This paper is a continuation of the papers on lithofacies palaeogeography of the Early，Middle and Late Cambrian and the Early and Middle OrdovicianIt is based on the present writers'achievements of study and mapping of quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in North China，South China and Northwest ChinaOn such a basis，in combination with geological data of other areas，mainly MongoliaXing'anling，KunlunQinling，Tibet，Hainan Island and Taiwan areas，through comprehensive analysis and judgement,the lithofacies palaeogeography map of the Late Ordovician in China is compiled and this paper is completedIn this paper，the lithofacies palaeogeography in North China，South China and Northwest China is quantitative and the description is in detail，while the lithofacies palaeogeography in other areas is qualitative and the description is generalIn the Late Ordovician，the lithofacies palaeogeography framework of“two troughs alternating with three platforms”in the Early，Middle and Late Cambrian and the Early and Middle Ordovician was changedThe Beishan Trough and MongoliaLiaoningJilin Trough were no longer troughs and were changed to platformsTherefore the Junggar Platform，Beishan Platform,MongoliaXing'anling Platform，MongoliaLiaoningJilin Platform and North China Platform were united together，and became a great group of platformsThe other palaeogeographic units were also changed and were different from those in the previous agesThis was the result from the largescale regression in the Late Ordovician

The Qianjiang Sag is a MesoCenozoic faulted saline basin, and bears abundant oil，gas and saltDuring the depositional period of the Qianjiang Formation (from Late Eocene to Early Oligocene),the tectonic activity and sedimentation infilling of the lacustrine basin were very active,thus forming the saltbearing rock series with a thickness of 4500 mThrough the detailed study on a total of about 151m thick cores in the interval of the Qianjiang Formation of wells Wangping 1,Wangyun 10-6 and Wang 80-2,of the Wangchang area，northwestern Qianjiang Sag,17 typical sedimentary microfacies are recognized,and 7 microfacies series are generalized according to origin,formation environment and rock typesThe characteristics of each microfacies are described,and the formation environment conditions are also analyzedThe evolution process or association types of the microfacies in the intervals between the salt beds of the Qianjiang Formation is complex and variousThe evaporation degree of the lacustrine basin was gradually increasing,and the water depth was gradually shallower from Member 4 to Member 2 of Qianjiang FormationAt last,the formation conditions of the Qianjiang saline basin and the evolution of the sedimentary environment are also analyzed briefly

The middle Yangtze region in this paper refers to the most part of Hubei and Hunan Provinces bounded on the north by the QingfengXiangguang Fracture, on the west by western border of Hubei Province, and on the south by HunanGuizhouGuangxi deep sea basin Based on field investigation, the sedimentary characteristics, horizontal correlation and facies distribution of Upper Sinian and Lower Cambrian for more than ten sections in the middle Yangtze region are comprehensively studied in this paper Six lithofacies palaeogeographic maps of Doushantuo, Dengying, Qiongzhusi, Canglangpu, and Longwangmiao Ages of Late Sinian and Early Cambrian have been made in the light of dominant facies and in the way to make stratigraphic map On the basis of lithofacies palaeogeographic map, the sedimentary and lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics of the middle Yangtze region during the Late Sinian and Early Cambrian are also described There are four principal palaeogeographic units in the Late Sinian in the middle Yangtze region, ie carbonate tidal flat, open carbonate platform，platformmargin slopes and a basin in the south The major lithofacies palaeogeographic characteristics of the Qiongzhusi Age and early Canglangpu Age (Early Cambrian) are a land in middle Hubei, the carbonate tidal flat surrounding the land , shelf and a basin in the south The land disappeared during the Late Canglangpu Age and Longwangmiao Age (Early Cambrian) and the framework of palaeogeography consisted of tidal flat,open carbonate platform , platformmargin slopes and basin in the south

