Abstract Natural gas hydrates have represented a huge resource potential as an alternative fossil fuel. It is the focus of the world that how to scientifically estimate,and safely and economically extract natural gas hydrates. Based on systematic analysis of the four development stages of global gas hydrate research and the author's research experience on natural gas hydrates in the South China Sea for nearly 20 years,multiple difficulties have been cleared including complicated tectonic and sedimentary setting,various depositional processes and types,and difficulty of characterization for the natural gas hydrates in the South China Sea. This paper points out six geological issues and bottlenecks faced by natural gas hydrate research in the South China Sea: Genetic correlation of the sequence divisions in the Neogene,thickness of the stable zone and the hydrate accumulation mechanism,hydrodynamic complex on the shelf margins and variable sedimentary systems,hydrate distribution and sedimentation response,controlling of structure movements to the gas hydrates,and hydrate accumulation model and identification evaluation system. Advantages and disadvantages of the current gas hydrate resource estimation process and the key theoretical and technical problems are also discussed in this study. From the geological points,possibility and prospect of the expected arrival of gas hydrate as an alternative energy source,as well as the geological characteristics of the South China Sea and the distribution law of natural gas hydrates have been answered. All above,this study clarifies that the natural gas hydration research is not unrealistically or mandatory pessimism.
Fund:Financially supported by the China Geological Survey Project (No. GZH2011003-005-02-02)
About author: Yu Xing-He,born in 1958,is a professor and director of Ph.D. candidate. He is mainly engaged in reservoir sedimentology and analysis of petroliferous basins,hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and modeling techniques,analysis of marine hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and resource evaluation. E-mail: billyu@cugb.edu.cn.
Cite this article:
Yu Xing-He,Fu Chao,Hua Gan-Lin et al. Future alternative energy: Challenges and prospects of natural gas hydrate[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(1): 107-126.
Yu Xing-He,Fu Chao,Hua Gan-Lin et al. Future alternative energy: Challenges and prospects of natural gas hydrate[J]. JOPC, 2019, 21(1): 107-126.
1 陈多福,苏正,冯东,Lawrence M Cathles.2005. 海底天然气渗漏系统水合物成藏过程及控制因素. 热带海洋学报, 24(3): 38-46. [Chen D F,Su Z,Feng D,Lawrence M Cathles.2005. Formation and its controlling factors of gas hydrate reservoir in marine gas vent system. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 24(3): 38-46] 2 陈芳,周洋,苏新,陆红锋,刘广虎,庄畅. 2010. 南海神狐海域含水合物层底栖有孔虫群落结构与同位素组成. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 30(2): 1-8. [Chen F,Zhou Y,Su X,Lu H F,Liu G H,Zhuang C.2010. Benthic foraminifera and stable isotopic composition of gas hydrate-bearing sediments from Shenhu area in the northern South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 30(2): 1-8] 3 陈芳,周洋,吴聪,刘坚,苏新,庄畅,陆红锋,余少华,段虓,荆夏. 2017. 珠江口盆地东部陆坡末次冰期天然气水合物—冷泉活动的记录与时间. 地学前缘, 24(4): 66-77. [Chen F,Zhou Y,Wu C,Liu J,Su X,Zhuang C,Lu H F,Yu S H,Duan X,Jing X.2017. Records and timing of gas hydrate and cold seep activity during the last glacial period from the east of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 24(4): 66-77] 4 丛晓荣,吴能友,苏明,杨睿,乔少华,毛小平. 2014. 天然气水合物资源量估算研究进展及展望. 