Strata color rhythm of the Cretaceous-Neogene and evolution of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in Junggar Basin
Wang Yi-Zhe1,2, Wu Chao-Dong1,2, Ma Jian1,2, Fang Ya-Nan3, Xu Zhuo1, Zhou Yan-Xi1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution,Ministry of Education,School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China; 2 Institute of Oil & Gas,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China; 3 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China
Abstract The southern margin of the Junggar Basin in the Cretaceous-Neogene developed large continental shallow￣water lacustrine basins with frequent alternation of dry and wet,cold and warm climate,forming a series of “multicolor” strata,such as gray,grey-green,grey-white,maroon red,red-brown,brick-red,purple-red,and earthy yellow. The study shows that the color of the strata has a good indicator of sedimentary environment. For example,the color index L*(black and white),a*(red and green)and b*(blue and yellow)can clearly distinguish the different subaquatic(semi-deep lacustrine facies,shore-shallow lacustrine facies)or subaerial(river-delta facies,floodplain facies,alluvial fan facies)sedimentary environments. Stratigraphic color evolution sequence can indicate the evolution of Cretaceous-Neogene palaeoclimate. The red sediments can be formed in both the dry and hot land oxidation environment and the relatively reduced underwater environment: “subaerial red”,such as brick red sandy mudstone of the Donggou Formation,purple red mudstone of the Ziniquanzi Formation,and maroon to earth red mudstone of the Shawan Formation,40>L*>52,8>a*>18,12>b*>22;“subaquatic red” is characterized by the thick red blocky mudstone of the Hutubihe Formation,35>L*>45,2.5>a*>4.5,5>b*>9. In the Early Cretaceous,the Junggar Basin was relatively warm and humid with wide distribution of lakes. The minimum value of the color index L*(black and white)was close to 15,and the value of a* was between -5 and 5,indicating that dark gray to gray dark mudstone was formed in a relatively reducting environment. In the Late Cretaceous,the color index a* reached the highest peak(15-25),indicating that the climate of the Junggar Basin began to show a trend of drought and heat. During the Eocene to Oligocene,the values of a* and b* changed synchronously,and there was an obvious trend of negative drift (7-15),and the climate gradually cooled. In the Neogene,the color index a* was relatively low(5-9),however,the L* value was close to 70,indicating that the climate continued to be cool. The research shows that since the end of Cretaceous,the drought-stricken Junggar Basin has been increasingly affected by the global climate cooling and the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The stratigraphic color recorded evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Systematic color measurement and analysis can provide an important basis for reconstruction of Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary environment and paleoclimate evolution. It also has a great significance for exploration of global climate change since the Cenozoic.
Fund:[Financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Projects of China(No.2017ZX05008-001)]
Corresponding Authors:
Wu Chao-Dong,born in 1965,is a professor and Ph.D. supervisor of Peking University. He is mainly engaged in sedimentology and reservoir geology. E-mail: cdwu@pku.edu.cn.
About author: Wang Yi-Zhe,born in 1988,is a Ph.D. degree candidate in Peking University. He is mainly engaged in lacustrine carbonate,sedimentary palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate. E-mail: E-mail: wangyizhe@pku.edu.cn.
Cite this article:
Wang Yi-Zhe,Wu Chao-Dong,Ma Jian et al. Strata color rhythm of the Cretaceous-Neogene and evolution of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in Junggar Basin[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(3): 451-468.
Wang Yi-Zhe,Wu Chao-Dong,Ma Jian et al. Strata color rhythm of the Cretaceous-Neogene and evolution of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in Junggar Basin[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(3): 451-468.
