Progress of the Mid-Late Holocene environmental archaeology in Chengdu Plain
Huang Ming1, 2, Ma Chunmei1, Zhu Cheng1
1 School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu; 2 Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Chengdu,Chengdu 610072,Sichuan
Abstract Since the 1980s,the works of environmental archaeology in the Chengdu Plain has made important achievements in the settlement and the geographical environment,in the development of the ancient climate and the ancient Shu civilization,in the catastrophe events,and in the comprehensive research on the man￣land relationships. The research shows that: The emergence of the Chengdu Plain prehistoric cities has a close relationship with the geographical environment; since Mid-late Holocene,the climate in the Chengdu Plain has been warm and humid with many climate fluctuations and cooling events; ancient floods,ancient earthquakes and other natural disasters are closely related to the development of ancient Shu civilization; the comprehensive studies of the man￣land relationship of many Pre￣Qin Period sites in the Chengdu Plain illustrated that the comprehensive factors such as rivers,landforms and climates were closely related to the change of prehistoric settlements. In general,the environmental archaeology in the Chengdu Plain has gone through three stages. However,it is still limited by the research materials and methods,and still lacks the research of the high￣resolution paleoenvironment evolution. The coupling relationship between abrupt climate changes and some important nodes in the Chengdu Plain during the Pre-Qin Period is still unclear. In addition,it is necessary to strengthen the study of settlement environment archaeology related to the river geomorphology in the future. GIS and RS analyses of the relationship between environmental change and human activities and quantitatively modelling studies of prehistoric relationship are also important environmental archaeological works in the Chengdu Plain in the future.
Fund:Co-Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41371204,41571179),Key Technology R & D Program of Jiangsu Province(No; BE2014705)
Corresponding Authors:
Zhu Cheng,born in 1954,is a professor and doctorial supervisor. He is mainly engaged in global change and the Quaternary environmental archaeology. E-mail: zhuchengnj@126.com.
About author: Huang Ming,born in 1985,is a doctoral candidate. He is mainly engaged in the Holocene environmental evolution and environmental archaeology. E-mail: hdhm7806@163.com.
Cite this article:
Huang Ming,Ma Chunmei,Zhu Cheng. Progress of the Mid-Late Holocene environmental archaeology in Chengdu Plain[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(6): 1087-1098.
Huang Ming,Ma Chunmei,Zhu Cheng. Progress of the Mid-Late Holocene environmental archaeology in Chengdu Plain[J]. JOPC, 2017, 19(6): 1087-1098.
[1] 毕硕本,闾国年,陈济民. 2008. 基于空间分析的史前郑洛地区连续文化聚落研究. 地理科学,28(5): 649-655. [Bi S B,Lü G N,Chen J M. 2008. Prehistoric continuous culture settlements about Zhengzhou,Luoyang region based on spatial analysis. Scientia Geographica Sinica,28(5): 649-655] [2] 陈碧辉,李巨初,李奎,蒋成,朱章义,张擎. 2003. 成都金沙古人类遗址亚黏土层的元素特征及其环境意义. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),30(6): 648-652. [Chen B H,Li J C,Li K,Jiang C,Zhu Z Y,Zhang Q. 2003. The element characteristics in the soil layer of Chengdu Jinsha site and environment meaning. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),30(6): 648-652] [3] 陈发虎,朱艳,李吉均,施祺,靳立亚,B.Wunemann. 2001. 