新能源进展, 2(6): 462-470. [Cong X R,Wu N Y,Su M,Yang R,Qiao S H,Mao X P.2014. New progress and outlook of potential resources volume of natural gas hydrate. Advances in New and Renewable Energy, 2(6): 462-470] 5 戴金星,倪云燕,黄士鹏,彭威龙,韩文学,龚德瑜,魏伟. 2017. 中国天然气水合物气的成因类型. 石油勘探与开发, 44(6): 837-848. [Dai J X,Ni Y Y,Huang S P,Peng W L,Han W X,Gong D Y,Wei W.2017. Genetic types of gas hydrates in China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 44(6): 837-848] 6 付超,于兴河,金丽娜,董亦思,单新,何玉林. 2017a. 琼东南盆地莺歌海组重力流沉积演化过程. 沉积学报, 35(3): 552-560. [Fu C,Yu X H,Jin L N,Dong Y S,Shan X,He Y L.2017. Sedimentary evolution of gravity flow disposition of Yinggehai Formation in Qiongdongnan Basin. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 35(3): 552-560] 7 付超,于兴河,梁金强,何玉林,匡增桂,金丽娜. 2017b. 南海北部神狐海域不同类型水道及其天然气水合物成藏的差异. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 37(6): 168-177. [Fu C,Yu X H,Liang J Q,He Y L,Kuang Z G,Jin L N.2017b. Types of seabottom channels and related gas hydrate acculations in Shenhu area,South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 37(6): 168-177] 8 付超,于兴河,何玉林,梁金强,匡增桂,董亦思,金丽娜. 2018. 南海北部神狐海域峡谷层序结构差异与控制因素. 现代地质, 32(4): 807-818. [Fu C,Yu X H,He Y L,Liang J Q,Kuang Z G,Dong Y S,Jin L N.2018. Stratigraphic and structural differences and their controls in the Shenhu Submarine Canyon,Northern South China Sea. Geoscience, 32(4): 807-818] 9 葛倩,王家生,向华,甘华阳,胡高伟. 2004. 海底天然气水合物资源量计算及环境效应评估. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 24(4): 127-133. [Ge Q,Wang J S,Xiang H,Gan H Y,Hu G W.2004. Calculation of petential volume of gas hydrate and its environmental effects. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 24(4): 127-133] 10 葛倩,王家生,向华,胡高伟. 2006. 南海天然气水合物稳定带厚度及资源量估算. 地球科学, 31(2): 245-249. [Ge Q,Wang J S,Xiang H,Hu G W.2006. Computation of thickness of gas hydrate stability zone and potential volume of gas hydrate in South China Sea. Earth Science, 31(2): 245-249] 11 龚跃华,吴时国,张光学,王宏斌,梁金强,郭依群,沙志彬. 2008. 南海东沙海域天然气水合物与地质构造的关系. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 28(1): 99-104. [Gong Y H,Wu S G,Zhang G X,Wang H B,Liang J Q,Guo Y Q,Sha Z B.2008. Relation between gas hydrate and geologic structures in Dongsha islands sea area of South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 28(1): 99-104] 12 龚再升. 2004. 中国近海含油气盆地新构造运动和油气成藏. 石油与天然气地质, 25(2): 133-138. [Gong Z S.2004. Neotectonic movement and hydrocarbon accumulation in petroliferous basins,offshore China. Oil & Gas Geology, 25(2): 133-138] 13 何家雄,祝有海,陈胜红,崔莎莎,马文宏. 2009. 天然气水合物成因类型及成矿特征与南海北部资源前景. 天然气地球科学, 20(2): 66-70. [He J X,Zhu Y H,Chen S H,Cui S S,Ma W H.2009. Genetic types and mineralization characteristics of gas hydrate and resources potential of northern South China Sea. Natural Gas Geoscience, 20(2): 66-70] 14 何家雄,马文宏,祝有海,龚晓峰. 2011. 南海北部边缘盆地天然气成因类型及运聚规律与勘探新领域. 海洋地质前沿, 27(4): 1-10. [He J X,Ma W H,Zhu Y H,Gong X F.2011. Genetic types,migration and accumulation of gas in the north marginal basins of South China Sea and new exploration targets. Marine Geology Frontiers, 27(4): 1-10] 15 何家雄,颜文,祝有海,胡扬,张景茹,龚晓峰. 2013. 全球天然气水合物成矿气体成因类型及气源构成与主控因素. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 33(2): 121-128. [He J X,Yan W,Zhu Y H,Hu Y,Zhang J R,Gong X F.2013. Genetic types of gas hydrate in the world and their main controlling factors. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 33(2): 121-128] 16 何丽娟,汪集旸. 2007. 沉积盆地构造热演化研究进展: 回顾与展望. 地球物理学进展, 22(4): 1215-1219. [He L J,Wang J Y.2007. Tectono-thermal modeling of sedimentary basins: Review and outlook. Progress in Geophysics, 22(4): 1215-1219] 17 姜辉,于兴河,徐文世. 2005. 天然气水合物研究进展. 