In Dongpu Sag, the sediments of the Member 3 of shahejie Formation consisted of dark-colored mudstone of deep water facies interlayered with sandstone and salty-gypsum, and this kind of sandstone is the important oil-bearing reservoir in Dongpu Sag and its origin was explained to be deep water gravity flow sediments according to the static sedimentary model. During the process of exploration, more and more evidences are found to indicate that there are traction flow and exposure to air markers in the sandstone. So, it is needed to reunderstand its origin and sedimentary models. In Dongpu Sag, during the sedimentation of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation, the lake 1evel fluctuated frequently with long scale cycle and short scale cycle. According to the data of well log, response of resistivity and core, cycles of 5 scales were recognized, and the frequency of the fifth scale cycle is 1000 times/Ma. The minimum extent of lake level fluctuation is calculated according to the thickness of single halite bed or single gypsum bed, and the maximum water depth is 30 meters. Combining with the palaeotopography character, the reason of large transference of lake shoreline in landscape orientation has been explained. On the basis of the study, a dynamic sedimentary model is established, as it is revealed in this model, delta and beach sandbody was deposited along the shoreline and black mud with thin layer carbonate rock was deposited in the deposition center during the high stand time, and during the low stand time, the shoreline shifted about 10~30 km toward the basin center. The sand body early deposited along the shoreline was eroded and was prograded toward the sedimentation center of the basin. Because of the fluctuation and lake level and the shifting of shoreline, the paleogeograhy of highstand time and lowstand time are very different. According to this dynamic sedimentary model to predict the distribution of sand body, there will be more clear result in the petroleum exploration.

A set of clastic rocks with thickness of more than one thousand meter was deposited in the Lower Cretaceous in front of the Kunlun Mountain in southwestern Tarim Basin. They are mainly red fine-middle grained sandstone, maroon sandy conglomerate, conglomerate, with mudstone and thin interbeded grey fine sandstone. Based on the group of fossils and lithologic characteristics, the Kezilesu Group are divided into 5 lithologic members: the first one is the sage green mudstone Member of which the sedimentary environment was mostly lake and fan delta. The second one is sandy conglomerate of which the sedimentary environment was mainly the front and plain of fan-delta. The third one is thick gravel-sandstone of which the sedimentary environment was mainly braided river and braided river delta plain. The fourth is mostly fine-grained sandstone interbedded with mudstone, of which the sedimentary environment is underwater distributary channel on braided river delta front. The last one is mudstone interbedded with sandstone of which the sedimentary environment is braided river delta front, probraided river delta and shore-shallow lake. The evolution of sedimentary environments changing from quickly deposited fan-delta to alluvial fan-braided river to braided river delta shows the significant development period of the fault basin. Over 70 percent of the clastic rocks is medium-fine-grained sandstone, whose pore types are original intergranular pores with porosity of 10%~20% and permeability of 1~1000×10－3μm2. The Kezilesu Group is the important strata for oil and gas exploration in the Mesozoic in Tarim basin.

Search for lithologic reservoir has become an important problem in the northwestern margin area in Junggar Basin. There is no essential progress in finding such reservoir using conventional measures. Based on the seismic data collected by wide azimuth acquisition, the authors made high accuracy-preserving data processing and layer flattening interpretation of the reference layer. Fine description of sedimentary environments of the Jurassic was made using the regional geological research results and drilling interpretation results by prerearchers. The sedimentary environments heighbouring the oil-bearing interval of sangonghe Formatino of Lower Jurassic in Well G19 area experienced the evolution from lacustrine facies-delta front facies-fluvial facies-lacustine facies. Interpretation results by seismic attributes also reflect the evolution of sedimentary environments of the target area and coinside well with the regional geologic results and logging interpretation results, thus provide good evidence for oil and gas exploration. Analysis of evolution of sedimentary environments can be made by seismic attributes and also contributions to exploration for lithologic reservoir in the oilfield can be made based on this.

