Abstract As a special kind of sedimentary structures,cone-in-cone,laminated cones consist of fiber-shaped minerals encased in a cone outlook, and has been the focus of intense study since 1990s. However,the research on the cone-in-cone in China started later,while the concomitant understanding is relatively poor. This paper aims to summarize and analyze in detail the morphology,strata occurrence,formation environment,composition of previously documented-laminated cones,combined with three undocumented outcrop examples in the Tuokexun sag,the east of Junggar Basin,and Hami Basin. The unique cone-in-cone structures were well developed in sedimentary sequences from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neogene,especially concentrated on late Paleozoic to Mesozoic practically. It is worth mentioning that cone-in-cone structures indeed developed particularly in Early Jurassic and Late Triassic or Triassic-Jurassic(T-J)boundary. Therefore, cone-in-cone structures may be related to mass extinctions. Moreover,cone-in-cone structures are seen to occur in both marine and non-marine settings, suggesting that ocean processes are not mandatory for the formation. Original biochemical action would be an explanation for cone-in-cone structures. However,the growth habits of fibrous minerals and the relationship between cone-in-cone structures and their environment and sequence need to be further documented.
Fund:Co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.49972037,41572088),Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.201425004),Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.16CX06044A)
About author: Cao Mengchun,born in 1993,is a Ph.D. candidate at China University of Petroleum(East China). Her current research interests mainly focus on the sedimentary geology and geochemistry. E-mail: 458413825@qq.com.
Cite this article:
Cao Mengchun,Zhong Jianhua,Liu Chuang et al. Features and genetic mechanism of cone-in-cone structures: Progress and examples[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(6): 1049-1062.
Cao Mengchun,Zhong Jianhua,Liu Chuang et al. Features and genetic mechanism of cone-in-cone structures: Progress and examples[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(6): 1049-1062.
[1] 马杏垣,王嘉阴. 1951. 察南下花园下侏罗纪煤系中的叠锥. 地质论评,16(1): 17-27. [Ma X Y,Wang J Y. 1951. Cone-in-cone structures in the lower Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation. Geological Review,16(1): 17-27] [2] 黄立华,于水勤. 1989. 陕北神府地区延安组煤系中的叠锥构造. 煤田地质与勘探,(4): 19-22. [Huang L H,Yu S Q. 1989. Cone-in-cone structures in Yanan Formation in the Northern Shaanxi. Coal Geology & Exploration,(4): 19-22] [3] 刘宝珺. 1980. 沉积岩石学. 北京: 地质出版社. [Liu B J. 1980. Sedimentology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [4] 宋霁. 2015. 中国西北地区中生代叠锥构造特征及其沉积环境解释. 湖北武汉: 中国地质大学(武汉)博士论文. [Song J. 2015. The Characteristic and the Environmental Interpretation of Cone-in-cone Structure,Mesozoic,Northeast China. Wuhan,Hubei:The Doctoral Thesis of China University of Geoscience] [5] 宋霁,焦养泉,李锦华. 2015. 测老庙坳陷早白垩世巴音戈壁组叠锥构造特征及其环境解释. 地球科学,40(5): 851-862. [Song J,Jiao Y Q,Li J H. 2015. Characteristics and environmental interpretation of cone-in-cone structure,Early Cretaceous Bayingebi Formation,Celaomiao depression. Earth Science,40(5): 851-862] [6] 宋霁,焦养泉,吴立群,荣辉,王瑞. 2010. 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部延安组叠锥沉积特征与古环境意义. 地质科技情报,29(2): 31-37. [Song J,Jiao Y Q,Wu L Q,Rong H,Wang R. 2010. Sedimentary feature and paleoenvironmental significance of cone-in-cones of Yanan Formation in the northeast of Ordos Basin. Geological Science and Technology Information,29(2): 31-37] [7] 许效松,何原相,姚冬生,王大可,左晓君. 1997. “锥状菌层”及其成因与沉积环境意义. 