海洋地质前沿, 21(12): 20-25. [Jiang H,Yu X H,Xu W S.2005. Research progress of natural gas hydrate. Marine Geology Frontiers, 21(12): 20-25] 18 金春爽,汪集旸,张光学. 2005. 南海天然气水合物稳定带的影响因素. 矿床地质, 24(4): 388-397. [Jin C S,Wang J Y,Zhang G X.2005. Factors affecting natural gas hydrate stability zone in the South China Sea. Mineral Deposits, 24(4): 388-397] 19 金庆焕. 2000. 天然气水合物: 未来的新能源. 中国工程科学, 2(11): 29-34. [Jin Q H.2000. Gas hydrate: A new future energy. Engineering Science, 2(11): 29-34] 20 匡增桂,郭依群. 2011. 南海北部神狐海域新近系以来沉积相及水合物成藏模式. 地球科学, 36(5): 914-920. [Kuang Z G,Guo Y Q.2011. The sedimentary facies and gas hydrate accumulation models since neogene of Shenhu sea area,northern South China Sea. Earth Science, 36(5): 914-920] 21 雷怀彦,王先彬,房玄,郑艳红. 1999a. 天然气水合物研究现状与未来挑战. 沉积学报, 17(3): 493-498. [Lei H Y,Wang X B,Fang X,Zheng Y H.1999a. Research status and future challenges of natural gas hydrate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 17(3): 493-498] 22 雷怀彦,王先彬,郑艳红,张中宁,周晓峰. 1999b. 天然气水合物地质前景. 沉积学报,17(s1): 846-853. [Lei H Y,Wang X B,Zheng Y H,Zhang Z N,Zhou X F.1999b. Geological prospects of natural gas hydrate. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,17(s1): 846-853] 23 李鹏龙,王卫强,刘钊. 2015. 天然气水合物开采技术研究进展. 当代化工, 44(3): 524-526. [Li P L,Wang W Q,Liu Z.2015. Research progress in gas hydrate mining technologies. Contemporary Chemical Industry, 44(3): 524-526] 24 李胜利,于兴河,姜平,李茂,李茂文,晋剑利,黄国政,黄月银. 2010. 琼东南盆地崖13-1气田陵三段沉积微相对储层非均质性及流动单元划分的影响. 地学前缘, 17(4): 160-166. [Li S L,Yu X H,Jiang P,Li M,Li M W,Jin J L,Huang G Z,Huang Y Y.2010. The influence of depositional facies on reservoir heterogeneities and flowing zone division in the 3rd member of lingshui formation of Ya13-1 gas field in QDN Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 17(4): 160-166] 25 刘广志. 2005. 天然气水合物:未来新能源及其勘探开发难度. 自然杂志, 27(5): 259-263. [Liu G Z.2005. Natural gas hydrate: The future energy resource and it's prospecting and development difficulties. Chinese Journal of Nature, 27(5): 258-263] 26 刘俊杰,马贵阳,潘振,刘培胜. 2014. 天然气水合物开采理论及开采方法分析. 当代化工, 43(11): 2293-2296. [Liu J J,Ma G Y,Pan Z,Liu P S.2014. Analysis on the mining theory and methods of natural gas hydrate. Contemporary Chemical Industry, 43(11): 2293-2296] 27 刘学伟,李敏锋,张聿文,张光学,吴能友,黄永样,王宏斌. 2005. 天然气水合物地震响应研究: 中国南海HD152测线应用实例. 现代地质, 19(1): 33-38. [Liu X W,Li M F,Zhang Y W,Zhang G X,Wu N Y,Huang Y Y,Wang H B.2005. Studies of seismic characteristics about gas hydrate: A case study of line HD152 in the South China Sea. Geoscience, 19(1): 33-38] 28 卢振权,吴必豪,金春爽. 2007. 天然气水合物资源量的一种估算方法: 以南海北部陆坡为例. 石油实验地质, 29(3): 319-323. [Lu Z Q,Wu B H,Jin C S.2007. A method for gas hydrate resource estimation: An example of preliminary estimation of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope South China Sea. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 29(3): 319-323] 29 芦阳,孙晓明,徐莉. 2012. 南海东北部沉积物中自生黄铁矿的形成过程. 矿床地质,31(s1): 435-436. [Lu Y,Sun X M,Xu L.2012. Formation of authigenic pyrite in sediments of the northeastern South China Sea. Mineral Deposits,31(s1): 435-436] 30 陆红锋,刘坚,陈芳,廖志良,孙晓明,苏新. 2005. 南海台西南区碳酸盐岩矿物学和稳定同位素组成特征: 天然气水合物存在的主要证据之一. 地学前缘, 12(3): 268-276. [Lu H F,Liu J,Chen F,Liao Z L,Sun X M,Su X.2005. Mineralogy and stable isotopic composition of authigenic carbonates in bottom sediments in the offshore area of southwest Taiwan,South China Sea: Evidence for gas hydrates occurrence. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(3): 268-276] 31 马在田,宋海斌,孙建国. 2000. 海洋天然气水合物的地球物理探测高新技术. 地球物理学进展, 15(3): 1-6. [Ma Z T,Song H B,Sun J G.2000. Geophysical prospecting high technologies of marine gas hydrates. Progress in Geophysics, 15(3): 1-6] 32 蒲晓强,钟少军,于雯泉,陶小晚. 2006. 