Abstract The carbonate fracture-vug reservoirs of marine facies in Tarim Basin have complicated evolutionary mechanism and extremely high heterogeneity. Fracture-vug reservoirs in weathering crust of buried hills in the typical region of Tahe Oilfield is originated from carbonatic rocks which underwent meteoric water when they were lifted up to the ground. But a large number of non-exposed karst fracture-cug reservoirs exist in non￣exposed district where the Ordovician is complete in Halahatang Oilfield,northern Tarim Basin. Based on ananlysis of reginal geological background,selecting the typical oilfield wellblock,utilizing the petrological and geochemical data,the analysis of non￣exposed karst fracture￣vug reservoirs was carried out, and we concluded that:(1)Meteoric water is the key karst fluid in non￣exposed district,and the hydrothermal fluid have no influence on the formation of the karst reservoirs.(2)There exists structural fractures of two periods and three levels,and strike-slip faults of three periods and two levels in non￣exposed district,and the faults and associated structure fracture is the necessary conditions for the development of karst fracture-vug reservoirs.(3)The fracture-vug reservoirs can be divided into four types,including caves controlled by faults and rivers in early phase,caves controlled by faults in late phase,fracture-vug in early stage and micro fracture-vug in late stage.(4)The development of non-exposed karst fracture-vug reservoirs includes three stages in sequence,including faults forming in the mid-Caledonian,river system incision and dissolution during the depositional period of Lianglitage Formation,faults forming in late Caledonian-early Hercynian. The study made a deeper understanding of fracture-vug reservoir��s formation mechanism and broadened the thought in exploration and production in fracture-vug reservoir.
Corresponding Authors:
Hou Jiagen,born in 1963,is a professor of China University of Petroleum(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in researches on reservoir sedimentology,petroleum geology and geology of oil-gas field exploitation and 3D geological modeling. E-mail: houjg63@cup.edu.cn.
About author: About the first author Liao Tao,born in 1966,is a Ph.D. candidate of China University of Petroleum(Beijing),and he majors in oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation. E-mail: liaotao1967@126.com.About the corresponding author Hou Jiagen,born in 1963,is a professor of China University of Petroleum(Beijing). He is mainly engaged in researches on reservoir sedimentology,petroleum geology and geology of oil-gas field exploitation and 3D geological modeling. E-mail: houjg63@cup.edu.cn.中图分类号:P618.3 文献标志码: A
Cite this article:
Liao Tao,Hou Jiagen,Chen Lixin et al. Fault controlling on non-exposed karst fracture-vug reservoirs of the Ordovician in Halahatang Oilfield,northern Tarim Basin[J]. JOPC, 2016, 18(2): 221-235.
Liao Tao,Hou Jiagen,Chen Lixin et al. Fault controlling on non-exposed karst fracture-vug reservoirs of the Ordovician in Halahatang Oilfield,northern Tarim Basin[J]. JOPC, 2016, 18(2): 221-235.