 Delta facies were widely developed in the Member 2 of Sangonghe Formation of Lower Jurassic in central Junggar Basin. During the sedimentary period of the Member 2 of Sangonghe Formation, the northeastern part of the study area was characterized by large-scale braided river delta front with sliding turbidite sediments, while the northwestern part was characterized by fan delta sediments. In the central part, these two sediments jointed together. The Upper part of the Sangonghe Formation was meandering river delta front sediments. A great deal of initial pores and secondary pores were developed in the sandbody, while diagenesis doesn’t revise the capability so strong. The channel microfacies of the braided river delta front in the lower part of Member 2 of Sangonghe Formation is type Ⅰand Ⅱ reservoir with large porosity and middle permeability. The branch channel and fleet sandbody microfacies of meandering river delta front are type Ⅱand Ⅲ reservoir with middle porosity and middle to low permeability.

The Silurian is composed of Kepingtage Formation, Tataaiertage Formation and Yimugantawu Formation.With the well samples and field investigation,there are green-grey mudstone,silty mudstone,mudy siltstone,siltstone,fine sandstone and middle sandstone in the Silurian in Tazhong area.The sedimentary structures include horizontal bedding,parallel bedding,lower angle cross bedding,wedge-shaped cross bedding and trough cross bedding.The author presents the shore-neritic depositional system was developed in the lower bitumen-bearing sandstone member during Silurian in Tazhong area of Tarim basin ,which were made up of foreshore-nearshore facies, neritic shelf facies, neritic sand bar, tidal ridge facies which have more storm deposits. There are mainly tidal flat depositional system in the upper bitumen-bearing sandstone member,which have some foreshore and nearshore facies. The width of the shore-neritic depositional sysytem is n×10 KM. The shore-neritic depositional sandstones are good reservoir.

The Gaoyou Sag of Subei Basin is one of the key oil and gas exploring and developing areas in Jiangsu Oilfield, and is a typical dustpan shaped subsidence lacustrine basin with a fault as its south boundary and a slope to the north. The Dainan Formation in Gaoyou sag is 2000 m thick and comprises mainly of fluvial-lacustrine sandstone and mudstone, and is divided into 2 Members and Member 1 is of the lower part. Depositional filling process of Dainan Formation was analyzed and sedimentary facies maps were drawn. When the Member 1 was deposited, the tectonic activity of the basin was comparatively stronger and altitude difference between the boundary and the sag was comparatively bigger. Comparatively, the water was deeper and the scope of water was smaller. Consequently, proximal subaqueous fan, sublacustrine fan and delta facies were developed from south to north respectively. When the Member 2 of Dainan Formation was deposited, the tectonic activity was comparatively weaker and altitude difference between the boundary and the sag became smaller. The water was shallower and the sag was entirely covered by water. Consequently, fan delta, sublacustrine fan and delta facies were developed from south to north respectively. The maps of sedimentary facies of Dainan Formation were drawn based on the thickness isoline maps of sandstone and other data. The sedimentary facies were developed in specific places in plane and shows differences and hereditability in vertical evolution. The syndepositional faults, either as boundary or within Gaoyou Sag, were key factors in controlling the distribution of sedimentary facies and sandbodies. The development of sedimentary facies controls the development and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs, especially subtle ones. The main subtle traps of Dainan Formation in Gaoyou Sag are stratigraphic overlapping, fault-lithologic, upward thinout and lenticular ones. The favored oilbearing facies include sublacustine fan, delta front, fan delta front and the central part of subaqueous fan facies. With the data mentioned above plus analysis on the petroleum geologic conditions, several favorable subtle trap exploring areas are put forward.

The Lower Cambrian black shales are well developed on the Yangtze Platform, but subdivision and correlation of these black shales remain unresolved, because of lack of index fossils. Eodiscoids, which are abundant at some horizons, are the only body fossils that can be applied to correlating the Lower Cambrian black shales.  However, taxonomy of these eodiscoids from South China is very confused among the palaeontologists and its stratigraphic distribution remains unclear, thus limits its stratigraphic application. Based on the revised taxonomy and reviewed stratigraphic distribution of the Lower Cambrian eodiscoids on the Yangtze Platform, present study indicates that the five distinct eodiscoid species show high potential for stratigraphic correlations and their distributions are controlled essentially by palaeoenvironment. The results demonstrated that T. aclis and T. armatus occurred only in the Early Qiongzhusian, T. niutitangensis and T. tingi mainly occurred in the Late Qiongzhusian, but only T. tingi extended to the Early Canglangpuian. H. orientalis appeared in the Late Qiongzhusian, but are abundant in the Early Canglangpuian. Analyses of the palaeoenvironments indicate that sedimentary rate, sea-level change, seawater depth, redox condition of the bottom water are major environmental factors which control distribution of the eodiscoids. T. aclis and T. armatus occurred in the nearshore to offshore environments. T. niutitangensis and T. tingi were flourishing in the outer shelf, while a large number of H. orientalis occurred in the carbonate facies under the clear seawater with abundant phytoplankton from shelf-edge and outer shelf condition. No eodicoids appeared from the black carbonaceous shale under the deep euxinic anoxic condition from backshore and foreshore basins, and neither live in shallow water basin with high hydrodynamic energy and sedimentation rate.

 By means of observation of cores and identification of specimens, a lot of trace fossils including Mermoides chezhenensis, Helminthopsis sp., Gordia sp., Helminthoidichnites sp., Planolites beverlegensis, Neonereites uniserialis and Planolites sp., are discovered in deep water sediments in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Chezhen Sag, Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. They are grazing trails and feeding trails produced by invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods, gastropods, and so forth. Of these trace fossils, Neonereites uniserialis, with 7 cm in length and 2 mm in width, is a chain of knobs forming unbranched meandering shape and is preserved in convex epirelief in gray, dark gray shales. Mermoides chezhenensis, which is simple, irregularly curving in shape, ranges from 1 to 3 cm in length and 1 to 2 mm in width. The trace is preserved parallelly or slightly obliquely in gray, dark gray thin-bedded mudstones. According to their palaeoecological and sedimentological features, these ichnofossils can be divided into two ichnoassemblages, namely, Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage and Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage. Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage, which is characterized by the fully abundant Mermoides chezhenensis ichnospecies and commonly associated with Helminthopsis sp., Gordia sp., Helminthoidichnites sp., and Planolites beverlegensis, occurs in gray, dark gray thin- bedded mudstones. The Ichnoassemblage often has high ichnodiversity and abundance and represents highly oxygenated semi-deep lacustrine sediments. Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage, consisting of ichnogenera Neonereites uniserialis and Planolites sp., develops in gray, dark gray shales and indicates semi-deep to deep dysoxic lacustrine environment. The Mermoides chezhenensis Ichnoassemblage has similar characters as Mermia ichnofacies in composition, ichnodiversity and abundance of ichnoassemblage. The Neonereites uniserialis Ichnoassemblage has lower  ichnodiversity and abundance compared with the Mermia ichnofacies and the chemical characters of water represented by the trace assemblages are also different. The present continental trace fossil model is not complete, and there are still many ichnofacies that haven’t been recognized and established.

The Jiangshan-Shaoxing Fault is generally regarded as the boundary between the Yangtze Block and Cathaysian Block in the Lower Yangtze Area. However, It was a suture formed in Proterozoic. The relationship between the Yangtze and Cathaysian Blocks during the Caledonian Period is still a problem. The Proterozoic metamorphic rocks form the core part of an anticlinorium in northeastern Jiangxi and southern Anhui. The Cambrian and Ordovician sediments on its two limbs vary from basin-slope facies to platform facies from insides toward outsides. The facies boundaries mark the Yangtze Platform margin along a line from Shitai to Jingxian in southern Anhui, and the Cathaysian Platform margin along a line from Jiangshan through Kaihua to Lin’an in western Zhejiang during Cambrian and Ordovician. The intermediate area occupied by metamorphic rocks was a part of the “Jiangnan Basin” at that time. An important change on the sedimentary pattern happened at the end of Ordovician. This area transferred into a tapered “Jiangnan Uplift” - a terrigenous material source area. The deformation of the Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks in two limbs of the anticlinorium becomes stronger from outsides toward insides where the isoclinal and overturned folds appear. This indicates that the Jiangnan Uplift belongs to a Caledonian fold belt. The Silurian terrigenous sediments with large thickness occur on both sides of the Jiangnan Uplift and its northeast. The sedimentary sequences vary from shallow marine sediments upwards into littoral or deltaic sediments and finally into non-marine sediments. The marine sediments become increasingly abundant towards northeast and developed in later Silurian in Jiangsu Province. Here the Silurian rocks are overlain disconformably by the Devonian strata. They were probably deformed until the Indosinian period. The Caledonian foldbelt and Indosinian foldbelt coexist between the Yangtze and Cathaysian Blocks in Lower Yangtze Area.

 The No.11 coal seam of the Taiyuan Formation of Upper Carboniferous in the Pingshuo Mining District is generally characteristic of the middle-sulfur, high-ash and higher-organic sulfur, but there are great differences of the essential identifications among the coal layers, which might imply the remarkable diversification of the coal-forming micro-environments. The results show that the Ca/(Ca＋Fe), Th/U, Al/Ti, V/Zn, δEu andδCe could be used as the salinity indicators, the St,d and So,d/Sp,d respectively as the Eh and pH indicators, and the Ad, V/I and ΣREE as the water-dynamic indicators. Based on the indicators, the coal-forming micro-environments and the evolution of the seam were analyzed. It was considered that the seam was formed under the brackish to salt water micro-environments with the fluctuant transgression and the effect of the paleo-seawater on the peat swamp experienced three stages. The peat was formed in the slightly brackish to brackish micro-environment with the gradually reinforced water-dynamic condition during the first stage, in the brackish to salt water micro-environment with the rather strong water-dynamic condition during the second stage, and in the brackish micro-environment with the distinctly weakened water-dynamic condition during the third stage.

Altogether 105 rock samples are collected from the Maowa section, the bottom part of the Wayao Member of Falang Formation of Late Triassic in Guanling County, Guizhou Province, and contents of 36 elements of the rock samples are measured by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy). Based on the measured data, the authors analyze the enrichment factors (EF), R type cluster analysis and R type factors of the elements, and chronological changes of the ratio of elements to Al2O3, the ratio of oxides to Al2O3 and the value of δCe, then discuss the factors controlling the changes of element contents, and present an interpretation about the sedimentary provenance, paleoredox condition and burial environment of Guanling Fauna. As a conclusion, the sediments within the studied interval in 5.2 ~17.7 m in the Maowa section are mainly composed of terrigenous and biogenic substances, which are deriving from continent crust rather than volcanic material or thermal water. During this course, paleo-oceanic redox conditions changed repeatedly. The changes of element contents are controlled by terrigenous material, redox conditions, biogenic material and diagenesis. The 5.2 ~17.7 m interval of the section can be divided into four beds in terms of elementary stratigraphy. The ratio of elements and oxides to Al2O3 changes frequently from the first bed (bottom part of the interval) to the fourth bed (top part of the interval), showing a periodicity from slight to strong fluctuation. By correlating the paleoredox conditions with the occurrences of fossils, the authors suggest the formation and preservation of the crinoids and marine reptiles fossils benefit from anoxic conditions.

Sediments of subaqueous gravity flow channel were developed in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Tangjiahe Oilfield, Huanghua Depression. Three microfacies can be identified as channel center, channel margin and inter-channel. The sandbody is ribbon-shaped, generally 100500 m wide, and 210 m thick. According to the differences of reservoir quality, gravity flow channel can be classified as four kinds. Each kind of reservoir shows different lithology, property, and production capacity. The distribution variation of faults, sandbodies and reservoir quality formed the complex structural-lithologic traps. Faults are crossed slantways with ribbon sandbody, resulting in small-scaled traps. Differential distribution of reservoir quality and complex oil-water relation form discrete and bitted oil pools. The quantitative reservoir model and differential distribution model of oil-bearing strata have great significance in the oil and gas exploration of gravity flow channel sediments.