四川地质学报,(3): 175-178. [Xu X S,He Y X,Yao D S,Wang D K,Zuo X J. 1997. “Cone Bacteria Bed”and its genesis and significance to sedimentary environment. Acta Geologica Sichuan,(3): 175-178] [8] 曾允孚,夏文杰. 1986. 沉积岩石学. 北京: 地质出版社. [Zeng Y F,Xia W J. 1986. Sedimentology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House] [9] Aassoumi H,Broutin J,Wartiti M E,Freytet P,Koeniguer J C,Quesada C,Simancas F,Toutin-Morin N. 1992. Pedological nodules with cone in cone structure in the Permian of Sierra Morena(Spain)and Central Morocco. Carbonates and Evaporites,7(2): 140-149. [10] Abalos B,Elorza J. 2011. Latest Cretaceous cone-in-cone structures and soft-sediment deformation(Basque-Cantabrian Basin,north Spain): A record of deep-marine paleoseismicity?Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(3-4): 427-438. [11] Amstutz G C. 1965. A morphological comparison of diagenetic cone-in-cone structures and shatter cones. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 123(2): 1050-1056. [12] Aso E,Gisbert T J,Garcés B V. 1992. Type septaria-cone in cone nodules in the Stephano-Permian of the Catalan Pyrenees. Carbonates and Evaporites,7(2): 132-139. [13] Becq-Giraudon J F. 1990. Cone in cone structure in an environment of siliciclastic deposition: New observation on Lower Ordovician cone-in-cone structures of the Montagne Noire,south French Massif central. Géologie de la France,2: 11-19. [14] Boyd D W,Ore H T. 1963. Patterned cones in Permo-Triassic red beds of Wyoming and adjacent areas. Journal of Sedimentary Research,33(2): 438-451. [15] Brown M C,Oliver N H S,Dickens G R. 2004. Veins and hydrothermal fluid flow in the Mt. Whaleback Iron Ore District,eastern Hamersley Province,Western Australia. Precambrian Research,128(3): 441-474. [16] Buijs G J A,Goldstein R H,Hasiotis S T,Roberts J A. 2004. Preservation of microborings as fluid inclusions. Canadian Mineralogist, 42(5): 1563-1581. [17] Carstens H. 1985. Early diagenetic cone-in-cone structures in pyrite concretions. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,55(1): 105-108. [18] Chandra D,Gupta J P. 1973. Cone in cone structure from the west Bokaro Coal Field. Current Science,42(8): 276. [19] Cobbold P R,Rodrigues N. 2007. Seepage forces,important factors in the formation of horizontal hydraulic fractures and bedding-parallel fibrous veins(beef and cone-in-cone?). Geofluids,7(3): 313-322. [20] Cobbold P R,Watkinson A J,Cosgrove J W. 2008. Faults of the Pharaohs. Geoscientist,18(6): 18-22. [21] Cobbold P R,Zanella A,Rodrigues N,Løseth H. 2013. Bedding-parallel fibrous veins(beef and cone-in-cone): Worldwide occurrence and possible significance in terms of fluid overpressure,hydrocarbon generation and mineralization. Marine and Petroleum Geology,43: 1-20. [22] Cole G A J. 1893. On some examples of cone-in-cone structure. Mineralogical Magazine,10: 136-141. [23] Franks P C. 1969. Nature,origin and significance of cone-in-cone structures in the Kiowa Formation(Early Cretaceous),North-Central Kansas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,39: 1438-1454. [24] Geptner A R,Pha P D,Petrova V V,Huyen N X,Quang N M. 2013. Freshwater stromatolites with the cone-in-cone structure from the Neogene lacustrine sediments of Vietnam. Lithology and Mineral Resources,48(1): 55-64. [25] Gilman R A,Metzger W J. 1967. Cone-in-cone concretions from western New York. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,37: 87-95. [26] Grant S W. 1990. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina,a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic. American Journal of Science,290-A(1): 261. [27] Greene S E,Bottjer D J,Corsetti F A,Berelson W M,Zonneveld J P. 2012. A subseafloor carbonate factory across the Triassic-Jurassic transition. Geology,40(11): 1043-1046. [28] Gresley W S. 1894. Cone-in-cone: How it occurs in the‘Devonian series in Pennsylvania,U.S.A. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,London,50: 731-739. [29] Ha S,Chae Y U,Jeong G Y,Paik I S,Lim H S. 2015. A preliminary study of calcite beef found in the Cretaceous Jinju Formation,Gyeongsang Basin,Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 51(6): 597-604. [30] Hausmann J F L. 1812. Ueber den sogenannten Tutenmergel von Görarp in Schonen. Annalen der Wetterauischen Gesellschaft für die gesammte Naturkunde,Hanau,3: 25-28. [31] Hatem E,Tribovillard N,Averbuch O,Sansjofre P,Adatte T,Guillot F,Ader M,Vidier D. 2016. Early diagenetic formation of carbonates in a clasticdominated ramp environment impacted by synsedimentary faulting-induced fluid seepage: Evidence from the Late Jurassic Boulonnais Basin(N France). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 72: 12-29. [32] Hatem E,Tribovillard N,Averbuch O,Vidier D,Sansjofre P,Birgel D,Guillot F. 2014. Oyster patch reefs as indicators of fossil hydrocarbon seeps induced by synsedimentary faults. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 55: 176-185. [33] Heindel K,Richoz S,Birgel D,Brandner R,Klügel A,Krystyn L,Baudf A,Horacekg M,Mohtath T. 2015. Biogeochemical formation of calyx-shaped carbonate crystal fans in the subsurface of the Early Triassic seafloor. Gondwana Research,27(2): 840-861. [34] Hooker J N,Cartwright J A. 2015. Kinematics of Cone-In-Cone Growth,with Implications for Timing and Formation Mechanism. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. [35] Hooker J N,Cartwright J A. 2016. Dolomite overgrowths suggest a primary origin of cone-in-cone. Geological Magazine,2016: 1-18. [36] Joeckel R M. 2008. Enigmatic Structures in an Upper Pennsylvanian(Kasimovian)Marine Limestone. Palaios,23(12): 833-847. [37] Kanskii N E. 1956. Carbonate formations with cone-in-cone texture from the Upper Jurassic of Donbass. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,107: 313-315. [38] Kershaw S,Li G. 2016. Beef and cone-in-cone calcite fibrous cements associated with the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions: Reassessment of processes of formation. Journal of Palaeogeography,5(1): 28-42. [39] Kikuchi Y,Adachi S,Igo H. 1997. Cone-in-cone structure in the Itsukaichimachi Group(Miocene)in Akiruno City,Tokyo. Bea Papers,106(5): 614-634. [40] Kolokoltsev V G. 2002. The cone-in-cone structure and its origin. Lithology and Mineral Resources,37(6): 523-535. [41] Kowal-Linka M. 2010. Origin of cone-in-cone calcite veins during calcitization of dolomites and their subsequent diagenesis: A case study from the Gogolin Formation(Middle Triassic),SW Poland. Sedimentary Geology,224: 54-64. [42] Lugli S,Reimold W U,Koeberl C. 2005. Silicified cone-in-cone structures from Erfoud(Morocco): A comparison with impact-generated shatter cones. Impact Tectonics,6: 81-110. [43] Maher H D. 2016. Cone-in-cone and beef mineralization associated with Triassic growth basin faulting and shallow shale diagenesis,Edgeøya,Svalbard. Geological Magazine,(1): 1-16. [44] Mcbride E F,Picard M D,Milliken K L. 2003. calcite-cemented Concretions in Cretaceous sandstone,Wyoming and Utah,U.S.A.. Journal of Sedimentary Research,73(3): 462-483. [45] Mcloughlin N,Brasier M D,Wacey D,Green O R,Perry R S. 2007. On biogenecity criteria for endolithic microborings on early Earth and beyond. Astrobiology, 7: 10-27. [46] Meng Q,Hooker J,Cartwright J. 2017. Early overpressuring in organic-rich shales during burial: Evidence from fibrous calcite veins in the Lower Jurassic Shales-with-Beef Member in the Wessex Basin,UK. Journal of the Geological Society,jgs2016-146. [47] Miller M A,Melvin J. 2004. Distinctive cone-in-cone horizons,macrofossil beds and palynomorph diversity events: Their significance to the Silurian sequence stratigraphy of Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia,9(1):107. [48] Rodrigues N,Cobbold P R,Loseth H,Ruffet G. 2009. Widespread bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite(“beef”)in a mature source rock(Vaca Muerta Fm,Neuquén Basin,Argentina): Evidence for overpressure and horizontal compression. Journal of the Geological Society,166(4): 695-709. [49] Twenhofel W H. 1932. Treatise on Sedimentation. Journal of Geology, 41(2): 261-262. [50] Selles-Martínez J. 1994. New insights in the origin of cone-in-cone structures. Carbonates and Evaporites,9: 172-186. [51] Sorby H C. 1860. On the origin of “cone-in-cone”. In: British Association for the Advancement of Science,Report of the 29th Meeting,1859. Transactions of Sections,Geology: 124. [52] Tarr W A. 1922. Cone-in-cone. American Journal of Science,220: 199-213. [53] Testa G,Lugli S. 2000. Gypsum-anhydrite transformations in Messinian evaporites of central Tuscany(Italy). Sedimentary Geology,130: 249-268. [54] Tribovillard N,Hatem E,Averbuch O,Barbecot F,Bout-Roumazeilles V,Trentesaux A. 2015. Iron availability as a dominant control on the primary composition and diagenetic overprint of organic-matter-rich rocks. Chemical Geology,401: 67-82. [55] Tribovillard N,Petit A,Quijada M,Riboulleau A,Sans-Jofre P,Thomazo C,Birgel D. 2016. Early-diagenesis carbonate precipitation: From nodules to cone-in-cone structures. 14th Swiss Geoscience Meeting. [56] Tugarova M A,Fedyaevsky A G. 2014. Calcareous microbialites in the Upper Triassic succession of Eastern Svalbard. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin,11: 137-52. [57] Woodland B G. 1964. The nature and origin of cone-in-cone structure. Geology,13(4): 187-305. [58] Young J. 1885. Notes on “cone-in-cone”structure. Transactions of the Geological Society,Glasgow,8(1): 1-27. [59] Yu H,Zhou X,Wang J,Guo C,Wei H,Chen D. 2015. The origin of bedding-parallel fibrous calcite veins in the Lower Permian Chihsia Formation in western Hubei Province,South China. Science Bulletin,60(20): 1778-1786. [60] Zanella A,Cobbold P R,Rojas L. 2014. Beef veins and thrust detachments in Early Cretaceous source rocks,foothills of Magallanes-Austral Basin,southern Chile and Argentina: Structural evidence for fluid overpressure during hydrocarbon maturation. Marine & Petroleum Geology,55: 250-261. [61] Zhang B,Yin C Y,Gu Z D,Yan S Y,Wang Y. 2015. New indicators from bedding-parallel beef veins for the fault valve mechanism. Science China:Earth Sciences,58(8): 1-17. [62] Bonte A. 1942. Sur lorigine sédimentaire de la structure cone-in-cone. Comptes Rendus de lAcadémie des Sciences de Paris,214: 498-500. [63] Bonte A. 1945. Observations sur les nodules structure cone-in-cone de lArenig de la Montagne Noire. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France,15: 453-478. [64] David L. 1952. Présence de la structure 《beef》 et 《cone-in-cone》 dans le Crétacé de lEst-Constantinois(Algérie). Comptes Rendus sommaires de la Société Géologique de France,3: 51-52. [65] Denaeyer M E. 1943. Les cone-in-cone du Toarcien de Saint-Mard(Province de Luxembourg). Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie,de Paléontologie et dHydrologie,52: 229-241. [66] Denaeyer M E. 1952. Sur la signification des 《filons》 transversaux structure 《beef》 et 《cone-in-cone》. Comptes Rendus Sommaires de la Société Géologique de France,8: 138-141. [67] Twenhofel W,Usdowski H E. 1963. Die Genese der Tutenmergel oder Nagelkalke(cone-in-cone). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,9(2): 95-110. [68] Rukhin L B. 1953. Osnovy litologii(Principles of Lithology). Leningrad: Gostoptekhizdat. [69] Tugarova M A,Lunev P I,Fedyaevskii A G. 2010. Morfologiya i mikrostruktury stromatolitov triasa vostochnykh ostrovov arkhipelaga Shpitsbergen(Svalbard). Vestnik SPbGU,7(2): 37-58.