南海北部陆坡NH-1孔沉积物中自生硫化物及其硫同位素对深部甲烷和水合物存在的指示. 科学通报, 51(24): 2874-2880. [Pu X Q,Zhong S J,Yu W Q,Tao X W.2006. Indication of the presence of deep methane and hydrate in slope NH-1 hole sediments in northern South China Sea and its sulfur isotopes. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(24): 2874-2880] 33 秦成岗,施和生,张忠涛,高鹏,徐徽,屈亮,刘道理. 2011. 珠江口盆地番禺低隆起—白云凹陷北坡SQ21.0层序陆架坡折带沉积特征及油气勘探潜力. 中国海上油气, 23(1): 14-18. [Qin C G,Shi H S,Zhang Z T,Gao P,Xu H,Qu L,Liu D L.2011. Sedimentary characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration potential along the SQ21.0 sequence shelf-break zone on Panyu low-uplift and the north slope of Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 23(1): 14-18] 34 沙志彬,郭依群,杨木壮,梁金强,王力峰. 2009. 南海北部陆坡区沉积与天然气水合物成藏关系. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 29(5): 89-98. [Sha Z B,Guo Y Q,Yang M Z,Liang J Q,Wang L F.2009. Relation between sedimentation and gas hydrate reservoirs in the northern slope of South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 29(5): 89-98] 35 苏明,沙志彬,匡增桂,乔少华,梁金强,杨睿,吴能友,丛晓荣. 2015a. 海底峡谷侵蚀—沉积作用与天然气水合物成藏. 现代地质, 29(1): 155-162. [Su M,Sha Z B,Kuang Z G,Qiao S H,Liang J Q,Yang R,Wu N Y,Cong X R.2015a. Erosion and sedimentation of the submarine canyons and the relationship with gas hydrate accumulation. Geoscience, 29(1): 155-162] 36 苏明,沙志彬,乔少华,杨睿,吴能友,丛晓荣,刘杰. 2015b. 南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物钻探区第四纪以来的沉积演化特征. 地球物理学报, 58(8): 2975-2985. [Su M,Sha Z B,Qiao S H,Yang R,Wu N Y,Cong X R,Liu J.2015b. Sedimentary evolution since Quaternary in the Shenhu hydrate drilling area,northern South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(8): 2975-2985] 37 苏新,陈芳,魏士平,张勇,程思海,陆红锋,黄永样. 2007. 南海北部冷泉区沉积物中微生物丰度与甲烷浓度变化关系的初步研究. 现代地质, 21(1): 101-104. [Su X,Chen F,Wei S P,Zhang Y,Cheng S H,Lu H F,Huang Y Y.2007. Preliminary study on the correlation between microbial abundance and methane concentration in sediments from cold seeps in the northern South China Sea. Geoscience, 21(1): 101-104] 38 孙成权,朱岳年. 1994.21世纪能源与环境的前沿问题: 天然气水合物. 地球科学进展, 9(6): 49-52. [Sun C Q,Zhu Y N.1994. Frontier problems of energy and environment in the 21st century: Natural gas hydrate. Advance in Earth Sciences, 9(6): 49-52] 39 孙运宝,赵铁虎,蔡峰. 2013. 国外海域天然气水合物资源量评价方法对中国的启示. 海洋地质前沿, 29(1): 27-35. [Sun Y B,Zhao T H,Cai F.2013. Enlightenment to China from the assessment method of natural gas hydrate resources in foreign sea areas. Marine Geology Frontiers, 29(1): 27-35] 40 唐良广,李刚,冯自平,樊栓狮. 2006a. 热力法开采天然气水合物的数学模拟. 天然气工业, 26(10): 105-107. [Tang L G,Li G,Feng Z P,Fan S S.2006. Mathematical simulation of gas hydrate exploitation by thermal method. Natural Gas Industry, 26(10): 105-107] 41 唐良广,冯自平,李小森,樊栓狮. 2006b. 海洋渗漏型天然气水合物开采的新模式. 能源工程, 1(1): 15-18. [Tang G L,Feng Z P,Li X S,Fan S S.2006. A new production method for offshore seep gas hydrate reservoir. Energy Engineering, 1(1): 15-18] 42 汪集旸,黄少鹏. 1988. 中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编. 地质科学,23(2): 196-204. [Wang J Y,Huang S P.1998. Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 23(2): 196-204] 43 王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮,梁金强,梁劲,钟广见. 2003. 南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,23(1):81-86. [Wang H B,Zhang G X,Yang M Z,Liang J Q,Liang J,Zhong G J.2003. Structural circumstance of gas hydrate deposition in continent margin,the South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 23(1): 81-86] 44 王宏语,孙春岩,张洪波,牛滨华. 2005. 西沙海槽潜在天然气水合物成因及形成地质模式. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 25(4): 85-91. [Wang H Y,Sun C Y,Zhang H B,Niu B H.2005. Origin and genetic modl of potential gas hydrates in Xisha Trough,South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 25(4): 85-91] 45 王淑红,宋海斌,颜文. 2005. 全球与区域天然气水合物中天然气资源量估算. 地球物理学进展, 20(4): 1145-1154. [Wang S H,Song H B,Yan W.2005. The global and regional estimation of gas resource quantity in gas hydrates. Progress in Geophysics, 20(4): 1145-1154] 46 王秀娟,吴时国,刘学伟. 2006. 天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素. 地球物理学报, 49(2): 504-511. [Wang X J,Wu S G,Liu X W.2006. Factors affecting the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 49(2): 504-511] 47 吴能友,陈弘,蔡秋蓉,王宏斌. 2003. 科学大洋钻探与天然气水合物. 地球科学进展, 18(5): 753-758. [Wu N Y,Chen H,Cai Q R,Wang H B.2003. Scientific ocean drilling and gas hydrates. Advance in Earth Sciences, 18(5): 753-758] 48 吴时国,孙启良,董冬冬. 2008. 深水盆地中多边形断层的几何特征与形成机制探讨. 地质力学学报, 14(3): 42-51. [Wu S G,Sun Q L,Dong D D.2008. The feometrical characteristics and formation mechanism of polygonal faults in deep-water basin. Journal of Geomechanics, 14(3): 42-51] 49 吴志强,文丽,童思友,闫桂京. 2007. 海域天然气水合物的地震研究进展. 地球物理学进展, 22(1): 218-227. [Wu Z Q,Wen L,Tong S Y,Yan G J.Advances in seismic researches on natural gas hydrate in ocean. Progress in Geophysics, 22(1): 218-227] 50 谢利华,林畅松,周彤,张博,崔立叶. 2009. 珠江口盆地番禺低隆起油气成藏条件分析. 天然气工业, 29(1): 30-34. [Xie L H,Lin C S,Zhou T,Zhang B,Cui L Y.2009. An analysis of hydrocarbon pooling conditions in Fanyu low uplift in the Pearl River Mouth basin. Natural Gas Industry, 29(1): 30-34] 51 徐海良,林良程,吴万荣,吴波. 2011. 海底天然气水合物绞吸式开采方法研究. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 50(3): 48-52. [Xu H L,Lin L C,Wu W R,Wu B.2011. Cutter-suction exploitation mode of marine gas hydrate. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 50(3): 48-52] 52 徐宁,吴时国,王秀娟,郭军华. 2006. 东海冲绳海槽陆坡天然气水合物的地震学研究. 地球物理学进展, 21(2): 564-571. [Xu N,Wu S G,Wang X J,Guo J H.2006. Seismic study of the gas hydrate in the continental slope of the Okinawa Trough,east China sea. Process in Geophysics, 21(2): 564-571] 53 许威,邱楠生,孙长宇,陈光进. 2010. 不同因素对天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响. 天然气地球科学, 21(3): 528-534. [Xu W,Qiu N S,Sun C Y,Chen G J.2010. Different factors on the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone. Natural Gas Geoscience, 21(3): 528-534] 54 杨胜雄,梁金强,陆敬安,曲长伟,刘博. 2017. 南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物成藏特征及主控因素新认识. 地学前缘, 24(4): 1-14. [Yang S X,Liang J Q,Lu J A,Qu C W,Liu B.2017. New understandings on the characteristics and controlling factors of gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area on the northern slope of the South China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 24(4): 1-14] 55 杨志力,吕福亮,吴时国,范国章,王彬,杨涛涛,鲁银涛. 2013. 西沙海域天然气水合物的地震响应特征及分布. 地球物理学进展, 28(6): 3307-3312. [Yang Z L,Lü F L,Wu S G,Fan G Z,Wang B,Yang T T,Lu Y T.2013. Seismic response and distribution of gas hydrates in the sediments of Xisha waters. Progress in Geophysics, 28(6): 3307-3312] 56 姚伯初,吴能友. 2005. 天然气水合物: 石油天然气的未来替代能源. 地学前缘, 12(1): 45-45. [Yao B C,Wu N Y.2005. Gas hydrate: A future energy resource. Earth Science Frontiers, 12(1): 45-45] 57 姚伯初,曾维军,陈艺中,张锡林. 1994. 南海北部陆缘西部的地壳结构. 海洋学报, 16(3): 86-93. [Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Z,Zhang X L.1994. Crustal structure in Western continental margin in the northern South China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 16(3): 86-93] 58 于翀涵,苏新,Kulhanek D K.2017. 南海北部渐新世钙质超微化石楔石属定量形态变化与演化关系研究. 微体古生物学报,34(3): 247-256. [Yu C H,Su X,Kulhanek D K.2017. Oligocene nannofossil sphenolithus morphometric variation and evolutionary lineage: Records from the northern South China Sea. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,34(3): 247-256] 59 于兴河,张志杰. 2005. 南海北部陆坡区新近系沉积体系特征与天然气水合物分布的关系. 中国地质, 32(3): 470-476. [Yu X H,Zhang Z J.2005. Characteristics of Neogene depositional systems on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and their relationships with gas hydrate. Geology in China, 32(3): 470-476] 60 于兴河,张志杰,苏新,陈芳,李杨. 2004. 中国南海天然气水合物沉积成藏条件初探及其分布. 地学前缘, 11(1): 311-315. [Yu X H,Zhang Z J,Su X,Chen F,Li Y.2004. Primary discussion on accumulation conditions for sedimentation of gas hydrate and its distribution in south China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(1): 311-315] 61 于兴河,王建忠,梁金强,李顺利,曾小明,沙志彬,匡增桂,李文. 2014. 南海北部陆坡天然气水合物沉积成藏特征. 石油学报, 35(2): 253-264. [Yu X H,Wang J Z,Liang J Q,Li S L,Zeng X M,Sha Z B,Kuang Z G,Li W.2014. Depositional accumulation characteristics of gas hydrate in the northern continental slope of South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 35(2): 253-264] 62 于兴河,李胜利,乔亚蓉,高阳. 2016. 南海北部新生代海陆变迁与不同盆地的沉积充填响应. 古地理学报, 18(3): 349-366. [Yu X H,Li S L,Qiao Y R,Gao Y,2016. The Cenozoic changes of seas and lands and sedimentary filling responses of different basins in northern South China Sea. Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition), 18(3): 349-366] 63 张光学,黄永样,祝有海,吴必豪. 2002. 南海天然气水合物的成矿远景. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 22(1): 75-81. [Zhang G X,Huang Y Y,Zhu Y H,Wu B H.2002. Prospect of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 22(1): 75-81] 64 张光学,陈芳,沙志彬,梁金强,苏新,陆红锋. 2017. 南海东北部天然气水合物成藏演化地质过程. 地学前缘, 24(4): 15-23. [Zhang G X,Chen F,Sha Z B,Liang J Q,Su X,Lu H F.2017. The geological evolution process of natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the northeastern South China Sea. Earth Science Frontiers, 24(4): 15-23] 65 张洪涛,张海啟,许振强. 2014. 中国天然气水合物. 中国地质调查, 1(3): 1-6. [Zhang H T,Zhang H Q,Xu Z Q.2014. Natural Gas Hydrate in China. Geological Survey of China, 1(3): 1-6] 66 张焕芝,何艳青,孙乃达,李万平. 2013. 天然气水合物开采技术及前景展望. 石油科技论坛, 32(6): 15-19. [Zhang H Z,He Y Q,Sun N D,Li W P.2013. Natural gas hydrate production technology and outlook of its prospect. Petroleum Technology Forum, 32(6): 15-19] 67 张宁宁,王青,王建君,侯连华,李浩武,李谦. 2018. 近20年世界油气新发现特征与勘探趋势展望. 中国石油勘探, 23(1): 44-53. [Zhang N N,Wang Q,Wang J J,Hou L H,Li H W,Li Q.2018. Characteristics of oil and gas discoveries in recent 20 years and future exploration in the world. China Petroleum Exploration, 23(1): 44-53] 68 张伟,梁金强,苏丕波,尉建功,沙志彬,林霖,梁劲,黄伟. 2018. 南海北部陆坡高饱和度天然气水合物气源运聚通道控藏作用. 中国地质, 45(1): 1-14 [Zhang W,Liang J Q,Su P B,Wei J G,Sha Z B,Lin L,Liang J,Huang W.2018. Migrating pathways ofhydrocarbons and their controlling effects associated with high saturation gas hydrate in Shenhu area,northern South China Sea. Geology in China, 45(1): 1-14] 69 张志杰,于兴河. 2005. 南海西沙海槽典型地震相识别与分析. 海洋地质前沿, 21(1): 40-44. [Zhang Z J,Yu X H.2005. Identification and analysis of typical seismic facies of the Xisha trough in the South China Sea. Marine Geology Frontiers, 21(1): 40-44] 70 赵尔信,蔡家品,贾美玲,张建元. 2009. 海洋深水钻探船及取样技术. 探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),36(s1): 152-154. [Zhao E X,Cai J P,Jia M L,Zhang J Y.2009. Offshore deepwater drilling vessel and sampling technology. Prospecting Engineering(Geotechnical Drilling Engineering),36(s1): 152-154] 71 Berton F,Vesely F F,Berton F,Vesely F F.2016. Seismic expression of depositional elements associated with a strongly progradational shelf margin: Northern Santos Basin,southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 46(4): 585-603. 