AbstractA set of lacustrine limestones，several to tens of meters thick，are the main deposits in the lower part of Member 3 of the Nadu Formation in the Tiandong Depression of the Baise BasinThe rocks range from light grey to grey in color，with abundant gastropoda shell fossils and oncolites，and are interbedded with thin mudstones and calcareous argillaceous siltstonesIn this paper, the petrologic characteristics of the lacustrine limestones are studied in detail on the basis of core observation and outcropAccording to a large number of features of the primary sedimentary structures，fossils，sedimentary geochemistry and welllogging facies，the sedimentary facies of lacustrine limestones are divided into three subfacies，ie，coastal lake，grain bank and shallow lakeThen eight microfacies are recognized，including the calcareous mudstone tidal flat，swamp，grain flat，bank edge，bank ridge，interbank channel，limemud shallow lake and argillaceous shallow lake，and the sedimentary characteristics of each microfacies are also studied in detailIt is concluded that the lacustrine limestone was mainly deposited in the grain bank located in the shallow lake and the sedimentary facies model is proposed through mapping the regional distribution of lacustrine limestone and the layout pattern of sedimentary facies

The Laoyemiao Oil Field is geographically located at the Laoyemiao Village，Tanghai County，Hebei Province，and tectonically located in the northwest of the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay BasinIt is one of the important oil fields in Ji Dong Oil FieldsThis paper analysed sedimentary characteristics such as rock composition and its texture，color of shale，sedimentary structure and lithofacies combinations，as well as the  palaeotopography and palaeogeography of the Oil FieldIt was shown that the Member 1 of Dongying Formation of Paleogene in the Laoyemiao Oil Field was formed in a fandelta environmentMain microfacies including the fandelta subaqueous distributary channel and mouth bar were divided，and the characteristics of each microfacies were analyzed as wellSedimentary facies map of the Member 1 of Dongying Formation in the Laoyemiao Oil Field was plotted with logging facies and isopachs of sandstone，and the evolution process of the microfacies was further analyzedAccording to microfacies map and core analysis data,subaqueous distributary channel was believed to be the main reservoir microfacies，whose porosity is 15%～24% and permeability is 150×10-3～500×10-3μm2For the Dongying Formation reservoir in the Laoyemiao Oil Field，the distribution scope of subaqueous distributary channel，low reservoir sorting and strong heterogeneity are the main geological factors for low development effect And as a result，excellent reservoir can be forecasted by reconstructing microfacies and oil field development plan can be adjusted accordingly

The Feixianguan gas reservoirs in the Luojiazhai Gas Field， northeastern Sichuan Province， are composed of the porous oolitic dolomites The reservoirs mainly exist in the oolitic bank facies in the carbonate platforms， which were deposited in high energy environment and mainly controlled by tidal actionThe primary rocks were sparry oolitic limestone and micrite oolitic limestone， but dolomitization destroyed the original sedimentary textures The diageneses which are constructive to the reservoirs are mainly dolomitization and burial dissolutionThe dolomitization is the base of forming high quality reservoirsBurial dissolution mainly developed inside the primary micropores，  the partly filled intergranular porosities and the intercrystal porosities,which furthermore formed lots of enlarged pores，intergranular pores，oolimoldsThe diageneses which are destructive to the reservoirs are mainly the filling of minerals in secondary pores，the fissures and the dissolved cavernsThe data of fluid inclusion analysis showed that the filling of minerals mainly happened during the burial period

Nodular celestite(Chrysanthemum stone)，a specific celestite cluster in the Qixia Formation (Middle Permian) of South China, formed in the early diagenesisIn a course deciphering its origin，33 samples were analyzed for strontium isotopeThese samples include nodular celestites from Liuyang，Hunan Province and Huangshi，Hubei Province，and include replacement calcites，host rock (micrites) and vein calcites from Liuyang (Hunan Province)，Yongfeng (Jiangxi Province)，Huangshi (Hubei Province) and Laibin (Guangxi Autonomous Region)The 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios determined from the celestites range from 0.706981 to 0.707525 with a mean value of 0.707215，coincide with those of seawater of the late Artinskian to Roadian stagesThe 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios from replacement calcite，host rock and vein calcite are richer than those of celestiteBecause the genesis of the replacement calcite and vein calcite is obviously later diagenetic，their relative riching of  87Sr isotopic characteristics must have originated from the overprint of later diagenesisAnalogously,the 87Sr/ 86Sr values of micrite also include contributions of late diagenesisBased on geological context on the evolution of the celestite cluster，it is proposed that the Qixia nodular celestite reflects the 87Sr/ 86Sr value of the Qixia seawater more reliably than Qixia micrites do, and that the differences of Sr isotopic values between celestites and micrites may be of significance in evaluations of Sr isotopic data from micrites

