Objective The aim of this study was to collect diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up information of inpatients with malignant tumors at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,analyze the distribution and composition of malignant tumor types,mortality,and survival status,and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors in the local area. Methods The case and mortality data of inpatients with malignant tumor from 2010 to 2020 were calculated,and the survival status was collected by follow-up.The composition,different pathological stage,composition and sequential changes of malignant tumors,as well as survival rates of the 1-year,3-year and 5-year were analyzed. Results A total of 111,418 patients with malignant tumor were admitted to the hospital from 2010 to 2020.Breast cancer accounted for 20.67% of inpatients,followed by lung cancer,thyroid cancer,cervical cancer and gastric cancer; The leading cause of malignant tumor death was lung cancer(accounting for 26.70%),followed by gastric cancer,esophageal cancer,liver cancer and colorectal cancer.The 1-year,3-year,and 5-year survival rates were 87.20%,65.80% and 57.20%,respectively.The overall survival rates of patients with stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ malignant tumors were significantly higher than those of patients with stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ(P=0.003). Conclusion Breast cancer,lung cancer,thyroid cancer,cervical cancer and gastric cancer are the high incidence of malignant tumors in Xinjiang,among which thyroid cancer,breast cancer,and cervical cancer have a higher 5-year survival rate.Early screening,diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors should be strengthened,and prevention strategies and resource allocation should be adjusted in time according to the distribution of malignant tumors to reduce the incidence and mortality of malignant tumor and improve the health level of people in Xinjiang.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of β-elemene on the biological behavior of endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells and its mechanism of action. Methods Different concentrations(0,50,100,150,200,250,300 μg/mL)of β-elemene were used to treat Ishikawa cells.The cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay to calculate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC₅₀)of β-elemene and to determining low,medium,and high treatment concentrations.A 0 μg/mL of β-elemene was set up a blank control group and 2 μg/mL of cisplatin for a positive control group.The apoptotic rate was detected using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining.The scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the abilities of cell migration and invasion.Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway related proteins in Ishikawa cells. Results β-Elemene significantly inhibited the proliferation of Ishikawa cells in a dose-dependent manner.The IC₅₀ values of β-elemene at 24 and 48 hours were 168.9 μg/mL and 157.1 μg/mL,respectively.β-Elemene induced apoptosis in Ishikawa cells and after treatment with β-elemene at 0,85,170,and 255 μg/mL for 24 hours,the apoptotic rates of Ishikawa cells were(9.41±0.52)%,(16.67±0.25)%,(21.27±0.30)% and(25.55±0.89)%,respectively.There was a statistically significant difference in multiple comparisons between groups(P＜0.001).β-Elemene inhibited the migration and invasion ability of Ishikawa cells,and the inhibitory effects increased with concentration(P＜0.001).In addition,β-elemene reduced the levels of PI3K,p-PI3K,mTOR and p-mTOR proteins in Ishikawa cells(P＜0.05),and the expression of p-PI3K and p-mTOR proteins showed a significant concentration dependence,and β-elemene at the 255 μg/mL of group showed a significant reduction in the expression of PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt and p-mTOR when compared to the 0 μg/mL of β-elemene group(P＜0.001). Conclusion β-Elemene can inhibit the proliferation,migration,and invasion of endometrial cancer Ishikawa cells,promote their apoptosis,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibitory activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Ishikawa cells.

