Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the 10-year survival status and influence factors of liver cancer patients from urban residents in Liaoning province,and to provide basic data for evaluating the progress of liver cancer prevention and treatment.Methods A total of 337 hepatocellular carcinoma patients randomly selected from the tumor incidence report database in three cities of Liaoning province from 2000 to 2002 were actively followed up and information was collected.The observed survival rate(OSR)and median survival time(T₅₀)were calculated by the life table method.The Ederer Ⅱ method was used to calculate the relative survival rate(RSR).The multivariate Cox model was used to analyze the factors affecting survival.Results The T₅₀,10-year OSR and RSR of urban residents with liver cancer in Liaoning province were 7.33 months,4.15% and 5.17%,respectively.There were no significant differences in T₅₀,10-year OSR and RSR between male and female liver cancer patients.The 10-year OSR and RSR of the ＜65 years old group were 5.73% and 6.35%,respectively,which were slightly higher than those of the 65-74 years old group(2.15% and 3.27%)and the ≥75 years old group(1.92% and 4.02%),but there was no statistical difference.The T₅₀(7.68 months)in the < 65 years old group was significantly higher than that in the 65-74 years old group(6.89 months)and the ≥75 years old group(6.93 months)(W=5.837,P=0.016;W=8.00,P=0.005).The 10-year RSR trend of the ＜65 years old was significantly different from that of the 65-74 years old and the ＞75 years old(χ²=6.736,P＜0.05;χ²=5.992,P＜0.05).The trend of the 10-year survival curve in the stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ was significantly different from that of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ(χ²=9.391,P＜0.05;χ²=25.475,P＜0.05).The trend of the 10-year RSR between the surgery group and the non-surgery group was significantly different(χ²=10.767,P＜0.05).The T₅₀ of the surgery group was significantly higher than that of the non-surgery group(W=14.746,P＜0.001).The results of multivariate Cox model analysis showed that gender and clinical stage had significant effects on 10-year survival time of liver cancer.Conclusion The low rate of early detection and standardized diagnosis may be the main reason.why the 10-year relative survival rate of liver cancer among urban residents in Liaoning province is lower than that of developed countries in Asia and Europe,so improve the early detection rate of liver cancer,strengthening compliance with the standardized diagnosis and treatment,preventing hepatitis and cirrhosis are an important direction for liver cancer control and prevention.

Objective The Objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age-time-cohort model on long-term trend of biliary tract cancer mortality in China from 1990 to 2019,and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of biliary tract cancer.Methods Based on the Global burden of disease(GBD)mortality data of Chinese residents with biliary tract cancer aged 20-84 from 1990 to 2019,the age-time-cohort(APC)model was used to analyze age effects of period and cohort on changes in biliary tract cancer mortality.Results The mortality of biliary tract cancer in China showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2019.In 2019,the mortality rate increased to 2.42/100,000,and the mortality for men and women increased to 2.45/100,000 and 2.39/100,000,respectively.Compared with 1990,an increase was 1.46%,men and women increased by 1.75% and 1.07%,respectively.The results of the APC model showed that the risk of death increased with age in both men and women from 1990 to 2019.The mortality first decreased,then increased and then decreased with the passage of time;men born later were at higher risk of death and women born later at lower risk of death.Conclusion The mortality of biliary tract cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 showed an upward trend.Elderly and men born later were at higher risk of death.The prevention and treatment of biliary tract cancer should pay more attention high-risk groups.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and mortality characteristics of lung cancer in Nantong city from 2013 to 2017,and to provide a reference for the formulation of comprehensive lung cancer prevention and control strategies in Nantong city.Methods Using the quality-controlled tumor registration data of Nantong city from 2013 to 2017,calculate lung cancer incidence(mortality),age-specific incidence(mortality)and standardized incidence(mortality).Joinpoint 4.9.0 software was used to analyze the changing trend of lung cancer incidence(mortality)from 2013 to 2017.The standard population adopts the 2000 Chinese census standard population and Segi's world standard population.Results In 2013-2017,a total of 30,689 new cases of lung cancer were reported in Nantong Cancer Registry,with the crude incidence of 83.46/100,000 and a standardized incidence of 35.71/100,000.Lung cancer ranked first among all malignant tumors.The standardized incidence of men(45.24/100,000)was higher than that of women(25.47/100,000),which was 1.78 times than that in women.The standardized incidence in urban areas(39.49/100,000)was higher than that in rural areas(34.58/100,000),which was 1.11 times in rural areas.The standardized incidence of lung cancer in urban areas showed a downward trend(P＜0.05),while the standardized incidence of lung cancer in the whole population and women from rural areas showed an upward trend(P＜0.05).The incidence of lung cancer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with age,reaching a peak in the 80-year-old age group(417.82/100,000),and decreasing in the 85-year-old age group.There were 23,806 deaths from lung cancer,the crude mortality was 64.74/ 100,000,and the standardized mortality was 26.08/100,000.Lung cancer ranked first among all malignant tumors.The standardized mortality for men(34.76/100,000)was higher than that of women(16.71/100,000),which was 2.08 times than that in women.The standardized mortality in urban areas(26.21/100,000)was comparable to that in rural areas(26.05/100,000).The standardized mortality of lung cancer in the whole population and urban areas showed a downward trend(P＜0.05).The mortality of lung cancer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with age,reaching a peak of death in the 80-year-old age group(420.50/100,000),and decreasing in the 85-year-old and above age group.Conclusion The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in Nantong city ranks first,seriously endangering the health of local residents.It is necessary to strengthen health education,increase tobacco control publicity,and continue to promote measures such as early diagnosis and early treatment of lung cancer to reduce the burden of lung cancer disease on residents.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of osteopontin in mediating epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs)resistance in NSCLC.Methods The PC9R cells with osteopontin knockdown was the treatment group,and untreated PC9R cells was the control group.Quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot(WB)were carried out to check the expression of osteopontin and apoptosis related proteins in NSCLC cells.Mitochondrial membrane potential measurement assay were performed to check the mitochondria fucntion.The cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)and EdU incorporation assays were used to measure cell proliferation.Results The results showed that osteopontin was significantly up-regulated in gefitinib-resistant PC9R cells compared with PC9 cells(1.00±0.05 vs. 5.12±0.12,P＜0.01).Knockdown of osteopontin induced mitochondria dysfunction and apoptosis related proteins were over expressed(8.34±0.96 vs. 48.56±3.34,P＜0.05).Knockdown of osteopontin inhibted PC9R cells prolifereation.Therefore,our results further demonstrated osteopontin promted PC9R cells apoptosis.Conclusion Knockdown osteopontin induced mitochondrial dysfunction and induced the apoptosis of gefitinib-resistant cells.Knockdown osteopontin increases the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to gefitinib.