曹建文,金意志,夏日元,梁彬,邹胜章. 2012. 塔河油田4区奥陶系风化壳古岩溶作用标志及控制因素分析. 中国岩溶,31(2):220-226.[Cao J W,Jin Y Z,Xia R Y,Liang B,Zou S Z. 2012. Marks and controlling factors of the paleo-karstification in the Ordovician weathered crust at the 4th block of Tahe oilfield. Carsologica Sinica,31(2):220-226] 陈景山,李忠,王振宇,谭秀成,李凌,马青. 2007. 塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶作用与储集层分布. 沉积学报,25(6):858-868.[Chen J S,Li Z,Wang Z Y,Tan X C,Li L,Ma Q. 2007. Paleo-karstification and reservoir distribution of Ordovician Carbonates in Tarim Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,25(6):858-868] 淡永,梁彬,张庆玉,曹建文,李景瑞,郝彦珍. 2015. 塔北哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩浅覆盖区岩溶储集层特征与形成机理. 石油物探,54(1):90-98.[Dan Y,Liang B,Zhang Q Y,Cao J W,Li J R,Hao Y Z. 2015. Characteristics and genesis of Ordovician carbonate karst reservoir in the shallow coverage zone of Halahatang area,northern Tarim Basin. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,54(1):90-98] 高计县,唐俊伟,张学丰,陶小晚,杨云坤,陈志勇,宋新民,刘波. 2011. 塔北哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系一间房组碳酸盐岩岩心裂缝类型及期次. 石油学报,33(1):64-71.[Gao J X,Tang J W,Zhang X F,Tao X W,Yang Y K,Chen Z Y,Song X M,Liu B. 2011. Types and episodes of fractures in carbonate cores from the Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in the Halahatang area,northern Tarim Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(1):64-71] 顾家裕. 1999. 塔里木盆地轮南地区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层特征及形成模式. 古地理学报,1(1):90-98.[Gu J Y. 1999. Characteristics and evolutional model of karst reservoirs of lower Ordovician carbonate rocks in Lunnan area of Tarim Basin. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),1(1):90-98] 何发岐. 2002. 碳酸盐岩地层中不整合—岩溶风化壳油气田一以塔里木盆地塔河油田为例. 地质论评,48(4):90-98.[He F Q. 2002. Karst weathering crust oil-gasfield on carbonate unconformity:An example from the Tahe oilfield in the Ordovician reservoir in the Tarim Basin. Geological Review,48(4):90-98] 焦方正,窦之林. 2008. 塔河碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发研究与实践. 北京:石油工业出版社,1-5.[Jiao F Z,Dou Z L. 2008. Studying and Development Experiences of Fractured-vuggy Carbonate Reservoir in Tahe Oilfield. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1-5] 焦伟伟,吕修祥,周园园,韩剑发,熊方明,赵越. 2011. 塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层主控因素. 石油与天然气地质,32(2):199-206.[Jiao W W,Lü X X,Zhou Y Y,Han J F,Xiong F M,Zhao Y. 2011. Main controlling factors of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs inTazhong area,the Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology,32(2):199-206] 金强,田飞. 2013. 塔河油田岩溶型碳酸盐岩缝洞结构研究. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),37(5):15-21.[Jin Q,Tian F. 2013. Investigation of fracture-cave constructions of karsted carbonate reservoirs of Ordovician in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Sciences),37(5):15-21] 康玉柱. 2003. 塔里木盆地塔河大油田形成的地质条件及前景展望. 中国地质,30(3):315-319.[Kang Y Z. 2003. Geological characteristics of the formation of the large Tahe oilfield in the Tarim basin and its prospects. Geology in China,30(3):315-319] 康玉柱. 2008. 中国古生代碳酸盐岩古岩溶储集特征与油气分布. 天然气工业,28(6):1-12.[Kang Y Z. 2008. Characteristics and distribution laws of paleokarst hydrocarbon reservoirs in palaeozoic carbonate formations in China. Natural Gas Industry,28(6):1-12] 李阳,范智慧. 2011. 塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞系统发育模式与分布规律. 