Objective The aim of this study was to identify macrophage related genes(MRGs)in liver cancer and construct a prognostic risk prediction model for liver cancer. Methods The liver cancer scRNA-seq data from the GEO database were downloaded to identify genes specifically expressed in macrophages as MRGs.The GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses on MRGs were conducted.In the TCGA-LIHC dataset of the TCGA database,multiple random sampling single factor Cox regression for single-factor Cox regression,LASSO regression,and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to identify MRGs for liver cancer prognosis prediction,and a liver cancer prognostic prediction model was constructed. Results The results obtained 8 major cell types,including those containing macrophages through clustering using scRNA-seq data from the GEO database.The proportion of macrophages in the immune microenvironment of liver cancer was significantly higher than that of normal tissues(P=0.016),and genes such as SPP1,RNASE1,and MMP9 were highly expressed.Multiple metabolic pathways,including purine metabolism,citric acid cycle,and drug metabolism cytochrome P450 were activated in liver cancer-associated macrophages.This study identified 777 MRGs from liver cancer scRNA-seq(LogFC＞0.25,P＜0.05),which mainly involved in functions such as actin binding and regulation of immune receptor activity.Seven MRGs,including ATP1B3,ATP6V0B,HBEGF,KLF2,NR1H3,RAB10,and SPP1 were selected from the 169 stable prognostic genes(P＜0.05)for the construction of the prognosis model.The AUC values for the 1,3,and 5-year survival outcomes of the model in the TCGA liver cancer cohort were 0.791,0.791,and 0.751,respectively.In the validation ICGC cohort,they were 0.614,0.682,and 0.688,respectively,demonstrating good predictive performance.In liver cancer patients with high prognosis risk scores,the expression of macrophages M0,neutrophils,and regulatory T cells was higher(P＜0.05),and immunosuppression and immune activation coexisted. Conclusion Liver cancer MRGs can serve as potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of liver cancer patients.These liver cancer MRGs are mainly associated with actin binding,immune receptor activity,and infiltration of various immune cells.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum miRNA-24 (miR-24) and miRNA-509 (miR-509) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Ninety-four HCC patients (HCC group) who visited Suining Central Hospital in Sichuan province from January 2019 to October 2020 were selected,and 90 healthy subjects (control group) who underwent the physical examination center at the same time were selected.The expression of miR-24 and miR-509 in human liver cancer cell lines and the serum of participants in the two groups was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).The correlation between miR-24 and miR-509 levels and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of HCC was analyzed. Results The expression of miR-24 in the serum of HCC patients was significantly higher than that of the control group (3.19±0.29vs. 0.66 ± 0.20),(t=-68.601,P＜0.01),and the expression of miR-509 was significantly lower than that of the control group(0.74±0.27vs. 1.24 ± 0.28),(t=12.331,P＜0.01).The expression of miR-24 in serum was positively correlated with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level,metastasis,and TNM stage (r=0.821,0.510,0.762,P＜0.01),and negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation (r=-0.771,P＜0.01).The expression of miR-509 in serum was negatively correlated with AFP level,metastasis and TNM stage (r=-0.820,-0.506,-0.766,P＜0.01),and negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation (r=0.775,P＜0.01). Conclusion The expression of serum mir-24 is up-regulated in HCC patients,while the expression of serum mir-509 is down-regulated.Both of them are closely related to HCC metastasis and malignancy.Clinical testing of serum miR-24 and miR-509 levels in patients can help diagnose and evaluate the condition of HCC.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the short-term efficacy and adverse reactions of nituzumab combined with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy and bevacizumab combined with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer. Methods A total of 100 locally advanced cervical cancer patients with pathological type of squamous cell carcinoma were collected from 1 September 2020 to 31 December 2021.They were divided into a control group(synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy group),a nituzumab group(nituzumab combined synchronous radiotherapy group)and a bevacizumab group(bevacizumab combined synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy group).The total effective rate of short-term treatment,changes in tumor volume before and after treatment,serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC)levels before and after treatment,and adverse reactions after treatment were compared among patients of the three groups. Results The short-term total effective rates of the Nitro group,Bevar group and control group were 90.3%,87.2% and 60.0%,respectively.The total effective rates of the Nitro and Bevar groups were significantly higher than those of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in the total effective rates of the Nitro and Bevar groups(P＞0.05);The degree of tumor volume reduction and SCC reduction in the Nituo group and Bevac group after treatment was higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).The incidence of hypertension in the Bevar group was 33.4%,significantly higher than that in the control group(10.0%)and the Nitro group(12.9%)(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of hypertension between the Nito group and the control group(P＞0.05);There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among the three groups except hypertension(P＞0.05). Conclusion Nituzumab combined with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy,as well as bevacizumab combined with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy,can improve the short-term efficacy of locally advanced cervical cancer,effectively reduce tumor volume and inhibit the expression of tumor markers,both of which are superior to synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone.Compared to bevacizumab,nituzumab has fewer adverse reactions.For patients with locally advanced cervical cancer,the combination of nituzumab and concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy is more reliable in terms of safety.