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of tumor markers and histopathological types of bronchoscopy biopsy.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 356 lung cancer patients who underwent bronchoscopy biopsy at Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018 and completed the detection of related serum tumor markers(SCCA,CYFRA21-1,CEA,CA125 and NSE).Patients with lung cancer(140 small cell carcinoma,122 squamous cell carcinoma and 94 adenocarcinoma)were retrospectively analyzed.Results In lung cancer patients with bronchoscopy biopsy,the combination of five serum tumor markers(SCCA+CYFRA21-1+CEA+CA125+NSE,AUC=0.948,P＜0.001)had a high value in assisting the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer;three(SCC+CEA+ NSE,AUC=0.901,P＜0.001)or four(SCC+CYFRA21-1+CEA+NSE,AUC=0.901,P＜0.001)markers combined to distinguish squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were more accurate.The value of the three marker combination(SCCA+CEA+CA125,AUC=0.831,P＜0.001)had a high value of diagnosis.Conclusion For lung cancer patients with different pathological types,the combination of different serum tumor markers has certain auxiliary diagnostic value for pathological types under bronchoscopy biopsy.

Objective The Objective of our study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of ¹³¹I combined with apatinib in the treatment of lung metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis of 57 patients with lung metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer who were treated in our department from October 2018 to October 2020 were divided into the control group(n=30)and the combined treatment group(n=27).The control group was treated with ¹³¹I alone,and the combination group was treated with ¹³¹I combined with apatinib.In both groups of patients,the levels of thyroglobulin(Tg)and baseline diameter were observed and recorded every six months.The changes of baseline diameter changes of target lesions(TL)and concentration range count/background count(C/B)were observed and recorded every six months.At the same time,the adverse reactions of patients in the two groups were recorded.Results After the follow-up,the level of Tg in the combined treatment group(36.34±19.72 μg/L)was significantly lower than that in the control group(122.18±22.98 μg/L),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).The mean diameter of TL in the combined treatment group(3.55±0.39 mm)was significantly smaller than that of the control group(14.01±1.44 mm),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).After 24 months,DCR and ORR in the combined treatment group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01).The C/B value of the combined treatment group(2.98±0.54)was significantly lower than that of the control group(25.45±3.00),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).The common adverse reactions of apatinib in the combined treatment group were hand-foot syndrome(6 cases),hypertension(4 cases),and rash(2 cases).No serious adverse reactions of grade Ⅲ or above related to apatinib were observed.Conclusion ¹³¹I combined with apatinib is effective in the treatment of lung metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer,has obvious tumor shrinkage effect and achieves a high biochemical remission rate,while the side effects are mild and controllable,and the safety is high.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between postural fixation and setup error in patients with different body mass index(BMI)during intensity-modulated radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery for breast cancer.Methods The clinical data of 117 patients with breast cancer after breast conserving surgery who received intensity modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into two groups A and B according to different body positions during radiotherapy.The patients in the group A(57 cases)were the vacuum bag group,and the patients in the group B patients(60 cases)were in the breast bracket group.According to the BMI index,patients were divided into group 1(＜18.5 kg/m²),group 2(18.5-23.9 kg/m²),group 3(24.0-27.9 kg/m²)and group 4(≥28 kg/m²).Results The positioning errors in the left and right(X-axis)and head-to-foot(Y-axis)directions of patients in the group A were smaller than those in the group B(P＜0.05).The positioning errors in X and Y directions of patients in the A3,A4 group were smaller than those in the B3,B4 group(P＜0.05).In the anterior-posterior direction(Z axis),there was no significant difference between the group A and group B(P＞0.05).Conclusion The BMI index of breast cancer patients receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy after breast conserving surgery has an effect on the positioning error.The overweight patients(BMI≥24 kg/m²),vacuum bag fixation is more suitable.

