Both the Nantun Formation in the Wuerxun Sag of the Hailaer Basin and the Quantou Formation in the Gudian CO2 Gasfield in the southern Songliao Basin contain abundant dawsonitebearing sandstones. The petrologic characteristics of these sandstones including the framework clastic composition，cements and authigenic minerals and diagenetic paragenesis succession are investigated through polarizering microscope，scanning electron microscope，alizarin redstaining，Xray diffraction，electron probe and INCA energy spectrum analysis etc. The results show that these sandstones are finegrained or finetomediumgrained，poorly to moderately sorted arkoses and lithic arkoses. The dominant cements are secondary quartz overgrowths，authigenic quartz，dawsonite，ankerite and clay minerals. The amount of dawsonite is higher(up to 22％ of the total volume of the sandstones)，either as cements，filling intergrain pores as radial，bunchy，rosette，intricately trichoid，spheric and platy collectives，or as replacement of feldspar and lithic grains with bunchy and platy shapes. Dawsonite is mainly composed of elements such as Na，Al，O，and C according to electron probe and INCA energy spectrum analyses. The paragenetic sequence includes(1)clay mineral coatings;(2)secondary quartz overgrowths，authigenic quartz，authigenic kaolinite;(3)petroleum charging;(4)CO2 charging;(5)dawsonite;and (6)ankerite. The authigenic minerals formed before CO2 charging include secondary quartz overgrowths，authigenic quartz and authigenic kaolinite，while the main cements formed after CO2 charging are dawsonite and ankerite.

The Upper Cambrian Gushan Formation in North China Platform is characterized by abundant deposition of flatpebble limestones(flatpebble conglomerates). The flatpebble  limestone refers to the socalled edgewiselimestone. Based on the systematic investigation of the sedimentology of the Gushan Formation at the Tangwangzhai Section，Shandong Province，8 rock types，namely calcareous shale，nodular micritic limestone，muddy banded micritic limestone，thinbedded micritic limestone，bioturbated micritic limestone，skeletal wackestonepackstone，oolitic grainstone，and flatpebble  limestone，have been recognized in  this formation，and have been grouped into 3 rock associations，which were deposited in the shaly basin，deep subtidal zone and shallow subtidal zone. The characteristics of pebbles and matrix and sedimentary successions indicate different provenances for the  pebbles and matrix，and suggest that flatpebble  limestones in the Gushan Formation were  originated from multiple sedimentary environments. Flatpebble  limestones in the Gushan Formation are grouped into 4 types according to their origins. 1)Both pebbles and matrix were probably formed in situ or transported only for a short distance; 2)Both pebbles and matrix were eroded and transported for a long distance from nearshore regions or experienced a sealevel rising process; 3)Matrix might be transported from nearshore regions，and mixed with pebbles and lime mud formed in situ; 4)Pebbles might be eroded and transported from micritic limestone on far offshore regions，and mixed together with matrix in situ，such as lime mud and skeletal grains.

Detailed analyses of sedimentary facies of the Neogene Xiayoushashan Formation in HongliuquanYuedong area，Qaidam Basin，have been made based on the sequence stratigraphic studies. The alluvial fan，fan deltaic，braided fluvial deltaic，lacustrine and turbidite facies were developed during the deposition of the Xiayoushashan Formation. The development characteristics and distribution of the sedimentary facies were analyzed. The planar distribution of the sedimentary facies was analyzed in detail based on the 4 thirdorder sequences identified. During the deposition of sequenceⅠ，the alluvial fan and fan deltaic facies were developed in the northwestern area，while the central western area was dominated by braided fluvial deltaic facies. During the deposition of sequence Ⅱ，the distribution framework of sedimentary facies is similar as sequence Ⅰ. During the deposition of sequence Ⅲ，the distribution extent of the alluvial fan and fan delta in the northwestern area shrank，while the braided fluvial delta in central western area expanded and the area was larger than that in the former stage. During the deposition of sequence Ⅳ，the alluvial fan was developed in the northwestern area，the braided fluvial delta in the central western area stretched quickly to the east，and the braided fluvial delta front reached the center of the study area. Due to tectonic uplifting，the lacustrine basin experienced an evolution process and the depocenter shifted eastwards during the deposition of the Xiayoushashan Formation.

 The Early Cretaceous relict basins in eastern Heilongjiang Province were filled with the Didao(Peide)Formation，Chengzihe(Qihulin and Yunshan) and Muling(Zhushan)formations and Dongshan Formation from the bottom to the top. The sedimentary facies are dominated by the alluvial fan，(fan)delta,lacustrine facies，marine facies etc. The sedimentary facies analyses indicate that the Didao Formation is mainly composed of alluvial fan and(fan)delta coarsegrained clastic deposits，with intercalation of  volcanic rocks，which shows the sedimentary environment characteristics for early stage of rifting. During the deposition of the Chengzihe(Qihulin and Yunshan)and Muling(Zhushan)formations，the basins were sagging and the presentday relict Sanjiang，Boli，Jixi，Hulin，Ningan and Hegang basins as well as the  Tangyuan faulted Depression formed a uniform neritic depressional basin. The Zhangguangcailing MountainXiaoxinganling Mountain，Dongsanjiang and Wandashan areas are the primary provenances and(fan)deltashallow lakesemilakelacustrine bottom fan facies were mainly developed with several episodes of transgression which were dominantly from the eastern Hulin Basin and the northern Suibin Depression.During the deposition of the Dongshan Formation，the basin obviously shrank and local(fan)deltashallow lake sedimentary facies were developed.