Objective Bioinformatics techniques were used to analyze the key genes that affect the survival of patients with breast cancer,so as to provide theoretical basis for the prognosis evaluation and targeted therapy of breast cancer. Methods The differentially expressed genes between breast cancer samples and normal breast samples were screened by TCGA database,enriched and analyzed by gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome(KEGG).The protein-protein interaction network was constructed and the key genes were screened.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to find and verify the genes that might be used as potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer,and to explore the correlation between prognostic target genes and molecular typing and staging.The Timer database was used to analyze the correlation between prognosis-related target genes and immune cell infiltration. Results A total of 1,285 differentially expressed genes were screened,including 318 up-regulated genes and 967 down-regulated genes(|log₂FC| ≥1,P＜0.05).Differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions,PI3K-AKT signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,and so on.A total of 10 key genes(AURKB,CDC20,CCNA2,NCAPG,BUB1,TOP2A,BUB1B,CCNB1,CDK1,and KIF11)were screened from the protein interaction network.Among them,the expression of CCNA2,NCAPG and BUB1 in breast cancer tissues were higher than those in normal tissues.Their high expression was associated with the poor prognosis of patient's overall survival(P＜0.05),and was significantly associated with the molecular typing and staging of breast cancer.The results of immune infiltration showed a significant correlation between the expression of CCNA2,NCAPG,BUB1 and the infiltration of immune cells such as B lymphocytes,CD8⁺T lymphocytes,neutrophils,dendritic cells and other immune cells. Conclusion CCNA2,NCAPG and BUB1 may be key genes in the occurrence and development of breast cancer,and their high expression is related to poor prognosis of breast cancer patients,which can be used as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer.

Ovarian cancer is a common malignant tumor in the female reproductive system, and its pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms are extremely complex and still unclear. Fatty acid metabolism mainly involves the processes of fatty acid uptake, synthesis, and oxidation. Previous studies have shown that fatty acid metabolism plays a unique role in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. Therefore, this article reviews existing literature and delves into the correlation between fatty acid metabolism and ovarian cancer, aiming to provide new perspectives and reflections on the mechanism of fatty acid metabolism and targeted treatment of ovarian cancer.

Thyroid cancer(TC)is an inert tumor,with a high proportion of patients undergoing lymph node metastasis(LNM),and a high recurrence rate after metastasis,resulting in a poor clinical prognosis.The key to solving this problem is to find non-invasive biomarkers with high specificity.Extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in intercellular communication and epigenetic regulation by transporting genetic material.TC tumor cells can transfer genetic information to the tumor microenvironment through miRNA in exosomes,changing the surrounding microenvironment into an environment suitable for tumor growth,thereby promoting proliferation and migration of TC.This article will review the role and application prospects of extracellular miRNAs in the early diagnosis of TC metastasis in recent years,to provide a reference for exploring biomarkers of TC.

Malignant tumors is one of the main threats to human health,and their treatment is also one of the main factors that increase the socio-economic burden.Patients with malignant tumors have a high mortality and extremely poor prognosis.Therefore,it is crucial to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients with malignant tumors.miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs,which play an important role in the proliferation,differentiation,migration,and apoptosis of tumor cells by participating in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.In recent years,researchers have gradually begun to study the expression and role of miR-192-5p in malignant tumors.This paper will review the research progress of miR-192-5p mechanism in different malignant tumors.

Gliomas,as the most common central nervous system tumors,still have a poor prognosis for patients after comprehensive treatment with surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy.The occurrence,development,invasion and treatment resistance of tumors are closely related to the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment.Macrophages/microglia are the main immune-infiltrating cells in the microenvironment of gliomas,and significant progress has been made in their research in recent years,providing new ideas for the treatment of gliomas.This article reviews the research progress of macrophages/microglia in the microenvironment of glioma.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) can benefit from immunotherapy because of its higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Although immunotherapy has made breakthroughs as an important treatment strategy for TNBC, recent clinical data suggest that a proportion of patients exhibit resistance to immunotherapy, or those who are effective in treatment experience further recurrence or progression. The main reason for these poor prognosis is complex internal or external immune escape mechanisms, which may be caused by abnormal antigen presentation, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, interactions with other immune checkpoints, and abnormal activation of tumor cell signaling. However, the research on the resistance mechanism of TNBC immunotherapy is still incomplete. This article will provide a review of the challenges faced by immunotherapy and the potential mechanisms of TNBC develops resistance to immunotherapy.

Breast cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with high heterogeneity.Chemotherapy is one of the important treatments for advanced breast cancer or postoperative breast cancer.However,the emergence of secondary drug resistance weakens the effectiveness of chemotherapy,leading to a poor prognosis for patients.In recent years,more and more studies have shown that non-coding RNA(ncRNA)can promote breast cancer chemotherapy resistance by regulating cell proliferation,tumor stem cell characteristics,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other processes.This article reviews the research on the mechanism of ncRNA-mediated chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer.