183-199. [56] Zhai M G. 2011. Cratonization and the ancient North China Continent: A summary and review. Science China: Earth Sciences, 54(8): 1110-1120. [57] Zhai M G,Hu B,Zhao T P,Peng P,Meng Q R. 2015. Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic multi-rifting events in the North China Craton and their geological significance: A study advance and review. Tectonophysics, 662: 153-166. [58] Zhang S H,Zhao Y,Yang Z Y,He Z F,Wu H. 2009. The 1.35Ga diabase sills from the northern North China Craton: Implications for breakup of the Columbia(Nuna)supercontinent. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 288(3-4): 588-600. [59] Zhang S H,Zhao Y,Santosh M. 2012. Mid-Mesoproterozoic bimodal magmatic rocks in the northern North China Craton: Implications for magmatism related to breakup of the Columbia supercontinent. Precambrian Research, 222-223: 339-367. [60] Zhao G C,Sun M,Wilde S A,Li S Z. 2003. Assembly,accretion and breakup of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 6(3): 417-434. [61] Zhao G C,Sun M,Wilde S A,Li S Z. 2005. Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: Key issues revisited. Precambrian Research, 136(2): 177-202.