民勤盆地湖泊沉积记录的全新世千百年尺度夏季风快速变化. 科学通报,46(17): 1414-1419. [Chen F H,Zhu Y,Li J J,Shi Q,Jin L Y,B.Wunemann. 2001. The Holocene ka-scale climate summer wind rapid variation indicated by lake sediments record in the Minqin Basin. Chinese Science Bulletin,46(17): 1414-1419] [4] 陈云洪,颜劲松. 2004. 文明起源与城市发展研究: 成都平原宝墩文化史前城址群初步分析. 四川成都: 四川大学出版社,49-60. [Chen Y H,Yan J S. 2004. Study on the Origin of Civilization and Urban Development: A Preliminary Analysis on the Prehistoric Cities of the Baodun Culture in Chengdu Plain. Sichuan Chengdu: Sichuan University Press,49-60] [5] 成都市博物馆考古队,成都文物考古研究所. 2003. 成都方池街古遗址发掘报告. 考古学报,(2): 297-316. [Archaeological Team of the Chengdu Municipal Museum,Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. 2003. Excavation of the Fangchijie site in Chengdu city. Acta Archaeological Sinica,(2): 297-316] [6] 成都文物考古研究所,新津县文管所. 2011. 新津宝墩遗址调查与试掘简报(2009—2010年). 见: 成都文物考古研究所. 成都考古发现(2009). 北京: 科学出版社,1-67. [Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Xinjin County Cultural Relic Administration. 2011. Brief report on survey and test excavation of Baodun site in Xinjin(2009—2010). In: Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology(ed.). Archaeological Discoveries in Chengdu(2009). Beijing: Science Press,1-67] [7] 范念念,吴保生,刘乐. 2010. 地震导致河流改道与古蜀文明的变迁. 山地学报,(4): 453-462. [Fan N N,Wu B S,Liu L. 2010. River avulsion by earthquake and the transition of ancient Shu Civilization. Journal of Mountain Science,(4): 453-462] [8] 何锟宇. 2007. 十二桥遗址出土动物骨骼及其相关问题研究. 四川文物,(4): 41-46. [He K Y. 2007. Study on the animal skeletons unearthed from Shierqiao site and its related problems. Sichuan Cultural Relics,(4): 41-46] [9] 何锟宇,左志强. 2016. 试论成都平原龙山时代的城址. 见: 成都文物考古研究所. 成都考古研究(三). 北京: 科学出版社,40-50. [He K Y,Zuo Z Q. 2016. Try talking about the city of chengdu plain longshan times. In: Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology(ed). Archaeological Research in Chengdu(3). Beijing: Science Press,40-50] [10] 侯光良,魏海成,鄂崇毅,赵小浩. 2013. 青海东部史前人口耕地变化及其对植被演变的影响. 地理科学,33(3): 299-306. [Hou G L,Wei H C,E C Y,Zhao X H. 2013. Prehistoric population and cultivated land change in the eastern Qinghai Province and its environmental effects. Scienitia Geographica Sinica,33(3): 299-306] [11] 洪汉烈,于娜,薛惠娟,朱云海,向树元,张克信. 2007. 临夏盆地晚更新世沉积物黏土矿物的特征及其古气候指示. 现代地质,21(2): 406-414. [Hong H L,Yu N,Xue H J,Zhu Y H,Xiang S Y,Zhang K X. 2007. Clay mineralogy and its paleoclimate in dicator of the late Pleistocene in Linxia Basin. Geoscience,21(2):406-414] [12] 黄剑华. 2002. 古蜀王都与早期古城遗址探讨. 四川文物,(5): 26-32. [Huang J H. 2002. Discussion on ancient Shu kingdom and ancient city Ruins. Sichuan Cultural Relics,(5): 26-32] [13] 黄明. 2013. 新津宝墩遗址古地理变迁的初步研究. 成都理工大学硕士学位论文, 41-46. [Huang M. 2013. The Preliminary Study of Palegeographic Changes at Baodun Site of Xinjin. Master’s Thesis of Chengdu University of Technology, 41-46] [14] 贾天骄. 2016. 成都平原新石器时代以来地震与古洪水等灾变事件环境考古研究. 南京大学博士学位论文, 98-100. [Jia T J. 2016. Environmental Archaeology of the Earthquake and Palaeofloods Science the Neolithic Age in Chengdu Plain,China. Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing University, 98-100] [15] 江章华,王毅,张擎. 2002. 成都平原先秦文化初论. 考古学报,(1): 1-22. [Jiang Z H,Wang Y,Zhang Q. 2002. A preliminary research on the pre-Qin culture in Chengdu Plain. Acta Archaeologica Sinica,(1): 1-22] [16] 江章华,王毅,张擎. 2009. 成都平原早期城址及其考古学文化初论. 见: 成都文物考古研究所. 成都考古研究(一). 北京: 科学出版社,63-87. [Jiang Z H,Wang Y,Zhang Q. 2009. A tentative discussion on the early city sites and its archaeological culture in Chengdu pain. In: Chengdu Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology(ed). Archaeological Research in Chengdu(1). Beijing: Science Press,63-87] [17] 江章华. 2015. 