72 Campbell C J,Labarrere J H,Zhao L.2005. The end of the age of cheap oil.Oil Forum,(4): 32-37. 73 Collett T S,Lee M W.2010. Reservoir characterization of marine and permafrost associated gas hydrate accumulations with downhole well logs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 912(1): 51-64. 74 Dickens G R,Quinby-Hunt M S.1997. Methane hydrate stability in pore water: A simple theoretical approach for geophysical applications. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,102(B1): 773-783. 75 El-Gawad M A,Pirmez C,Cantelli A,Minisini D,Sylvester Z,Imran J.2012.3-D numerical simulation of turbidity currents in submarine canyons off the Niger Delta. Marine Geology, 326: 55-66. 76 Gong C L,Wang Y M,Zhu W L,Li W G,Xu Q.2013. Upper Miocene to Quaternary unidirectionally migrating deep-water channels in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea. AAPG Bulletin, 97(2): 285-308. 77 Grauls D.2001. Gas hydrates: Importance and application in petroleum exploration. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 18(4): 519-523. 78 Hidemasa Kakigami,Gen Inoue,Yousuke Matsukuma,Masaki Minemoto,Akinori Yasutake,Nobuki Oka.2008. System optimization by augmented lagrangian function method for CO2 recovery system. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 34(3): 402-409. 79 Kvenvolden K A.1988. Methane hydrate: A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere. Chemical Geology, 71(1): 41-51. 80 Lee M W,Hutchinson D R,Dillon W P.1993. Method of estimating the amount of in situ,gas hydrates in deep marine sediments. Marine & Petroleum Geology, 10(5): 493-506. 81 Li G,Li X S,Zhang K N,Li B,Zhang Y.2013. Energies: Effects of impermeable boundaries on gas production from hydrate accumulations in the Shenhu Area of the South China Sea. Energies, 6(8): 4078-4096. 82 Makogon Y F,Holditch S A,Makogon T Y.2007. Natural gas-hydrates: A potential energy source for the 21st century. Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 56(1): 14-31. 83 Matsumoto R,Takashi U,Waseda A,Uchida T,Takeya S.2000. Occurrence,structure and composition of natural gas hydrate recovered from the Blake Ridge,ODP Leg 164,Northwest Atlantic. Proc.odp Sci.results, 164(10): 13-28. 84 Moridis G J,Reagan M T,Kim Se-Joon,Keni Zhang.2007. Evaluation of the gas production potential of marine hydrate deposits in the Ulleung Basin of the Korean East Sea. Spe Journal, 14(4): 759-781. 85 Moridis G J,Matthew T.2010. Evaluation of two north slope,Alaska,deposits for potential long term test of gas production from hydrates. AAPG annual meeting, Pacific Section, AAPG. 86 Moridis G J,Sloan E D.2007. Gas production potential of disperse low-saturation hydrate accumulations in oceanic sediments. Energy Conversion & Management, 48(6): 1834-1849. 87 Neal J E,Abreu V,Bohacs K M,Feldman H R,Pederson K H.2016. Accommodation succession(δ A/δ S)sequence stratigraphy: Observational method,utility and insights into sequence boundary formation. Journal of the Geological Society, 173(5): 2015-165. 88 Nissen S S,Hayes D E,Yao B C,Zeng W J,Chen Y Q,Nu X P.1995. Gravity,heat flow,and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension: Northern margin of the South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,100(B11): 447-483. 89 Olabode S O,Adekoya J A.2008. Seismic stratigraphy and development of Avon canyon in Benin(Dahomey)basin,southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 50(5): 286-304. 90 Showstack R.2013. Ocean drilling program investigates hydrate ridge. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 83(39): 430. 91 Silva J,Reyes A,Esparza H.2011. BiFeO3: A review on synthesis,doping and crystal structure. Integrated Ferroelectrics, 126(1): 47-59. 92 Sloan E D.1988. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases. New York: Marcel Dekker, 458. 93 Stoll R D,Bryan G M.2012. Physical properties of sediments containing gas hydrates. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,84(B4): 1629-1634. 94 Stow D A V,Lovell J P B.1979. Contourites: Their recognition in modern and ancient sediments. Earth-Science Reviews, 14(3): 251-291. 95 Tréhu A M,Long P E,Torres M E,Bohrmann G,Rack F R,Collett T S,Goldberg D S,Milkov A V,Riedel M,Schultheiss P,Bangs N L,Barr S R,Borowski W S,Claypool G E,Delwiche M E,Dickens G R,Gracia E,Guerin G,Holland M,Johnson J E,Lee Y J,Liu C S,Su X,Teichert B,Tomaru H,Wagonerneste M,Watanabe M,Weinberger J L.2004. Three-dimensional distribution of gas hydrate beneath southern Hydrate Ridge: Constraints from ODP Leg 2004. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222(3-4): 845-862. 96 Trofimuk A A,Cherskiy N V,Makagon Y F,Tsarev V P.1973. Possible mechanism of the accumulation of natural gas. International Geology Review, 15(9): 1042-1046. 97 Trofimuk A A,Chersky N V,Tsaryov V P.1977. The role of continental glaciation and hydrate formation on petroleum occurrence. The Future Supply of Nature-Made Petroleum and Gas: 919-926. 98 Wang J,Sain K,Wang X,Satyavani N,Wu S.2014. Characteristics of bottom-simulating reflectors for Hydrate-filled fractured sediments in Krishna-Godavari basin,eastern Indian margin. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 122: 515-523. 99 Wang L Y,Xu Z Z,Chen S Y,Yang S Q,Ma Z T.2007. Identity symbol and prospects of hydrate Gas. Marine Science Bulletin, 9(1): 84-96. 100 Wang X C,Pan D Y.2017. Application of AVO attribute inversion technology to gas hydrate identification in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 80(2): 23-31. 101 Wittmann W.1965. Aceto-Iron-Haematoxylin-Chloral Hydrate for Chromosome Staining. Stain Technology, 40(3): 4. 102 Wood Maccckenzie.Chevron oil and gas exploration summary. https: //www.woodmac.com/reports/oil-and-gas-exploration-chevron-oil-and-gas-exploration-summary-16732958/. 103 Wu S,Zhang G,Huang Y,Liang J,Wong H K.2005. Gas hydrate occurrence on the continental slope of the northern south China sea. Marine & Petroleum Geology,22(3):403-412. 104 Yu X H,Wang J Z,Li S L,Fang J N,Jiang L Y,Cong X R,Liang J Q,Sha Z B.2013. The relationship between tectonic subsidence and BSR of upper Neogene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope,South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica, 87(3): 804-818. 105 Yu X H,Wang J Z,Liang J Q,Li S L,Zeng X M,Li W.2014. Depositional characteristics and accumulation model of gas hydrates in northern South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 56: 74-86. 106 Zhang G X,Huang Y Y,Zhu Y H,Bi-Hao W U.2002. Prospect of gas hydrate resources in the south China sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,22(1):75-81. 107 Zhao S J,Ren J F,Zhong G J,Yi H.2012. Structures and dynamic mechanism related to the Dongsha movement at the northern margin of South China Sea. Progress in Geophysics, 27(3): 1008-1019. 108 Zhong G F,Liang J Q,Guo Y Q,Kuang Z G,Su P B,Lin L.2017. Integrated core-log facies analysis and depositional model of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the northeastern continental slope,South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 86: 1159-1172.
