Behavioural evolution pattern and biogeographical migration of the Paleozoic psammichnitids
ZHANG Lijun1, PANG Zhichao1, YANG Qiqi1, FAN Liu1, WEI Fan2,3, SONG Huibo1, NIU Yongbin1
1 Institute of Resources and Environment,Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces and Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Henan Polytechnic University,Henan Jiaozuo 454003,China; 2 Institute of Palaeontology,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology,Yunnan University,Kunming 650500,China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China
AbstractPsammichnites and Dictyodora are grouped into psammichnitids,representing the typical slug-like bulldozers with a snorkel living in the marine environments during the Palaeozoic. Through the morphological and functional analysis of Paleozoic Psammichnites and Dictyodora,combining with their spatio-temporal distribution characteristics,it is found: (1)Psammichnites generally has short and shallow grooves,and the wall height of Dictyodora gradually increased with time. (2)Psammichnites is mainly distributed in the shallow-marine environment,whereas Dictyodora is mainly distributed in deep-marine environment with occasional occurrences of certain ichnospecies in the shallow-marine environment. (3)The ichnodiversity of Psammichnites ichnospecies rapidly increased in the Carboniferous shallow-marine environment,belonging to the top-heavy pattern. Psammichnites gigas is distributed widely in the Early Cambrian strata,which is of biostratigraphic importance. The ichnodiversity of Dictyodora ichnospecies rapidly expanded in the Ordovician,representing the bottom-heavy pattern. (4)Psammichnites and Dictyodora were mainly distributed in the Iapetus and Rheic oceans in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere during the Cambrian to Ordovician. Due to the formation of Laurussia and the closure of Iapetus and Rheic oceans,Psammichnites and Dictyodora migrated to the new empty ecological niches from the Carboniferous to Permian,indicating that the adaptation and migration of trace makers to new ecological niches might be strongly influenced by environmental changes. Until now Psammichnites and Dictyodora have not been found in the post-Permian strata,possibly suggesting that their trace markers went extinct in the end-Permian mass extinction. On the basis of the above systematic summary and induction of the behavior habits,biogeographic migration characteristics and evolutionary characteristics of Psammochnites and Dictyodora,it can provide new data and new understanding of the evolutionary ecology and biogeographic migration characteristics of trace groups reflected by trace fossils from a detailed and profound perspective.
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41602112),the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(No.212300410349), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province(No. NSFRF200340),and the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)of Henan Polytechnic University(No.2022-05)
About author: ZHANG Lijun,born in 1982,is an associate professor of Henan Polytechnic University. He is mainly engaged in teaching and researches on ichnology and sedimentology. E-mail: Ljzhanghpu@gmail.com.
Cite this article:
ZHANG Lijun,PANG Zhichao,YANG Qiqi et al. Behavioural evolution pattern and biogeographical migration of the Paleozoic psammichnitids[J]. JOPC, 2023, 25(2): 382-391.
ZHANG Lijun,PANG Zhichao,YANG Qiqi et al. Behavioural evolution pattern and biogeographical migration of the Paleozoic psammichnitids[J]. JOPC, 2023, 25(2): 382-391.
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