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the influencing factors of recurrence in patients with multiple myeloma(MM),and to analyze the distribution characteristics of factors affected recurrence in patients with different CD73⁺ expression rates.Methods A total of 108 patients with MM who were treated in our hospital from February 2017 to February 2021 were selected as the research subjects,and they were divided into a recurrence group and a non-recurrence group according to the recurrence one year after treatment.The factors affected the recurrence of patients were screened;cluster analysis and latent class were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of the factors affecting the recurrence different CD73 patients.Results The recurrence rate of 108 patients was 23.15%(25/108).Male,body mass index(BMI)＜20 kg/m²,international staging system(ISS)stage Ⅲ,high-risk genetic risk,β2-microglobulin(β2-MG)≥3.5 mg/L,p53 gene deletion,and CD73⁺ were independent risk factors for relapse(P＜0.05).Maintenance therapy was a protective factor(P＜0.05).The results of cluster analysis showed that the recurrence risk was obviously clustered,and the patients could be divided into a high-risk group(the expression rate of CD73⁺＞40%)and a low-risk group(the expression rate of CD73⁺＜40%),with a recurrence rates of 37.50%(15/40)and 14.71%(10/68),the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The results of latent class analysis showed that the proportion of patients with “less risk factor distribution” in the high-risk group for recurrence was significantly lower than that in the low-risk group for recurrence,and the proportion of patients with “distribution for ISS stage Ⅲ without maintenance treatment” was significantly higher than that in the low-risk group for recurrence(P＜0.05),there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients in the “ISS stage Ⅲ maintenance treatment distribution” between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Gender,BMI,ISS stage and other factors are related to the recurrence of MM patients.Patients with ＞40% of CD73⁺ expression rate have a higher risk of recurrence,and the main influencing factor is “ISS stage Ⅲ without maintenance treatment distribution”.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical comparative analysis of anti-angiogenic drugs combined with programmed cell death 1(PD-1)inhibitor and chemotherapy in the second-line treatment of advanced lung adenocarcinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis of 99 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 1,2017 to December 31,2020 was performed.They were divided into the simple chemotherapy group(n=35),chemotherapy combining with anti-angiogenic drugs group(n=34),and chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and immunotherapy group(n=30).The clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of the three groups were compared.Results The disease control rate(DCR)of the three groups were 48.6%,55.9% and 80.0%,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.028).The Objective response rate(ORR)was 11.4%,8.8% and 23.3%,respectively,and the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.273).The median progression-free survival(PFS)of the three groups were 2.4 months,4.3 months and 6.2 months,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).During the treatment,the most common adverse reactions in the three groups were leukopenia,nausea and vomiting,elevated transaminases and fatigue,etc.and most of them were grade 1-2.Univariate analysis showed that clinical stage was an independent factor affecting PFS.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that brain metastasis was an independent prognostic factor of PFS after considering grouping factors.Conclusion The comparative analysis of the three groups showed that the second-line application of PD-1 inhibitor combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced lung adenocarcinoma was effective and safe.

Ovarian cancer is one of three major malignant tumors from female reproductive system in the world,which seriously threatens the life and health of women.In recent years,researchers have continued to improve the treatment of ovarian cancer,but the five-year survival rate of ovarian cancer are still not optimistic.With the implementation of precision medicine,the pre-clinical study of organoid body models has gradually entered the field of scientific researchers'vision.The purpose of this article is to introduce the highly maintained tumor heterogeneity of ovarian cancer related to experimental organoids,simulating tumor hypoxia microenvironment,simulating tumor occurrence and metastasis,drug screening and precision medicine,gene editing system,and stimulating disease.The establishment of organoid body model library can improve the development direction of ovarian cancer treatment.With the combination with 3D bio-printing and organoids,it is expected to become a new approach for drug screening in the future.