成都平原先秦聚落变迁分析. 考古,(4): 67-78. [Jiang Z H. 2015. Analysis on the evolution of pre-Qin settlements in Chengdu Plain. Archaeology,(4): 67-78] [18] 姜铭,玳玉,何锟宇,张倩. 2011. 新津宝墩遗址2009年度考古试掘浮选结果分析简报. 见: 成都文物考古研究所. 成都考古发现(2009). 北京: 科学出版社,68-82. [Jiang M,Dai Y,He K Y,Zhang Q. 2011. Brief report on analysis of flotation results of archaeological excavation in 2009 year of Baodun site in Xinjin. In: Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Archaeological Discoveries in Chengdu(2009). Beijing: Science Press,68-82] [19] 姜世碧. 2003. 长江上游文明的起源、形成与发展:兼论成都平原先秦文化的发现及意义. 农业考古,(1): 68-75. [Jiang S B. 2003. The origin,formation and development of civilization in the upper reaches of Yangtze River: And also discussed the discovery and significance of Pre-Qin culture in Chengdu Pain. Agricultural Archaeology,(1): 68-75] [20] 李德英,高松. 2010.1933年叠溪地震次生水灾对成都平原的影响. 城市史研究,(1): 152-172. [Li D Y,Gao S. 2010. Influence of secondary floods in the 1933 Diexi earthquake on the Chengdu Plain. Urban History Research,(1): 152-172] [21] 李开封,马春梅,高文华,李溯源,李中轩,潘燕芳. 2015. 河南地区全新世环境考古研究进展及未来趋势. 地理科学进展,34(7): 883-897. [Li K F,Ma C M,Gao W H,Li S Y,Li Z X,Pan Y F. 2015. Progress and trend of Holocene environmental archaeology in Henan Province. Progress in Geography,34(7): 883-897] [22] 梁斌,朱兵,王全伟,付小方,郝雪峰. 2014. 成都平原第四纪地质与环境. 北京: 科学出版社,8-58. [Liang B,Zhu B,Wang Q W,Fu X F,Hao X F. 2014. Quaternary Geology and Environment in Chengdu Plain. Beijing: Science Press,8-58] [23] 林向. 2006. 从三星堆到金沙:寻找失落的三星堆古城. 文史知识,(8): 122-127. [Lin X. 2006. Looking for the lost ancient city of Sanxingdui: From Sanxingdui to Jinsha. Chinese Literature and History,(8): 122-127] [24] 刘建国. 2007. GIS支持的聚落考古研究. 中国地质大学博士学位论文, 35-45. [Liu J G. 2007. The Research of Settlements Archaeology Supported by GIS. Doctoral Dissertation of China University of Geosciences, 35-45] [25] 刘尚忠. 1990. 成都平原水患治理方向的探讨. 四川地质学报,(2): 127-131. [Liu S Z. 1990. To explore the direction of the flood control in Chengdu Plain. Acta Geologica Sichuan,(2): 127-131] [26] 刘顺. 2008. 成都平原的地下地质结构与地震. 四川省情,(6): 24-25. [Liu S. 2008. Underground geological structure and earthquakes in Chengdu Plain. Sichuan Provincial Conditions,(6): 24-25] [27] 罗二虎,陈放,刘智慧. 1990. 成都指挥街遗址抱粉分析研究. 见: 四川大学博物馆,成都市博物馆. 南方民族考古(第二辑). 四川成都: 四川科学技术出版社,299-314. [Luo E H,Chen F,Liu Z H. 1990. Palynological study of Zhihuijie site in Chengdu. In: Sichuan University Museum,Chengdu Museum. Southern Ethnic Archeology(Second Series). Sichuan Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press,299-314] [28] 罗虹,朱利东,张擎,杨文光,阚瑷珂,向芳,罗丽萍,江章华,朱章义. 2007. 成都平原4ka BP以来黏土矿物记录的古气候变化. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,27(4): 117-122. [Luo H,Zhu L D,Zhang Q,Yang W G,Kan A K,Xiang F,Luo L P,Jiang Z H,Zhu Z Y. 2007. Clay minerals indicators of paleoclimate changes of Chengdu Plain since 4ka BP. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,27(4): 117-122] [29] 罗丽萍,朱利东,向芳,杨文光,阚瑷珂,罗虹,张擎,朱章义. 2008. 成都平原4000 a BP以来的孢粉记录与环境变化. 古生物学报,47(2): 195-202. [Luo L P,Zhu L D,Xiang F,Yang W G,Kan A K,Luo H,Zhang Q,Zhu Z Y. 2008. Spore-pollen assemblage and environmental changes of the Chengdu Plain during the late Holocene. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,47(2): 195-202] [30] 罗丽萍,朱利东,杨文光,张擎,王成善,阚瑷珂,罗虹,江章华,朱章义. 2007. 成都平原4 ka以来地层磁化率特征及气候变化意义. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),34(3): 327-330. [Luo L P,Zhu L D,Yang W G,Zhang Q,Wang C S,Kan A K,Luo H,Jiang Z H,Zhu Z Y. 2007. Magnetic susceptibility characteristics and paleoclimate explanation of Chengdu plain since 4000a. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),34(3): 327-330] [31] 吕厚远,张健平. 2008. 关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系. 第四纪研究,28(6): 1050-1060. [Lü H Y,Zhang J P. 2008. Neolithic cultural evolution and Holocene climate change in the Guanzhong basin,Shaanxi,China. Quaternary Sciences,28(6): 1050-1060] [32] 彭亚君,孙千里,陈静,李茂田. 2013. 中国4.0ka BP前后气候的空间分布特征及其对史前文明变迁的影响. 地质论评,59(2): 248-266. [Peng Y J,Sun Q L,Chen J,Li M T. 2013. Spatial characteristics of climate around 4.0ka BP and its impacts on the evolution of prehistoric civilization in China. Geological Review,59(2): 248-266] [33] 施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民. 1992. 中国全新世大暖期气候与环境: 中国全新世大暖期气候与环境的基本特征. 北京: 海洋出版社,1-18. [Shi Y F,Kong Z C,Wang S M. 1992. Climate and Environment of Holocene Warm Season in China: The Basic Characteristics of Climate and Environment in Holocene Warm Period in China. Beijing: Ocean Press,1-18] [34] 四川大学博物馆,成都市博物馆. 1987. 成都指挥街周代遗址发掘报告. 见: 四川大学博物馆,成都市博物馆. 南方民族考古(第一辑). 四川成都: 四川科学技术出版社,172-201. [Sichuan University Museum,Chengdu Museum. 1987. Excavation at a bronze-age site on Zhihui street. In: Sichuan University Museum,Chengdu Museum. Southern Ethnic Archeology(First Series): Sichuan Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press,172-201] [35] 四川省文物管理委员会,四川省文物考古研究所,成都市博物馆. 1987. 成都十二桥商代建筑遗址第一期发掘简报. 文物,(12): 1-37. [Cultural Relics Management Committee of Sichuan Province,Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology of Sichuan Province,Chengdu Museum. 1987. The excavation report of the architectural sites(phase one)of Shang Dynasty,in the Shierqiao site. Cultural Relics,(12): 1-37] [36] 宋长青,吕厚远,孙湘君. 1997. 中国北方花粉—气候因子转换函数建立及应用. 科学通报,42(20): 2182-2186. [Song C Q,Lü H Y,Sun X J. 1997. Establishment and application of spore-pollen-climate factor transfer function in North China. Chinese Science Bulletin,42(20): 2182-2186] [37] 万娇,雷雨. 2013. 桂圆桥遗址与成都平原新石器文化发展脉络. 文物,(9): 59-63. [Wan J,Lei Y. 2013. The Development of Neolithic Culture in Guiyuanqiao site and Chengdu Plain. Cultural Relics,(9): 59-63] [38] 王琳,崔一付,刘晓芳. 2014. 甘青地区马家窑文化遗址的地貌环境分析及其土地利用研究. 第四纪研究,34(1): 224-233. [Wang L,Cui Y F,Liu X F. 2014. Spatial analysis on topographic features of Majiayao sites in Gansu,Qinghai region and its indication on ancient land use pattern. Quaternary Sciences,34(1): 224-233] [39] 王涛. 2015. 成都平原先秦时期的文化发展与人地关系研究. 吉林大学博士学位论文, 147-155. [Wang T. 2015. Research on Cultural Development and Man-environment Interactions in Chengdu Plain during the Per-imperial Period. Doctoral Dissertation of Jilin University, 147-155] [40] 文星跃,曾娜,黄成敏,张擎. 2011. 成都金沙遗址沉积物微量元素特征及环境意义. 西南大学学报(自然科学版),33(8): 151-156. [Wen X Y,Zeng N,Huang C M. Zhang Q. 2011. Geochemical features of trace elements in sediments from Jinsha relic site,Chengdu: Implications for environmental changes. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),33(8): 151-156] [41] 吴文祥,胡莹,周扬. 2009. 气候突变与古文明衰落. 古地理学报,11(4): 455-463. [Wu W X,Hu Y,Zhou Y. 2009. Abrupt climate change and decline of ancient civilization. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),11(4): 455-463] [42] 夏正楷,杨晓燕,叶茂林. 2003. 青海喇家遗址史前灾难事件. 科学通报,48(11): 1200-1204. [Xia Z K,Yang X Y,Ye M L. 2003. Prehistoric disasters at Lajia Site,Qinghai Province,China. Chinese Science Bulletin,48(11): 1200-1204] [43] 严文明. 2010. 关于聚落考古的方法问题. 中原文物,(2): 19-22. [Yan W M. 2010. On the methods of settlement archaeology. Cultural Relics of Central China,(2): 19-22] [44] 杨晓燕,夏正楷. 2001. 中国环境考古学研究综述. 地球科学进展,(6): 761-768. [Yang X Y,Xia Z K. 2001. Summarizing the environmental archaeology development in China. Advance in Earth Sciences,(6): 761-768] [45] 姚轶锋,李奎,刘建,王宇飞,杜乃秋,李承森. 2005. 成都金沙遗址距今3000年的古气候探讨. 古地理学报,7(4): 549-560. [Yao Y F,Li K,Liu J,Wang Y F,Du N Q,Li C S. 2005. Discussion on paleoclimate of Jinsha Site in Chengdu in 3000a BP. Journal of Paleogeography(Chinese Edition),7(4): 549-560] [46] 于世永,朱诚,曲维正. 1999. 太湖东岸平原中全新世气候转型事件与新石器文化中断. 地理科学,19(6): 549-554. [Yu S Y,Zhu C,Qu W Z. 1999. Mid-Holocene climatic transition and rapid interruption in Neolithic cultures in the eastern plain of Taihu Lake. Scientia Geographical Sinica,19(6): 549-554] [47] 张芸,朱诚,戴东升,宋友桂. 2001. 全新世气候变化与长江三角洲史前文化兴衰. 地质论评,47(5): 556-560. [Zhang Y,Zhu C,Dai D S,Song Y G. 2001. Holocene climatic change and rise and fall of prehistoric civilization in the Yangtze River delta. Geological Review,47(5): 556-560] [48] 周志清,陈剑,刘祥宇. 2015. 区域系统调查方法在成都平原大遗址聚落考古中的实践与收获:以高山古城遗址为例. 中国文化遗产,(6): 32-37. [Zhou Z Q,Chen J,Liu X Y. 2015. The practice and harvest of the regional system investigation method in the archaeological settlement of Chengdu plain:A case study of the Gaoshan ancient city. Chinese Cultural Heritage,(6): 32-37] [49] 朱诚,陈星,马春梅,朱青,李中轩,徐伟峰. 2008. 神农架大九湖孢粉气候因子转换函数与古气候重建. 科学通报,(S1): 38-44. [Zhu C,Chen X,Ma C M,Zhu Q,Li Z X,Xu W F. 2008. Spore-pollen-climate factor transfer function and paleoenvironment reconstruction in Dajiuhu,Shennongjia,Central China. Chinese Science Bulletin,(S1): 38-44] [50] 朱诚,郑朝贵,吴立. 2015. 长江流域新石器时代以来环境考古. 北京: 科学出版社,86-92. [Zhu C,Zheng C G,Wu L. 2015. Environmental Archaeology since the Neolithic Age in the Yangtze River Basin. Beijing: Science Press,86-92] [51] Bond G,Showers W,Cheseby M,Lotti R,Almasi P,Demenocal P,Priore P,Cullen H,Hajdas I,Bonani G. 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science,278(5341): 1257-1266. [52] Chen F H,Dong G H,Zhang D J,Liu X Y,Jia X,An C B,Ma M M,Xie Y W,Barton L,Ren X Y,Zhao Z J,Wu X H,Jones M K. 2015. Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science,347(6219): 248-250. [53] Cullen H M,Menocal P B,Hemming S,Hemming G,Brown F H. 2000. Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire evidence from the deep sea. Geology,28(4): 379-382. [54] Jia T J,Ma C M,Zhu C,Guo T H,Xu J J,Guan H C,Zeng M X,Huang M,Zhang Q. 2017. Depositional evidence of palaeofloods during 4.0-3.6 ka BP at the Jinsha site,Chengdu Plain,China. Quaternary International,440, Part B: 78-89. [55] Li X Q. 2013. New progress in the Holocene climate and agriculture research in China. Science China Earth Sciences,56(12): 2027-2036. [56] Mo D W,Zhao Z J,Xu J J. 2010. Landscapes and Societies: Holocene Environmental Changes and the Evolution of the Neolithic Cultures in China. Heidelberg: Springer Science Ltd,299-319. [57] Morehart C T. 2012. Mapping ancient Chinampa landscapes in the Basin of Mexico: A remote sensing and GIS approach. Journal of Archaeological Science,39(7): 2541-2551. [58] Wu W X,Liu T S. 2004. Possible role of the “Holocene Event3” on the collapse of Neolithic Cultures around the Central Plain of China. Quaternary International,117(1): 153-166. [59] Zeng M X,Ma C M,Zhu C,Song Y G,Zhu T X,He K Y,Chen J,Huang M,Jia T J,Guo T H. 2015. Influence of climate change on the evolution of ancient culture from 4500 to 3700 cal. yr. BP in Chengdu Plain,upper reaches of the Yangtze River,China. Catena,147: 742-754.