The sedimentary characteristics of the lower part of the Yanchang Formation(Chang 10—Chang 8 oil bearing intervals)are quite different from the middle and upper parts of the Yanchang Formation(Chang 7—Chang 1 oil bearing intervals). During the deposition of the lower part of the Yanchang Formation，the western and southwestern areas of the basin were characterized by a gentle topography and the deposition was dominated by the braided fluvial，braided fluvial deltaic and coastalshallow lacustrine facies. The content of chemically unstable components was relatively higher in clastic rocks. The depositional framework changed greatly during the deposition of Chang 7 interval of the Yanchang Formation. The sedimentary systems changed to alluvial fan and fan delta in the west and southwest. The size of the downwarping depression increased quickly and semideep and deep lakes covered an area of over 10×10.4 km2. Simultaneously，the depocenter of the Ordos Basin was shifted tens of kilometers southwestwards. The component maturity of the clastic rocks increased and the rock combination was obviously different in the west and east dispersal tracts of sediments. Furthermore，analyses of  the distribution of the tuffs in the  Yanchang Formation indicate that the tuffs are steadily distributed in the basal part of Chang 7 interval of the Yanchang Formation and they were derived from the syndepositional volcanism. Their thickness decreased from the southwest to the northeast. These analyses indicate that the latest depositional period of Chang 8 interval of the Yanchang Formation is an important transitional stage in the basins sedimentary evolution. A strong tectonic movement occurred in the western margin and southwestern margin of the basin and volcanic activities took place  frequently.  These events represent the first episode  of the Indosinian Movement.

 This paper firstly proposed that tempestites were developed in the Members 2 and 3 of Lower Permian  Xiashihezi Formation in the Daniudi Gasfield in the Ordos Basin. The previous studies indicated that the two members were dominated by fluvial sedimentary system. However，the discovery of tempestites proved that lacustrine facies was also developed in the study area. During the deposition of the Members 2 and 3，the lake was wide and shallow，the topography was gentle, and shallow lacustrine facies was developed. Storm currents are easily formed in this setting. On the basis of core observation and granularity analyses， sedimentary structures of tempestites were identified and they were widely developed in the study area. They  include truncated structure，gutter cast，hummocky crossbedding and scouring surface etc. The cumulative probability curves and sedimentary structures reflect that the transportation medium was characterized by the combination of tractive current and gravity flow. The ideal vertical sequence of the tempestites in the study area is a Boumalike sequence，namely as: A,graded and massive bedding segment; B,parallel bedding segment; C,hummocky cross bedding segment; D,Ripple bedding segment; E,mudstone segment. The tempestite is a typical marker of lacustrine facies，therefore，the proposition of tempestites gives some new viewpoints in identifying sedimentary facies types of the study area and has an important significance for reconstructing the palaeogeography of the Xiashihezi Formation.

Eleven geographic units，corresponding mainly to different allochthonous continental masses(plates and terranes)in the Ordovician in China，are divided on the basis of evidence from regional tectonics，palaeogeography and stratigraphy. The paper is aimed at defining the boundaries of geographic units. Units or regions now in close proximity were distantly separated during the Ordovician. Except for the southern boundary of the North China Region and the northern boundary of the South China Region，which are well demarcated by the coeval intervening Qinling mobile belt，boundaries of most other regions have to be delimited by the conjunctional zones，along which tectonic amalgamations took place after the Ordovician. In detecting boundaries between the Northern Xinjiang/Central TianshanBeishan/ Tarim regions，it is of particular significance to trace the remains of sutural zones that represent the relics of finite ocean basins or deep marine basins,which were developed between the Siberia Plate/Kazakhstan Mid Plate/Tarim Plate during the Ordovician. The final assembly of these Chinese landmasses likely underwent a longsustained process that extended from the Late Carboniferous to the Cenozoic，essentially involving the consumption of the mobile zones and the dispersion，accretion and collision of the relevant plates and terranes.

