Analysis on formation mechanisms of sandstone injectites
Yi Xuefei1 Zhang Changmin1 Li Shaohua1 Du Jiayuan1，2 Zhu Rui1 Zhou Fengjuan2 Yuan Cai2
1 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration，School of Geosciences，Yangtze University，Jingzhou 434023，Hubei
2 Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Ltd.，Guangzhou 510240，Guangdong
Sandstone injectites are liquefied and fluidized sand bodies in deep water，which intrude into the surrounding sediments when the hydraulic fracture occurs under certain overpressure formation conditions and some trigger mechanisms.The forming processes associated with the development of sandstone injectites complexs include elevation of pore pressure，hydrofracture of sealing strata liquefaction，fluidization and injection of sand.The formation of pore overpressure is controlled by a number of factors，such as differential compaction，liquefaction caused by earthquakes，injected fluids and transmission of pressure.Once the pore pressure reaches or exceeds the fracture gradient，seal failure takes place，or overburden fracture occurs，which may be caused by earthquakes，and then the sand is fluidized and intrudes into the low permeable rock.Large amount of soft deep water sand bodies，rapid loading of low or impervious sediments，overpressure forming mechanisms and trigger events are necessary to sandstone injectites.
白振瑞.2009.砂贯入岩与油气勘探和开采［J］.石油地质与工程，23(6):31-34. 杜远生.2011.中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨［J］.古地理学报，13(6):581-586. 杜远生，韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩［J］.地球科学进展，15(4):389-394. 李元昊，刘池洋，王秀娟.2007.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组震积岩特征研究［J］.沉积学报，26(5):772-779. 罗晓容，杨计海，王振峰.2000.盆地内渗透性地层超压形成机制及钻前压力预测［J］.地质论评，46(1):22-31. 乔秀夫，李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应［J］.古地理学报，11(6):593-610. 乔秀夫，彭阳，高林志.2002.桂西北二叠纪灰岩墙(脉)的地震成因解释［J］.地质通报，21(2):102-104. 秦志亮，王大伟，吴时国，等.2009.侵入砂体对深水油气勘探的研究意义［J］.海洋地质与第四纪地质，29(2):110-116. 苏德辰，孙爱萍.2011.北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率［J］.古地理学报，13(6):591-614. 王志战.2006.沉积盆地异常压力体系及其预监测——以济阳坳陷为例［D］.西北大学博士学位论文. 魏垂高，张世奇，姜在兴，等.2007.塔里木盆地志留系震积岩特征及其意义［J］.地质学报，81(6):827-833. 吴时国，孙运宝，孙启良，等.2008.深水盆地中大型侵入砂岩的地震识别及其成因机制探讨［J］.地球科学进展，23(6):562-569. 杨文涛，汪校锋，杨江海，等.2011.豫西义马地区中—晚三叠世古地震引起的软沉积物变形构造［J］.古地理学报，13(6):635-644. 袁静，陈鑫，张善文.2008.济阳坳陷古近系软沉积变形层中的砂岩脉特征［J］.石油学报，29（3）:336-344. 张昌民，张尚锋，朱锐，等.2011.砂岩侵入体——岩性油气藏勘探开发中值得注意的一个新领域 ［J］.岩性油气藏，23(2):1-9. 张传恒，刘典波，张传林，等.2006.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录［J］.地学前缘，13(4):255-266. 赵卫卫，查明，杨剑萍.2006.中国震积岩研究综述［J］.地层学杂志，30(2):171-176. 朱萌，李德威，刘德民，等.2011.柴达木盆地西南缘更新统震积岩特征及其意义［J］.古地理学报，13(6):657-664. Cosgrove J W.2001.Hydraulic fracturing during the formation and deformation of a basin: A factor in the dewatering of low-permeability sediments［J］.AAPG Bulletin，85:737-748. de Boer W，Hurst A，Rawlinson P B.2007.Successful exploration of a sand injectite complex: Hamsun prospect，Norway 4 block 24/9［C］.In: Hurst A，Cartwright J(eds).Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir， 87：65-68. Duranti D，Hurst A.2004.Fluidization and injection in the deep-water sandstones of the Eocene Alba Formation(UK North Sea)［J］.Sedimentology，51:503-531. Duranti D.2007.Large-scale sand injection in the Paleogene of the North Sea：Modeling of energy and flow velocities［C］.In: Hurst A，Cartwright J(eds).Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir， 87：129-139. Frey-Mart＇nez J，Cartwright J，Hall B， et al.2007.Clastic intrusion at the base of deep-water sands：A trap-forming mechanism in the eastern Mediterranean［C］.In: Hurst A，Cartwright J(eds).Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir， 87：49-63. Hurst A，Cartwright J.2007.Relevance of sand injectites to hydrocarbon exploration and production［C］.In: Hurst A，Cartwright J(eds).Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir， 87：1-19. Hurst A，Scott A，Vigorito M.2011.Physical characteristics of sand injectites［J］.Earth-Science Reviews，106:215-246. Huuse M，Duranti D，Guargena C G， et al.2003.Sandstone intrusions: Detection and significance for exploration and production［J］.First Break，21:15-24. James D，Jolly R，Lonergan L.2003.Discussion on mechanisms and controls on the formation of sand intrusions［J］.Journal of the Geological Society，London, 160:495-496. Jolly R J H，Lonergan L.2002.Mechanisms and control on the formation of sand intrusions［J］.Journal of the Geological Society，London, 159:605-617. Lowe D R.1975.Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments［J］.Sedimentology，22:157-204. Surlyk F，Gjelberg J，Noe-Nygaard N.2007.The Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation of East Greenland: A giant sedimentary injection complex［C］.In: Hurst A，Cartwright J(eds).Sand Injectites: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. AAPG Memoir, 87:141-149. Vigorito M，Hurst A.2010.Regional sand injectite architecture as a record of porepressure evolution and sand redistribution in the shallow crust: Insights from the Panoche Giant Injection Complex，California［J］.Journal of the Geological Society， London, 167:889-904. Vigorito M，Hurst A，Cartwright J， et al.2008.Regional-scale subsurface sand remobilization: Geometry and architecture［J］.Journal of the Geological Society, London，165: 609-612.