In recent years,great progress has been made in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer,especially for patients who have progressed after first-line therapy or treatment.Improving efficacy through combination therapy has become the main direction in this field,and this exploration is particularly urgent for patients who do not have drive gene mutations or are ineffective against targeted therapy.Evidence that pro-angiogenic factors have immunosuppressive activity led researchers to evaluate potential synergistic effects of anti-angiogenic drugs in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.This article reviews the theoretical basis and clinical research of anti-angiogenic drugs combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Digestive system tumors rank first incidence in global,and their occurrence is caused by multiple factors such as diet,environment,geneticsetc,and there are often no characteristic manifestations in the early stage.At present,the public does not have a strong concept of screening for early gastrointestinal cancer.Some patients are in the middle or late stage when they are diagnosed,and they lose the opportunity of surgery.Therefore,radiotherapy and chemotherapy have become the hope for patients with advanced digestive system tumors.Inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and promoting its apoptosis have always been a hot issue in the field of tumor research.Mitotic catastrophe is an endogenous tumor suppressive mechanism,which is a phenomenon of cell death caused by abnormal cell cycle checkpoints or damage to the spindle structure during mitosis.It is closely related to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation,but its molecular biological mechanism and related signaling pathway are still unclear.This article reviews the molecular biological mechanism of mitotic catastrophe in digestive system tumor cells,and provides theoretical basis for the study of comprehensive treatment of digestive system tumors.

Accurate imaging of tumors plays an important role in identifying tumor location and staging,and determining the appropriate treatment methods.Peptides are promising tools in imaging,and the corresponding receptors have been shown to be overexpressed in tumor cells,leading to imaging agents within tumor cells by specifically binding to the receptors.In addition,peptides have attracted more and more attention in tumor diagnosis and treatment due to their small molecular weight,low immunogenicity,high affinity and specificity,and some peptide-based imaging probes and therapeutic agents have successfully entered clinical trials.This article reviews the research progress of peptide probes in tumor imaging.

SOX4 is a member of the group C subfamily from the SOX family,and it may promote tumorigenesis by conferring the ability of cancer cells to survive,migrate and invasive.There are multiple lines of evidence supporting the idea that SOX4 is an important oncogene.SOX4 is overexpressed in a variety of malignancies,including a variety of digestive system tumors,which are the most common cause of death among cancer patients in developing countries.In recent years,the molecular mechanism of SOX4-induced malignant transformation and its relationship with digestive system tumors have become a focus of research and a frontier area.This article reviews the research status of SOX4 in digestive system tumors.

Breast cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest incidence in women.With the continuous improvement of diagnostic technology and treatment methods,the survival period of breast cancer patients after receiving systemic therapy has been significantly prolonged.This requires long-term follow-up for early detection of local recurrence and distant metastasis.In addition,hormone-sensitive breast cancer also needs to be given endocrine therapy for 5~10 years,and the full management of side effects also requires follow-up,improve the quality of life of patients,and provide patients with physical and psychological support.This article makes a brief review on breast cancer follow-up related aspects in recent years.

In recent years,immunotherapy has achieved preliminary results in the field of adjuvant therapy for liver cancer.Programmed cell death-1(PD-1)inhibitors are the current research hotspot,but the overall response rate is still not high.As expected,there is an urgent need to find suitable biomarkers to predict the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment for liver cancer patients.This article reviews the research progress of PD-1 inhibitor therapy related biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Breast cancer has become one of the malignant tumors highest incidence.Heat shock protein 90(HSP90)is called a molecular chaperone,which plays an important role in the synthesis of peptide,control of protein quantity,protein folding,activity and degradation.HSP90 can regulate cell growth,adhesion,invasion,metastasis,angiogenesis and apoptosis,etc,and plays an important role in the development of breast cancer.HSP90 inhibitors play an active role in resisting tumor growth and inhibiting invasion,becoming a new treatment method.This article further elucidates the relationship between HSP90 and breast cancer,and the new mode of breast cancer treatment mediated by HSP90 inhibitors.

Liver cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in the clinic.The incidence of liver cancer ranks sixth among all kinds of malignant tumors in the world and is increasing year by year,which has seriously endangered people's health.The current main treatment methods include surgery,local thermal ablation,and liver transplantation.In recent years,local thermal ablation has become more and more widely used in liver malignancies.This article reviews the application of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation in liver cancer and related new technologies.