Discovery of microbial mounds of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in northwestern Sichuan Basin and its geological significance
Quan Zi-Ting1,2,3, Tan Xiu-Cheng1,2,3, Zhang Ben-Jian4, Tang Hao1,2,3, Luo Bing4,5, Yang Xun6, Zhang Ya4, Xiao Di1,2,3, Tang Yan-Ling1,2,3
1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610500,China; 2 Research Branch of Southwest Petroleum University,Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs,CNPC,Chengdu 610500,China; 3 Sichuan Natural Gas Geology Key Laboratories,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610500,China; 4 Exploration and Development Research Institute,PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company,Chengdu 610041,China; 5 Chongqing Gas Field, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Chongqing 400021, China; 6 Northwest Sichuan Gas Mine of PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Sichuan Jiangyou 621700, China
Abstract Through analysis of outcrops and drilling profile data in the field and laboratory,microbial mounds were found in the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in the northwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbial mound is mainly composed of thrombolites,stromatolites,and microbial bindstones. These microbial carbonates are characterized by development of typical clots,stromatolitic,fenestral,and microbial bonding fabrics. Microbial mounds of the Qixia Formation are typical mound-shaped with flat bottom and convex-up top,and various in size. They range from tens of centimeters to several meters in height and from several meters to tens of meters in width. The mounds are characterized by shallowing-upward sequences,which are generally composed of mound base,core and cap,and also may form a mound-bank complex with carbonate shoals. Analysis of regional paleogeographic background and the characteristics of microbial mounds suggests that the Qixia period in northwestern Sichuan was deposited in a semi-restricted platform,with shallow-water and the relatively low-energy conditions. The high-frequency sea-level change,lateral migration,and superposition of microbial mounds lead to the restricted environment on carbonate platform with ramp background,which results in penecontemporaneous dolomitization in earlier sediments. Microbial mound-bank complexes provide basis for development of the dolomite reservoirs in the Qixia Formation. The slope-break belt of platform margin,gentle slope break belt,and local highland inside carbonate platform are favorable zones for the development of the dolomite reservoirs in the Qixia Formation. This understanding plays an important guiding role in finding banded dolomite reservoirs with unstable scale horizons,and will greatly expand the exploration field of dolomite reservoirs in the Qixia Formation.
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41802147)and Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the CNPC-SWPU Innovation Alliance
Corresponding Authors:
Tan Xiu-Cheng,born in 1970,professor and Ph.D. advisor,is mainly engaged in the research on sedimentology and reservoir geology. E-mail: tanxiucheng70@163.com.
About author: Quan Zi-Ting,born in 1994,is a master degree candidate of Southwest Petroleum University. She is mainly engaged in the reasearch on carbonate sedimentology. E-mail: qzt_0904@qq.com.
Cite this article:
Quan Zi-Ting,Tan Xiu-Cheng,Zhang Ben-Jian et al. Discovery of microbial mounds of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in northwestern Sichuan Basin and its geological significance[J]. JOPC, 2021, 23(6): 1110-1124.
Quan Zi-Ting,Tan Xiu-Cheng,Zhang Ben-Jian et al. Discovery of microbial mounds of the Lower Permian Qixia Formation in northwestern Sichuan Basin and its geological significance[J]. JOPC, 2021, 23(6): 1110-1124.
[1] 白晓亮,杨跃明,杨雨,文龙,罗冰. 2019. 川西北栖霞组优质白云岩储层特征及主控因素. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 41(1): 47-56. [Bai X L,Yang Y M,Yang Y,Wen L,Luo B.2019. Characteristics and controlling factors of high-quality domolomite reservoirs in the Permian Qixia Formation,northwestern Sichuan. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Natural Science Edition), 41(1): 47-56] [2] 陈洪德,张成弓,黄福喜,侯明才. 2011. 中上扬子克拉通海西—印支期(泥盆纪—中三叠世)沉积层序充填过程与演化模式. 岩石学报, 27(8): 2281-2298. [Chen H D,Zhang C G,Huang F X,Hou M C.2011. Filling process and evolutionary model of sedimentary sequence of Middle-Upper Yangtze Craton in Hercynian-Indosinian(Devonian-middle Triassic). Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(8): 2281-2298] [3] 陈宗清. 2007. 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组天然气勘探. 中国石油勘探, 12(5): 1-11. [Chen Z Q.2007. Natural gas exploration in the Maokou Formation of the Middle Permian in the Sichuan Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 12(5): 1-11] [4] 辜学达,刘啸虎,李宗凡. 1997. 四川省岩石地层. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社. [Gu X D,Liu X H,Li Z F.1997. Lithostratigraphy in Sichuan Province. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press] [5] 关新,陈世加,苏旺,乐幸福,张浩然. 2018. 四川盆地西北部栖霞组碳酸盐岩储层特征及主控因素. 岩性油气藏, 30(2): 67-76. [Guan X,Chen S J,Su W,Le X F,Zhang H R.2018. Carbonate reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of Middle Permian Qixia Formation in NW Sichuan Basin. Lithologic Reservoirs, 30(2): 67-76] [6] 郭正吾,邓康龄,韩永辉,等. 1996. 四川盆地形成与演化. 北京: 地质出版社. [Guo Z W,Deng K L,Han Y H,et al.1996. The Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [7] 郝雁,张哨楠,张德民. 2018. 微生物碳酸盐岩研究现状及进展. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 45(4): 415-427. [Hao Y,Zhang S N,Zhang D M.2018. Current research progress of microbial carbonate. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), 45(4): 415-427] [8] 厚刚福,周进高,谷明峰,姚倩颖,杨柳,潘立银,郝毅. 2017. 四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组、茅口组岩相古地理及勘探方向. 海相油气地质, 22(1): 25-31. [Hou G F,Zhou J G,Gu M F,Yao Q Y,Yang L,Pan L Y,Hao Y.2017. Lithofacies paleogeography and exploration direction of the Middle Permian Qixia and Maokou Formations in the Sichuan Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 22(1): 25-31] [9] 胡安平,潘立银,郝毅,沈安江,谷明峰. 2018. 四川盆地二叠系栖霞组、茅口组白云岩储层特征、成因和分布. 海相油气地质, 23(2): 39-52. [Hu A P,Pan L Y,Hao Y,Shen A J,Gu M F.2018. Characteristics,genesis and distribution of dolomite reservoirs in the Qixia and Maokou formations of the Permian in the Sichuan Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 23(2): 39-52] [10] 胡安平,沈安江,郑剑锋,王鑫,王小芳. 2021. 微生物碳酸盐岩分类、沉积环境与沉积模式. 海相油气地质, 26(1): 1-15. [Hu A P,Shen A J,Zheng J F,Wang X,Wang X F.2021. The classification,facies and sedimentary models of microbialites. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 26(1): 1-15] [11] 胡明毅,魏国齐,胡忠贵,杨威,胡九珍,刘满仓,吴联钱,向娟. 2010. 四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组层序—岩相古地理. 古地理学报, 12(5): 515-526. [Hu M Y,Wei G Q,Hu Z G,Yang W,Hu J Z,Liu M C,Wu L Q,Xiang J.2010. Sequence-lithofacies palaeogeography of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 12(5): 515-526] [12] 黄涵宇,何登发,李英强,王贝. 2017. 四川盆地及邻区二叠纪梁山—栖霞组沉积盆地原型及其演化. 岩石学报, 33(4): 1317-1337. [Huang H Y,He D F,Li Y Q,Wang B.2017. Prototype and evolution of Permian Liangshan-Qixia Formation sedimentary basin in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(4): 1317-1337] [13] 黄先平,杨天泉,张红梅. 2004. 四川盆地下二叠统沉积相及其勘探潜力区研究. 天然气工业, 24(1): 10-12. [Huang X P,Yang T Q,Zhang H M.2004. Research on sedimentary facies and exploration potential areas of Lower Permian in Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 24(1): 10-12] [14] 李凌,谭秀成,曾伟,周涛,杨雨,洪海涛,罗冰,边立曾. 2013. 四川盆地震旦系灯影组灰泥丘发育特征及储集意义. 