石油学报,32(1):101-106.[Li Y,Fan Z H. 2011. Developmental pattern and distribution rule of the fracture-cavity system of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield. Acta Petrolei Sinica,32(1):101-106] 刘小平,孙冬胜,吴欣松. 2007. 古岩溶地貌及其对岩溶储集层的控制: 以塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系为例. 石油实验地质,29(3):265-268.[Liu X P,Sun D S,Wu X S. 2007. Ordovician palaeokarst landform and its control on reservoirs in west Lungu Region,the Tarim Basin. Petroleum Geology & Experiment,29(3):265-268] 刘钰铭,侯加根,胡向阳,马晓强,赵彬,齐德山. 2012. 塔河油田古岩溶储集层三维建模. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),36(2):34-38.[Liu Y M,Hou J G,Hu X Y,Ma X Q,Zhao B,Qi D S. 2012.3D modeling of paleokarst reservoir in Tahe Oilfield. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Sciences),36(2):34-38] 吕修祥,杨宁,周新源,杨海军,李建交. 2008. 塔里木盆地断裂活动对奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层的影响. 中国科学D辑:地球科学,38(增刊Ⅰ):48-54.[Lü X X,Yang N,Zhou X Y,Yang H J,Li J J. 2008. The effect of faults activity on the Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tarim Basin.Science in China:Series D,38(Supplement Ⅰ):48-54] 马晓强,侯加根,胡向阳,刘钰铭,齐得山,马晓勇,邹婧芸. 2013. 塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系断控型大气水岩溶储集层结构研究. 地质论评,59(3):521-532.[Ma X Q,Hou J G,Hu X Y,Liu Y M,Qi D S,Ma X Y,Zou J Y. 2013. Framework of Fault-controlled Meteoric Palaeokarst Ordovician Reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin. Geological Review,59(3):521-532] 倪新锋,张丽娟,沈安江,潘文庆,乔占峰. 2009. 塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶类型、期次及叠合关系. 中国地质,36(6):1312-1321.[Ni X F,Zhang L J,Shen A J,Pan W Q,Qiao Z F. 2009. Paleo-karstification types,karstification periods and superimpositionrelationship of Ordovician carbonates in northern Tarim Basin. Geology in China,36(6):1312-1321] 倪新锋,杨海军,沈安江,张丽娟,乔占峰,赵宽志,韩利军. 2010a. 塔北地区奥陶系灰岩段裂缝特征及其对岩溶储集层的控制. 石油学报,31(6):933-940.[Ni X F,Yang H J,Shen A J,Zhang L J,Qiao Z F,Zhao K Z,Han L J. 2010a. Characteristics of Ordovician limestone fractures in the northern Tarim Basin and their controlling effects on karst reservoirs. Acta Petrolei Sinica,31(6):933-940] 倪新锋,张丽娟,沈安江,乔占峰,韩利军. 2010b. 塔里木盆地英买力—哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系岩溶储集层成岩作用及孔隙演化. 古地理学报,12(4):467-479.[Ni X F,Zhang L J,Shen A J,Qiao Z F,Han L J. 2010b. Diagenesis and pore evolution of the Ordovician karst reservoir in Yengimahalla-Hanilcatam region of Tarim Basin. Journal of palaeogeography(Chinese Edition),12(4):467-479] 漆立新,云露. 2010. 塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶发育特征与主控因素. 石油与天然气地质,31(1):1-12.[Qi L X,Yun L. 2010. Development characteristics and main controlling factors of the Ordovician carbonate karst in Tahe oilfield. Oil & Gas Geology,31(1):1-12] 乔占峰,沈安江,邹伟宏,张丽娟,倪新锋,朱永峰. 2011. 断裂控制的非暴露型大气水岩溶作用模式: 以塔北英买2构造奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层为例. 地质学报,85(12):2070-2083.[Qiao Z F,Shen A J,Zou W H,Zhang L J,Ni X F,Zhu Y F. 2011. A fault-controlled non-exposed meteoric karstification:A case study of Ordovician carbonate reservoir at structure YM2 in northern Tarim Basin,northernwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica,85(12):2070-2083] 任美锷,刘振中,王飞燕. 1983. 岩溶学概论. 北京:商务印书馆,3-33.[Ren M E,Liu Z Z,Wang F Y. 1983. Overview of Karst Study. Beijing: The Commercial Press,3-33] 沈安江,潘文庆,郑兴平,张丽娟,乔占峰,莫妮亚. 2010. 塔里木盆地下古生界岩溶型储集层类型及特征. 