[1] 曹琦,郑龙君,王金玲. 2014. 沉积岩中颜色与成因的关系. 黑龙江科技信息, 28: 105-106. [Cao Q,Zheng L J,Wang J L.2014. The relationship between sedimentary rock color and origin. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 28: 105-106] [2] 陈杰,杨太保,曾彪,何毅,冀琴. 2018. 中国帕米尔地区黄土上部色度变化特征及古气候意义. 沉积学报, 36(2): 333-342. [Chen J,Yang T B,Zeng B,He Y,Ji Q.2018. Chroma characteristics and its paleoclimatic significance in Pamir Loess Section,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 36(2): 333-342] [3] 陈一萌,陈兴盛,宫辉力,魏明建,李小娟. 2006. 土壤颜色: 一个可靠的气候变化代用指标. 干旱区地理, 29(3): 309-319. [Chen Y M,Chen X S,Gong H L,Wei M J,Li X J.2006. Soil color: A new sensitive indicator for climatic change. Arid Land Geography, 29(3): 309-319] [4] 邓松涛,吴朝东,顾潇,郭召杰. 2008. 晚新生代以来天山北缘沉积记录及其稳定同位素变化的环境意义. 岩石学报, 24(4): 689-698. [Deng S T,Wu C D,Gu X,Guo Z J.2008. Sedimentary records and paleoenvirnmental significance of stable isotopic evidences from the Late Cenozoic,northern Tianshan. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(4): 689-698] [5] 邓远,陈世悦,杨景林,王越. 2015. 准噶尔盆地北部晚白垩世—古近纪沉积特征. 岩性油气藏, 27(5): 53-59. [Deng Y,Chen S Y,Yang J L,Wang Y.2015. Sedimentary characteristics of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene in northern Junggar Basin. Lithologic Reservoirs, 27(5): 53-59] [6] 丁敏,庞奖励,黄春长,彭淑贞,杨炯,陈栋栋. 2010. 全新世黄土—古土壤序列色度特征及气候意义: 以关中平原西部梁村剖面为例. 陕西师范大学学报, 38(5): 92-97. [Ding M,Pang J L,Huang C C,Peng S Z,Yang J,Chen D D.2010. Chroma characteristics and its climatic significance in Holocene loess-paleosol sequence: A case study of the Holocene Liangcun profile in the western Guanzhong Basin. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University, 38(5): 92-97] [7] 方世虎,郭召杰,张志诚,徐怀民,刘楼军. 2004. 准噶尔盆地中生代演化的地层学和沉积学证据. 高校地质学报, 10(4): 554-561. [Fang S H,Guo Z J,Zhang Z C,Xu H M,Liu L J.2004. Mesozoic tectonic evolution of southern Junggar Basin,northwestern China: Constraints from stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidences. Geological Journal of China Universities, 10(4): 554-561] [8] 方世虎,郭召杰,吴朝东,张志诚,王美娜,袁庆东. 2006a. 准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系碎屑成分特征及其对构造属性、盆山格局的指示意义. 地质学报, 80(2): 196-209. [Fang S H,Guo Z J,Wu C D,Zhang Z C,Wang M N,Yuan Q D.2006a. Jurassic clastic composition in the southern Junggar Basin,Northwest China: Implications for basin-range pattern and tectonic attributes. Acta Geologica Sinica, 80(2): 196-209] [9] 方世虎,郭召杰,贾承造,张志诚,王绪龙,王美娜. 2006b. 准噶尔盆地南缘中—新生界沉积物重矿物分析与盆山格局演化. 地质科学, 41(4): 648-662. [Fang S H,Guo Z J,Jia C Z,Zhang Z C,Wang X L,Wang M N.2006b. Meso-Cenozoic heavy minerals' assemblages in the southern Junggar Basin and its implications for basin-orogen pattern. Chinese Journal of Geology, 41(4): 648-662] [10] 方小敏,潘保田,管东红,李吉军,小野有五,福泽仁之,大井圭一. 1999. 兰州约60ka以来夏季风干年尺度不稳定性研究. 科学通报, 44(4): 436-439. [Fang X M,Pan B T,Guan D H, Li J J,Yogo One, Fortune Hitoshi, Keiichi Ooi.1999. Study on the millennial scale instability of summer monsoon in Lanzhou since 60 ka. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44(4): 436-439] [11] 付旭东,周广胜,张新时. 2016. 浑善达克沙地沙丘剖面颜色变化的古气候意义. 沉积学报, 34(1): 70-78. [Fu X D,Zhou G S,Zhang X S.2016. Color variations of paleosol-sand profiles across Otindag Sandy Land and its paleoclimatic implications. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 34(1): 70-78] [12] 高鹏坤,庞奖励,黄春长,周亚利,卞鸿雁,王蕾彬,王学佳. 2015. 陕南丹凤茶房村黄土—古土壤剖面色度参数特征. 沉积学报, 33(3): 537-542. [Gao P K,Pang J L,Huang C C, Zhou Y L, Bian H Y, Wang L B, Wang X J.2015. Chroma characteristics and its significance of Chafangcun loess-paleosol profile in Shaanxi,China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 33(3): 537-542] [13] 高志勇,周川闽,冯佳睿,吴昊,李雯. 2016. 中新生代天山隆升及其南北盆地分异与沉积环境演化. 沉积学报, 34(3): 415-435. [Gao Z Y,Zhou C M,Fen J R,Wu H,Li W.2016. Relationship between the Tianshan mountains uplift and depositional environment evolution of the basins in Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 34(3): 415-435] [14] 谷云飞,马明福,苏世龙,徐怀民,胡斌,姚卫江. 2003. 准噶尔盆地白垩系岩相古地理. 石油实验地质, 25(4): 338-347. [Gu Y F,Ma M F,Su S L,Xu H M,Hu B,Yao W J.2003. Lithofacies paleogeography of the Cretaceous in the Junggar Basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 25(4): 338-347] [15] 郭召杰,张志诚,吴朝东,方世虎,张锐. 2006. 中、新生代天山隆升过程及其与准噶尔、阿尔泰山比较研究. 地质学报, 80(1): 1-15. [Guo Z J,Zhang Z C,Wu C D,Fang S H,Zhang R.2006. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic exhumation history of Tianshan and comparative studies to the Junggar and Altai Mountains. Acta Geologica Sinica, 80(1): 1-15] [16] 季军良,朱敏,王旭,罗攀,董欣欣. 2010. 准噶尔盆地南缘新生代地层时代研究. 地层学杂志, 34(1): 43-50. [Ji J L,Zhu M,Wang X,Luo P,Dong X X.2010. Ages of the Cenozoic strata on the southern margin of Junggar Basin,northwstern China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 34(1): 43-50] [17] 李国荣. 2012. 浅析沉积岩颜色与沉积相的关系. 内江科技, (5): 49-50. [Li G R.2012. The relationship between sedimentary rock color and sedimentary facies. Neijiang Science and Technology, (5): 49-50] [18] 李骞,田孝茹,胡瀚文,郭召杰. 2016. 天山北缘安集海河组湖相灰岩氧碳同位素变化的古环境意义. 地球科学与环境学报, 38(3): 339-408. [Li Q,Tian X R,Hu H W,Guo Z J.2016. Paleoenvironmental significance of oxygen and carbon isotopic records in lacustrine limestone from Anjihaihe Formation,northern Tianshan. Journal of Earth Science and Environment, 38(3): 339-408] [19] 李双建,张杰,王清晨. 2006. 沉积物颜色和粘土矿物对库车坳陷第三纪气候变化的指示. 沉积学报, 24(4): 521-530. [Li S J,Zhang J,Wang Q C.2006. Implications of the color of sediments and clay minerals for Tertiary climatic changes of Kuqa Depression. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 24(4): 521-530] [20] 李忠,彭守涛. 2013. 天山南北麓中—新生界碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学记录、物源体系分析与陆内盆山演化. 岩石学报, 29(3): 739-755. [Li Z,Peng S T.2013. U-Pb geochronological records and provenance system analysis of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sandstone detrital zircons in the northern and southern piedmonts of Tianshan,Northwest China: Responses to intracontinental basinrange evolution. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(3): 739-755] [21] 马英俊,郑国东,刘芊. 2006. 吐鲁番盆地侏罗系沉积岩的颜色与铁的赋存状态关系研究. 矿物学报, 26(2): 137-144. [Ma Y J,Zheng G D,L Q.2006. Relationship between the forms of occurrence of iron species and the colors of Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the Turpan Basin,Northwestern China. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 26(2): 137-144] [22] 宋春晖,白晋锋,赵彦德,金洪波,孟庆泉. 2005. 临夏盆地 13~4.4 Ma湖相沉积物颜色记录的气候变化探讨. 沉积学报, 23(3): 507-513. [Song C H,Bai J F,Zhao Y D,Jin H B,Meng Q Q.2005. The color of lacustrine sediments recorded climatic changes from 13 to 4.5 Myr in Linxia Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 23(3): 507-513] [23] 徐丽,苗运法,方小敏,宋春晖,夏维民,闫晓丽,韩文霞,张启波,陈传飞,戴霜. 2009. 青藏高原东北部西宁盆地中始新世—渐新世沉积物颜色与气候变化. 兰州大学学报, 45(1): 12-20. [Xu L,Miao Y F,Fang X M,Song C H, Xia W M, Yan X L, Han W X, Zhang Q B, Chen C F, Dai X.2009. Middle Eocene-Oligocene climatic changes recorded by sedimentary colors in the Xinjiang Basin,in northestern Tibetan Plateau,NW China. Journal of Lanzhou University, 45(1): 12-20] [24] 王成善,胡修棉. 2005. 白垩纪世界与大洋红层. 地学前缘, 12(2): 11-21. [Wang C S,Hu X M.2005. Cretaceous world and oceanic red beds. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(2): 11-21] [25] 王成善,曹珂,黄永建. 2009. 沉积记录与白垩纪地球表层系统变化. 地学前缘, 16(5): 1-14. [Wang C S,Cao K,Huang Y J.2009. Sedimentary record and Cretaceous earth surface System changes. Earth Science Frontiers, 16(5): 1-14] [26] 王明振,吴朝东,房亚男,王陆新,李林林,陈榕,王军. 2013. 准噶尔盆地南缘坡缕石矿物学特征及古气候指示意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 32(6): 833-841. [Wang M Z,Wu C D,Fang Y N,Wang L X,Li L L,Chen R,Wang J.2013. Mineralogical characteristics of palygorskite in the southern margin of Junggar Basin and their implications for paleoclimate. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 32(6): 833-841] [27] 新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局. 1999. 新疆维吾尔自治区岩石地层. 湖北武汉: 中国地质大学出版社. [Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 1999. Lithostratigraphy of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Wuhan of Hubei: China University of Geosciences Press] [28] 许书堂,焦存礼,王敬缺. 1998. 伊犁盆地沉积岩颜色指数特征、盆地演化与有利勘探层系. 勘探家, 3(3): 60-63. [Xu S T,Jiao C L,Wang J Q.1998. Sedimentary rock color index feature,basin evolution and favorable exploration strata in the Yili Basin. Petroleum Explorationist, 3(3): 60-63] [29] 杨胜利,方小敏,李吉均,安芷生,陈诗越,福泽仁之. 2001. 表土颜色和气候定性至半定量关系研究. 中国科学(D辑), 31(增刊): 175-181. [Yang S L,Fang X M,Li J J,An Z S,Chen S Y,Fortune Hitoshi.2001. Transformation functions of soil color and climate. Science in China(Series D), 31(Suppl.): 175-181] [30] 雍天寿. 1987. 准噶尔盆地晚古生代—新生代岩相古地理. 新疆石油地质, 8(2): 24-34. [Yong T S.1987. Junggar Basin Late Paleozoic-Cretaceous lithofacies and palaeogeography. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 8(2): 24-34] [31] An Z S,Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,Porter S C.2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased up lift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411: 62-66. [32] Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,You H,Wang G.1993. Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 98: 6755-6804. [33] Bian W H,Hornung J,Liu Z H,Wang P J,Hinderer M.2010. Sedimentary and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,Northwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 90: 175-186. [34] Charreau J,Chen Y,Gilder S,Dominguez S,Avouac J P,Sen S,Sun D J,Li Y A,Wang W M.2004. Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section(northwest China): Implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan mountains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 230: 177-192. [35] Charreau J,Kent-Corson M L,Barrier R,Augier R,Ritts B D,Chen Y,France-Lannord C,Guilmette C.2012. A high-resolution stable isotopic record from the Junggar Basin(NW China): Implications for the paleotopographic evolution of the Tianshan Mountains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 341-344: 158-169. [36] Dewey J F,Shackelton R M,Chang C,Sun Y.1988. The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.,A327: 379-413. [37] Ding Z L,Yang S L,Hou S S, Chen Z, Liu T S.2001. Magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Jingchuan red clay section and correlation of Tertiary eolian red clay sediments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solod Earth,106(B4): 6399-6407. [38] Fang Y N,Wu C D,Wang Y Z,Wang L X,Guo Z J,Hu H W.2016. Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin,Central Asia: Tectonic and climate implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 129: 294-308. [39] Frakes L A.1979. Climates throughout geologic time. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. 10.1016/0025-3227(80)90114-0. [40] Guedes A,Ribeiro H,Valentim B,Noronha F.2009. Quantitative colour analysis of beach and dune sediments for forensic applications: A Portuguese example. Forensic Science International, 190: 42-51. [41] Guo Z T,Ruddiman W F,Hao Q Z,Wu H B,Qiao Y S,Zhu R X,Peng S Z,Wei J J,Yuan B Y,Liu T S.2002. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 416: 159-163. [42] Haq B,Hardenbol J,Vail P.1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change. SEPM Special Publication, 42: 71-108. [43] Ji J L,Pan L,Paul W,Jiang H C,Gao L,Ding Z L.2008. Episodic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains since the Late Oligocene constrained by magnetostratigraphy of the Jingou River section,in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin,China. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: B05102,doi: 10.1029/2007JB005064. [44] Kent-Corson M L,Ritts B D,Zhuang G Z,Bovet P M,Graham S A,Chamberlain C P.2009. Stable isotopic constraints on the tectonic,topographic,and climatic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 282(1-4): 158-166. [45] Li J,Hu X M,Zhao K D,Cai Y F,Sun T.2016. Paleoceanographic evolution and chronostratigraphy of the Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a(OAE1a)to oceanic red bed 1(ORB1)in the Gorgo a Cerbara section(central Italy).Cretaceous Research, 66: 115-128. [46] Miller K G,Kominz M A,Browning J V,Wright J D,Mountain G S,Katz M E,Sugarman P J,Cramer B S,Christie-Blick N,Pekar S E.2005. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level Change. Science, 310: 1293. [47] Myrow P M.1990. A new graph for understanding colors of mudrocks and shales. Journal of Geological Education, 38: 16-20. [48] Robertson A R.1977. The CIE 1976 color-difference formulae. Color research and Application, 2(1): 7-11. [49] Ruiz J F,Pereira J.2014. The colours of rock art: Analysis of colour recording and communication systems in rock art research. Journal of Archaeological Science, 50: 338-349. [50] Sun J M,Zhu R X,Bowler J.2004. Timing of the Tianshan Mountains uplift constrained by magnetostratigraphic analysis of molasse deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(3-4): 239-253. [51] Sun Y B,He L,Liang L J, An Z S.2011. Changing color of Chinese loess: Geochemical onstrint and paleoclimatic significance. Journal of Asian and Earth Sciences, 40(6): 1131-1138. [52] Tang Z H,Huang B C,Dong X X,Ji J L,Ding Z L.2012. Episodic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains since the Late Oligocene constrained by magnetostratigraphy of the Jingou River section,in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin,China. Journal of Geophysical Research,113,B05102. [53] Yang S L,Ding Z L.2003. Color reflectance of Chinese loess and its implications for climate gradient changes during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(20): 2058. [54] Yu S,Chen W,Evans N J,Mcinnes B I A,Yin J Y,Sun J B,Li J,Zhang B.2014. Cenozoic uplift,exhumation and deformation in the north Kuqa Depression,China as constrained by(U-Th)/He thermochronometry. Tectonophysics, 630: 166-182. [55] Zheng G D,Fu B H,Duan Y,Wang Q,Matsuo M,Takano B.2004. Iron speciation related to color of Jurassic sedimentary rocks in Turpan Basin,northwest China. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 261(2): 421-427.