石油勘探与开发, 40(6): 666-673. [Li L,Tan X C,Zeng W,Zhou T,Yang Y,Hong H T,Luo B,Bian L Z.2013. Development and reservoir significance of mud mounds in Sinian Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 40(6): 666-673] [15] 李明隆,谭秀成,苏成鹏,芦飞凡,张本健,潘政屹,肖笛. 2020. 四川盆地西北部中二叠统栖霞组砂糖状白云岩特征及成因机制: 以广元上寺剖面为例. 地质论评, 66(3): 591-610. [Li M L,Tan X C,Su C P,Lu F F,Zhang B J,Pan Z Y,Xiao D.2020. Characteristics and genesis of sucrosic dolomite in Middle Permian Chihsia Formation,northwest Sichuan Basin: a case study from Shangsi section. Geological Review, 66(3): 591-610] [16] 李朋威,罗平,宋金民,金廷福,王果谦. 2015. 微生物碳酸盐岩储层特征与主控因素: 以塔里木盆地西北缘上震旦统—下寒武统为例. 石油学报, 36(9): 1074-1089. [Li P W,Luo P,Song J M,Jin T F,Wang G Q.2015. Characteristics and main controlling factors of microbial carbonate reservoirs: a case study of upper Sinian-lower Cambrian in the northwestern margin of Tarim Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 36(9): 1074-1089] [17] 刘春平,朱国华. 2006. 江汉盆地构造演化与古潜山油气成藏. 石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报), 28(3): 174-177. [Liu C P,Zhu G H.2006. Structural evolution and ancient buried hill hydrocarbon accumulation in Jianghan Basin. Journal of Petroleum and Gas(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute), 28(3): 174-177] [18] 刘小洪,刘畅,李宁辛,冯明友,王兴志,张本健,尹宏. 2017. 差异型碳酸盐岩缓坡特征及沉积格局: 以川西地区中二叠统栖霞—茅口组为例. 西安科技大学学报, 37(2): 242-250. [Liu X H,Liu C,Li N X,Feng M Y,Wang X Z,Zhang B J,Yin H.2017. Depositional characters and framework of differential carbonate ramp in Qixia and Maokou formation,the middle Permian of western Sichuan Basin. Xi'an University of Science and Technology Journal, 37(2): 242-250] [19] 刘正元,苑保国,黄兴,戴鑫,林巍,牟林,郄文昆,段新国,李忠权,李国辉. 2020. 川西北剑阁县猫儿塘二叠纪地层划分与对比. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 47(3): 257-273. [Liu Z Y,Yuan B G,Huang X,Dai X,Lin W,Mou L,Qie W K,Duan X G,Li Z Q,Li G H.2020. Division and correlation of Permian Formation at Maoertang section in northwest Sichuan,China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Natural Science Edition), 47(3): 257-273] [20] 刘治成,杨巍,王炜,张鹏. 2015. 四川盆地中二叠世栖霞期微生物丘及其对沉积环境的启示. 中国地质, 42(4): 1009-1023. [Liu Z C,Yang W,Wang W,Zhang P.2015. The microbial mud mound of the Middle Permian Qixia period in Sichuan Basin and its indication significance to sedimentary environment. Geology in China, 42(4): 1009-1023] [21] 娄雪. 2017. 四川盆地栖霞组白云岩储层成因机制与分布规律研究. 中国石油大学(北京)硕士论文. [Lou X.2017. The origin and distribution of dolomite reservoir in the Qixia Formation of Lower Permain,Sichuan Basin. Masteral dissertation of China University of Petroleum(Beijing)] [22] 芦飞凡,谭秀成,钟原,罗冰,张本健,张亚,李明隆,肖笛,王小芳,曾伟. 2020. 四川盆地西北部二叠系栖霞组准同生期砂糖状白云岩特征及成因. 石油勘探与开发, 47(6): 1134-1148,1173. [Lu F F,Tan X C,Zhong Y,Luo B,Zhang B J,Zhang Y,Li M L,Xiao D,Wang X F,Zeng W.2020. Origin of the penecontemporaneous sucrosic dolomite in the Permian Qixia Formation,northwestern Sichuan Basin,SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(6): 1134-1148,1173] [23] 罗进雄,何幼斌,何明薇,陈晓辉. 2019. 华南中二叠统眼球状石灰岩特征及成因的思考. 古地理学报, 21(4): 613-626. [Luo J X,He Y B,He M W,Chen X H.2019. Thoughts on characteristics and origin of the Middle Permian eyeball-shaped limestone in South China. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 21(4): 613-626] [24] 罗志立. 2009. 峨眉地裂运动和四川盆地天然气勘探实践. 新疆石油地质, 30(4): 419-424. [Luo Z L.2009. Emei ground fissure movement and natural gas exploration practice in Sichuan Basin. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 30(4): 419-424] [25] 马永生,陈洪德,王国力. 2009. 中国南方构造—层序岩相古地理图集. 北京: 科学出版社. [Ma Y S,Chen H D,Wang G L.2009. Atlas of Tectonic-sequence Lithofacies and Paleogeography in Southern China. Beijing: Science Press] [26] 马志鑫,李波,颜佳新,薛武强. 2011. 四川广元中二叠统栖霞组似球粒灰岩微相特征及沉积学意义. 沉积学报, 29(3): 449-457. [Ma Z X,Li B,Yan J X,Xue W Q.2011. Spherulitic limestone microfacies and sedimentary significance of the Middle Permian Qixia Formation in Guangyuan,Sichuan. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 29(3): 449-457] [27] 梅冥相. 2007. 从凝块石概念的演变论微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展. 地质科技情报, 26(6): 1-9. [Mei M X.2007. Research progress of microbial carbonate rocks from the evolution of the concept of thrombite. Geological Science and Technology Information, 26(6): 1-9] [28] 沈树忠,张华,张以春,袁东勋,陈波,何卫红,牟林,林巍,王文倩,陈军,吴琼,曹长群,王玥,王向东. 2019. 中国二叠纪综合地层和时间框架. 中国科学: 地球科学, 49(1): 160-193. [Shen S Z,Zhang H,Zhang Y C,Yuan D X,Chen B,He W H,Mou L,Lin W,Wang W Q,Chen J,Wu Q,Cao C Q,Wang Y,Wang X D.2019. Permian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science Sinica Terrae, 49(1): 160-193] [29] 四川省地质矿产局. 1991. 四川省区域地质志. 北京: 地质出版社. [Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Sichuan Province. 1991. Regional Geology of Sichuan Province. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [30] 宋文海. 1987. 对四川盆地加里东期古隆起的新认识. 天然气工业, 7(3): 6-11. [Song W H.1987. New understanding of the Caledonian paleo-uplift in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 7(3): 6-11] [31] 宋文海,庞家黎. 1994. 四川盆地西南部上二叠统玄武岩含气性研究. 天然气工业, 14(5): 11-15. [Song W H,Pang J L.1994. Study on gas-bearing properties of Upper Permian basalt in southwestern Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 14(5): 11-15] [32] 苏成鹏. 2017. 川东地区茅口组眼球状石灰岩成因机制及地质意义. 西南石油大学硕士论文. [Su C P.2017. Genetic mechanism and geological significance of eyeball limestone in Maokou Formation in eastern Sichuan. Masteral dissertation of Southwest Petroleum University] [33] 田景春,林小兵,张翔,彭顺风,杨辰雨,罗寿兵,徐亮. 2014. 四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组滩相白云岩多重成因机理及叠加效应. 岩石学报, 30(3): 679-686. [Tian J C,Lin X B,Zhang X,Peng S F,Yang C Y,Luo S B,Xu L.2014. The genetic mechanism of shoal facies dolomite and its additive effect of Permian Qixia Formation in Sichuan Basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(3): 679-686] [34] 童崇光. 1992. 四川盆地构造演化与油气聚集. 北京: 地质出版社. [Tong C G.1992. Tectonic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Sichuan Basin. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [35] 王海真,池英柳,赵宗举,江青春,鲁卫华. 2013. 四川盆地栖霞组岩溶储层及勘探选区. 石油学报, 34(5): 833-842. [Wang H Z,Chi Y L,Zhao Z J,Jiang Q C,Lu W H.2013. Karst reservoir developed in the Middle Permian Qixia Formation of Sichuan Basin and selection of exploration regions. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 34(5): 833-842] [36] 王红梅,吴晓萍,邱轩,刘邓. 2013. 微生物成因的碳酸盐矿物研究进展. 微生物学通报, 40(1): 180-189. [Wang H M,Wu X P,Qiu X,Liu D.2013. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation: a review. Micro-biology China, 41(1): 180-189] [37] 王鼐,魏国齐,杨威,王玉伟. 2016. 川西北剑阁古隆起形成演化过程及其控气作用. 新疆石油地质, 37(2): 125-130. [Wang N,Wei G Q,Yang W,Wang Y W.2016. Formation and evolution of Jiange paleo-uplift in northwestern Sichuan Basin and gas-controlled effect. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 37(2): 125-130] [38] 王永标,童金南,王家生,周修高. 2005. 华南二叠纪末大灭绝后的钙质微生物岩及古环境意义. 科学通报, 50(6): 552-558. [Wang Y B,Tong J N,Wang J S,Zhou X G.2005. Calcareous microbial rocks and paleoenvironmental significance after the end of Permian extinction in South China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(6): 552-558] [39] 魏国齐,杨威,万怡平,金惠. 2011. 扬子地块西北缘二叠系—中三叠统层序地层与沉积相展布. 岩石学报, 27(3): 741-748. [Wei G Q,Yang W,Wan Y P,Jin H.2011. Stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary facies distribution of the Permian-Middle Triassic in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze block. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(3): 741-748] [40] 吴亚生,姜红霞,虞功亮,刘丽静. 2018. 微生物岩的概念和重庆老龙洞剖面P-T界线地层微生物岩成因. 古地理学报, 20(5): 737-775. [Wu Y S,Jiang H X,Yu G L,Liu L J.2018. Conceptions of microbialites and origin of the Permian-Triassic boundary microbialites from Laolongdong,Chongqing,China. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 20(5): 737-775] [41] 吴亚生,姜红霞,李莹,虞功亮. 2021. 微生物碳酸盐岩的显微结构基本特征. 古地理学报, 23(2): 321-334. [Wu Y S,Jiang H X,Li Y,Yu G L.2021. Microfabric characteristics of microbial carbonates. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 23(2): 321-334] [42] 杨光,汪华,沈浩,杨雨然,贾松,陈文,朱华,李毅. 2015. 四川盆地中二叠统储层特征与勘探方向. 天然气工业, 35(7): 10-16. [Yang G,Wang H,Shen H,Yang Y R,Jia S,Chen W,Zhu H,Li Y.2015. Characteristics and exploration prospects of Middle Permian reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 35(7): 10-16] [43] 杨跃明,陈聪,文龙,陈骁,粱瀚,刘冉,关旭,罗冰,谢忱. 2018. 四川盆地龙门山北段隐伏构造带特征及其油气勘探意义. 天然气工业, 38(8): 8-15. [Yang Y M,Chen C,Wen L,Chen X,Liang H,Liu R,Guan X,Luo B,Xie C.2018. Characteristics of buried structures in the northern Longmenshan mountains and its significance to oil and gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 38(8): 8-15] [44] 张廷山,姜照勇,陈晓慧. 2008. 四川盆地古生代生物礁滩特征及发育控制因素. 中国地质, 35(5): 1017-1030. [Zhang T S,Jiang Z Y,Chen X H.2008. Characteristics and development control factors of Paleozoic reef banks in Sichuan Basin. Geology in China, 35(5): 1017-1030] [45] 赵文智,沈安江,周进高,王小芳,陆俊明. 2014. 礁滩储集层类型、特征、成因及勘探意义: 以塔里木和四川盆地为例. 石油勘探与开发, 41(3): 257-267. [Zhao W Z,Shen A J,Zhou J G,Wang X F,Lu J M.2014. Types,characteristics,origin and exploration significance of reef-shoal reservoirs: a case study of Tarim Basin,NW China and Sichuan Basin,SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(3): 257-267] [46] 赵宗举,周慧,陈轩,刘银河,张运波,刘玉娥,杨雨. 2012. 四川盆地及邻区二叠纪层序岩相古地理及有利勘探区带. 石油学报,33(S2): 35-51. [Zhao Z J,Zhou H,Chen X,Liu Y H,Zhang Y B,Liu Y E,Yang Y.2012. Sequence lithofacies paleogeography and favorable exploration zones of the Permian in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas,China. Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(S2): 35-51] [47] 周进高,姚根顺,杨光,谷明峰,姚倩颖,江青春,杨柳,杨雨然. 2016. 四川盆地栖霞组—茅口组岩相古地理与天然气有利勘探区带. 天然气工业, 36(4): 8-15. [Zhou J G,Yao G S,Yang G,Gu M F,Yao Q Y,Jiang Q C,Yang L,Yang Y R.2016. Lithofacies palaeogeography and favorable gas exploration zones of Qixia and Maokou Fms in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 36(4): 8-15] [48] Awramik S M,Sprinkle J.1999. Proterozoic stromatolites: the firstmarine evolutionary biota. Historical Biology, 13(4): 241-253. [49] Flügel E.2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis,Interpretation and Application. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. [50] Riding R.1991. Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [51] Riding R.2002. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds: concepts and categories. Earth-Science Reviews, 58(1-2): 163-231. [52] Su C P,Li F,Tan X C,Gong Q L,Zeng K,Tang H,Li M L,Wang X F.2020. Recognition of diagenetic contribution to the formation of limestone-marl alternations: a case study from Permian of South China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 111: 765-785. [53] Nakazawa T,Ueno K,Nonomura N,Fujikawa M.2015. Microbial community from the Lower Permian(Artinskian-Kungurian)paleoclimatic transition,mid-Panthalassan Akiyoshi atoll,Japan. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 420: 116-127. [54] Webby B D.2002. Patterns of Ordovician reef development. In: Kisesling W,Flügel E,Golonka J(eds). Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. Geology Society for Sedimentary Geology,Special Publication, 72: 129-179. [55] Xiao D,Tan X C,Zhang D F,He W,Li L,Shi Y H,Chen J P,Cao J.2019. Discovery of syngenetic and eogenetic karsts in the Middle Ordovician gypsum-bearing dolomites of the eastern Ordos Basin(central China)and their heterogeneous impact on reservoir quality. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 99: 190-207.