海相油气地质,15(2):20-29.[Shen A J,Pan W Q,Zheng X P,Zhang L J,Qiao Z F,Mo N Y. 2010. Types and characteristics of Lower Paleozoic karst reservoirs in Tarim Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,15(2):20-29]. 沈安江,王招明,郑兴平,贺晓苏,郑多明. 2007. 塔里木盆地牙哈—英买力地区寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层成因类型、特征及油气勘探潜力. 海相油气地质,12(2):23-32.[Shen A J,Wang Z M,Zheng X P,He X S,Zheng D M. 2007. Genesis classification and characteristics of Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate reservoirs and petroleum exploration potential in Yaka-Yengimahalla area,Tarim Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,12(2):23-32] 斯春松,乔占峰,沈安江,张丽娟,李国蓉,倪新锋. 2012. 塔北南缘奥陶系层序地层对岩溶储集层的控制作用. 石油学报,33(增刊2):135-144.[Si C S,Qiao Z F,Shen A J,Zhang L J,Li G R,Ni X F. 2012. The controlling effect of sequence stratigraphy on karst reservoirs of Ordovician in the south margin of northern Tarim Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(Supplement 2):135-144] 汤良杰,漆立新,邱海峻,云露,李萌,谢大庆,杨勇,万桂梅. 2012. 塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理. 岩石学报,28(8):2569-2583.[Tang L J,Qi L X,Qiu H J,Yun L,Li M,Xie D Q,Yang Y,Wan J M. 2012. Poly-phase differential fault movement and hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim Basin,NW China. Acta Petrologica Sinica,28(8):2569-2583] 王彩丽,孙六一,王宏. 1999. 长庆气田马五1储集层裂缝类型及特征. 天然气工业,19(4):8-12.[Wang C L,Sun L Y,Wang H. 1999. Fracture Types and characteristics of the Ma51 reservoir in Changqing gas field. Natural Gas Industry,19(4):8-12] 王建坡,沈安江,蔡习尧,罗友成,李越. 2008. 全球奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏综述. 地层学杂志,32(4):363-373.[Wang J P,Shen A J,Cai X Y,Luo Y C,L Y. 2008. A review of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the world. Journal of Stratigraphy,32(4):363-373] 王振宇,李凌,谭秀成,代宗仰,马青. 2008. 塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶类型识别. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),30(5):11-16.[Wang Z Y,Li L,Tan X C,Dai Z Y,Ma Q. 2008. Types and recognizable indicators of Ordovician carbonate rock of karstification in Tarim basin. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition),30(5):11-16] 吴东胜,张玉清,刘少华,何幼斌,刘学锋. 2006. 塔里木盆地轮古西潜山油气运聚及分布机理. 石油学报,27(5):41-45.[Wu D S,Zhang Y Q,Liu S H,He Y B,Liu X F. 2006. Oil-gas migration and distribution mechanism of Lunguxi buried hill in Tarim Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica,27(5):41-45] 邬光辉,陈志勇,曲泰来,王春和,李浩武,朱海燕. 2012. 塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系. 地质学报,86(2):219-227.[Wu G H,Chen Z Y,Qu T L,Wang C H,Li H W,Zhu H Y. 2012. Characteristics of the strik-slip fault facies in Ordovician Carbonate in the Tarim Basin,and its relations to Hydrocarbon. Acta Geologica Sinica,86(2):219-227] 徐国强,刘树根,李国蓉,武恒志,闫相宾. 2005. 塔中、塔北古隆起形成演化及油气地质条件对比. 石油与天然气地质,26(1):114-129.[Xu G Q,Liu S G,Li G R,Wu H Z,Yan X B. 2005. Comparison of tectonic evolutions and petroleum geological conditions in Tazhong and Tabei palaeohighs in Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology,26(1):114-129] 徐微,陈冬梅,赵文光,蔡忠贤,林忠民. 2011. 塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞发育规律. 海相油气地质,16(2):34-41.[Xu W,Chen D M,Zhao W G,Cai Z X,Lin Z M. 2011. Development regularity of karstic caverns of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,16(2):34-41] 翟晓先. 2006. 塔河大油田新领域的勘探实践. 石油与天然气地质,27(6):751-761.[Zhai X X. 2006. Exploration practices in frontiers of Tahe oilfield. Oil & Gas Geology,27(6):751-761] 张宝民,张静. 2009. 中国岩溶储集层分类与特征及相关的理论问题. 石油勘探与开发,36(1):12-29.[Zhang B M,Zhang J. 2009. Classification and characteristics of karst reservoirs in China and related theories. Petroleum Exploration and Development,36(1):12-29] 张光亚,赵文智,王红军,李洪辉,刘磊. 2007. 塔里木盆地多旋回构造演化与复合含油气系统. 石油与天然气地质,28(5):653-662.[Zhang G Y,Zhao W Z,Wang H J,Li H H,Liu L. 2007. Multicycle tectonic evolution and composite petroleum systems in the Tarim Basin. Oil & Gas Geology,28(5):653-662] 张学丰,李明,陈志勇,姜华,唐俊伟,刘波,高计县,赫云兰. 2012. 塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层发育特征及主要岩溶期次. 岩石学报,28(3):815-826.[Zhang X F,Li M,Chen Z Y,Jiang H,Tang J W,Liu B,Gao J X,Hao Y L. 2012. Characteristics and karstification of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir,Halahatang area,northern Tarim Basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica,28(3):815-826] 张一伟,金之钧,刘国臣,李京昌. 2000. 塔里木盆地环满加尔地区主要不整合形成过程及剥蚀量研究. 地学前缘,7(4):449-456.[Zhang Y W,Jin Z J,Liu G C,Li J C. 2000. Study on the formation of unconformaties and the amount of eroded sedimentation in Tarim Basin. Earth Science Frontiers,7(4):449-456] 周文,李秀华,金文辉,赵志超,周秋媚. 2011. 塔河奥陶系油藏断裂对古岩溶的控制作用. 岩石学报,27(8):2340-2348.[Zhou W,Li X H,Jin W H,Zhao Z C,Zhou Q M. 2011. the control action of fault to paleokarst in view of Ordovician reservoir in Tahe area. Acta Petrologica Sinica,27(8):2340-2348] 周玉琦,易荣龙,舒文培,何治亮. 2003. 中国石油与天然气资源. 湖北武汉:中国地质大学出版社,5-11.[Zhou Y Q,Yi R L,Shu W P,He Z L. 2003. Oil and Gas Resources in China.Wuhan(in Hubei Province):China University of Geosciences Press,5-11]
Duggan J P,Mountjoy E W,Stasiuk L D. 2001. Fault-controlled dolomitization at Swan Hills Simonette oil field(Devonian),deep basinwest-central Alberta.Canada. Sedimentology,48:301-323. Green D,Mountjoy E W. 2005. Fault and conduit controlled burial dolomitization of the Devonian west-central Alberta Deep Basin. Bull Can Petrol. Geol.,53(2):101-129. Harding T P. 1990. Identification of wrench fault using subsurfacestructural data:Criteria and pitfalls. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,74(10):1590-1609. Keith M L,Weber J N. 1964. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected lime stone and fossils. Acta Geochimicaet Cosmochimica,28:1787-1816. Lapointe P A and Meyer A. 2007. Complex karst-controlled reservoirs in Paleozoic limestone of the CIS,Kazakhstan and Europe:Identification and prediction for distribution of the reservoir characteristics. Annual Meeting-American Association of Petroleum Geologists,79. Loucks R G. 1999. Paleocavecarbonate reservoirs:Origins,burial-depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,83(11):1795-1834. Loucks R G,Mescher P K,Mcmechan G A. 2004. Three-dimensional architecture of a coalesced,collapsed-paleocave system in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,central Texas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,88(5):545-564. Rohel P O,Choquette P W. 1985. Introduction. Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs. Berlin Heidelberg,New York:Springer Verlag,1215. Veizer J,Ala D,Azmy K,Bruckschen P,Buhl D,Bruhn F,Giles A. F,Diener A,Ebneth S,Godderis Y,Jasper T,Korte C,Pawellek F,Olaf G P,Strauss H. 1999. 87Sr/86Sr,δ13C andδ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology,161:59-88.李新坡