Based on the analyses of the pollencharcoal assemblages of sediments from the borehole in the Chaohu Lake，the  vegetation evolution and the climate change in this area since the Holocene have been discussed. The records of the pollencharcoal assemblages show that the vegetation evolution and climate change in  the Chaohu Lake experienced six stages. Namely，the mixed forest of deciduous broadleaf trees and evergreen broadleaf trees with Fagaceae being the main components occupied most areas of the Chaohu Lake during 9870—6040 cal.{a BP}，reflecting a relatively warm and slightly dry climate. During 6040—4860 cal.{a BP}，the climate changed from warm and slightly dry in the former stage to warmmoist condition(Atlantic period)，the vegetation changed to the mixed forest of deciduous broadleaf trees and evergreen broadleaf trees with Quercus，Castanea，Cyclobalanopsis and Castanopsis/Lithocarpus as the main components. During 4860—2170 cal.{a BP}，the records indicate that this area was dominated by  the mixed forest of deciduous broadleaf trees and evergreen broadleaf trees with Quercus as the main components，which reflects a relatively warmdry climate. Interpretation of pollencharcoal assemblages also suggests a drying trend with the decrease in temperature and humidity during this period. An obvious draught event occurred at about  2170 cal.{a BP}. During 2170—1040 cal.{a BP}，the vegetation changed from the mixed forest of deciduous broadleaf trees and evergreen broadleaf trees to the grassland with Gramineae as the main components. This was a climate transition period which was characterized by a  relatively warmwet climate condition. During 1040—200 cal.{a BP}，the vegetation was dominated by the mixed forest of conifers and broadleaf treesgrassland with Pinus，Gramineae being the main components. There were many crops in this stage. The climate was relatively cool and slightly moist in this period. From  200 cal.{a BP} to the present， grasslands occupied most areas around the lake with some conifers and broadleaf trees as the main components，and the climate is relatively warm and moist with some cooldry fluctuations. The high eutrophic status may be caused by human activities in this period.

Due to the more exact environment information it can provide，and its wider application fields，tree ring density analysis，as one of the research methods in Dendroclimatology，has received more and more important attention in environment researches. By analyzing the development process and the new research results of tree ring density measurement technology and tree ring density analysis in the past climate change studies，it is considered that the Xray analysis method is the widely used current measure. The reconstruction of past temperature change based on the tree ring density data is still the main direction of tree ring density researches. Relevant research results indicate that the maximum latewood density of trees in the forest upper limit in the high latitude area are very sensitive to the summer temperature change and thus can be used in the reconstruction of temperature change with several hundreds to thousands of years time scale and different space scales. The earlywood density or the minimum earlywood density has more obvious response to the precipitation and now is mainly used in the reconstruction of regional precipitation change with small scales. Otherwise，the research results of tree ring density analysis can be used in the studies of  the change of climate factors which include the season change，the timing and duration of climate events，influencing factors of regional climate change，dynamic mechanism and abnormal air pressure.

In the vicinity of Baiyanhua Railway Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region，there are over 20 pools and one large lake where a great many of conchostracans are living. The author has made investigation on the conchostracans habits including swimming，feeding，copulative way，etc. and their living environment including the pool size，water temperature，water pH and air temperature. The conchostracans commonly live in shallow waters,such as the shallow water areas along the  margins of the pools and lake，and they swim slowly(about 1 cm/s). During copulating，they stop in some place. The male moves water containing his spermatozoa by his appendages and lets the water flow into the females two valves(namely between its body and two valves). As a result, the female ova are fertilized. These facts indicate that they adapt only to quiet water or an environment in which water flows sluggishly. Comparison of both the modern environment and the palaeoenvironment of conchostracans shows that the two environments are very similar to each other. Therefore，the investigation of living conchostracans ecology and environment is of important significance for palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.

3D modeling on smallscale geologic body is a new theme of geology. In this paper，the concepts and methods of 3D modeling on smallscale geologic body are introduced according to technical characters and practical application.The VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) technique was used by combing the surface feature modeling and entity architecture modeling. The algorithm thought and realization process of dynamic concision for 3D geologic body are briefly described. Taking the 3D modeling on the trace fossil Chondrites and the drilling core as an example，combining theory and practice based on the “shape” model provided by VRML，their 3D models are established. The dynamic concision and the integration of spatial information and feature information  of the smallscale geologic body were achieved by the VRML nodes “script”，“touchsensor”，“Route” and Javascript programe. Finally，the authors developed a browser platform to browser the 3D model based on Visual Basic+Cortona component，which completes the viewing and querying of  the 3D model. This paper also provides a new technical  method for studies of 3D modeling on the smallscale geologic body and extends the new application area for VRML technique in geology.

The Member 3 of  Paleogene Shahejie Formation  is the main petroliferous interval in the Bonan Sag of Jiyang Depression in Bohai Bay BasinCurrently the viewpoints about the sedimentary facies types are quite different. The sedimentary gradients of each sandy interval of the Member 3 of Shahejie Formation were calculated by applying the spatial analysis module of geographic information system ArcView GIS 3.2 aThe sedimentary gradient of the  9th sandy interval  is mainly between 1.5°～3.5° and the gradient where it is adjacent to the Gudao Uplift can reach 3.5°～5°，while the sedimentary gradient of the 5th sandy interval  is generally less than 1.8°According to the representative features of these two sandy intervals，the depositional and tectonic setting of the basin，the sedimentary characteristics of the mudstones surrounding the reservoir sandbodies，the vertical sedimentary assemblages，the planar distribution of the reservoir sandbodies and their own sedimentary characteristics，it is concluded that the main reservoir sandbodies of the Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in the Bonan Sag is dominated by braided fluvial deltaic deposits and only the 9th sandy interval at the basal part of the Member 3 is of deepwater turbidite origin.