Clinothem slope facies is very advantageous to development of source rock of marine facies in the western margin of Ordos BasinAccording to the element geochemical characteristics，the relationships between element geochemistry and sedimentary environment，and the relationships between the distribution of source rock and heatflow of oceanfloor are discussed in this article by the numbers through analyzing the rules of element concentrate and transference and the change of sedimentary water mass and oxidationreduction condition on the different horizons and the different areasThe conclusion is that water mass depth and reduction and biocoenosis and the heatflow of oceanfloor are very important to the development of source rocksIn the Zhuozishan Formation on the north of the western margin and Sandaogou Formation on the south of the western margin，the preservation of organism is very difficult，because during their deposition，the  water mass was very shallow and widen，and the reduction was weakIn the Kelimoli Formation and Wulalike Formation on the north of western margin and the first section of Pingliang Formation on the south of the western margin，the abundance of organism is very high，because during their deposition the  water mass was very occlusive and the reduction was very strong，also heatflow of the ocean floor was very activeThese analyses provide the basement of element geochemical characteristic for evaluating the reservoir of the gas

Macaronichnus segregatis in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Chezhen Sag of Jiyang Depression is an intrastratal and irregularly meandering burrow structureIt is 7～8 mm in length and 1～3 mm in diameter，which is different in size from the same genus formerly discoveredThe ichnotaxon is commonly distinguished from several sedimentary environments：①places between channels of delta plain; ②delta，fan delta front bar and middle to outer fan of turbidite fan; ③shallow lake under humid climate；and ④shore to shallow lake sediments under periodically arid climateThey are generally found in silty mudstone deposited in different environmentsBased on the analyzed results of the hydrodynamic conditions,the chemical characters in different sedimentary environments and the forming process of Macaronichnus segregatis，some conclusions can be drawn as following: ① Msegregatis occurs in moderate water energy environments，and rather high or low water energy is not suitable for its existence；② The burrowmaker of Msegregatis lives among the upper dysoxic zone；③ Msegregatis is produced by depositfeeder before the substrate becomes firm，implied by the presence of linings surrounding the trace fossils

The rapid uplift of the QinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateau(QXP)determined the formation of the Yangtze River and Yellow River 1 million years ago  Near the two structural knots located in the outer part of QXP, Yuanmou Ape  man in Yunnan Province and Lantian Apeman in Shaanxi Province have been discovered  Therefore, it is suggested that the environmental factors related to the origin of Chinese ancient man in these regions are bound up with the rapid uplift of the QXP. The particular geological, geographical and meteorological conditions play important roles in the formation of Chinese civilization over the last ten thousand years, and furthermore, form the particular Chinese ideological systemSo, the Chinese civilization is related not only with the Yangtze River and Yellow River，but also closely with the rapid uplift of the QXP 

The Xiaoqinghe River drainage is a wide area which extends from Jinan City in the west,to the Bohai Bay in the east,from the foot of TaiLuYi Mountains in the south and to the Yellow River in the northLakes were distributed widely in Xiaoqinghe River drainage during the prehistoric and historical periods which can be shown by the strata records and ancient documentsThese lakes were formed in the Early Holocene and reached peak in the Middle HoloceneSince the Late Holocene,the lakes gradually shrank until finally disappeared such as the Queshan Lake，the Hushan Lake and the Qingshui Lake，etcThe paper analyzes the reasons why these lakes disappeared in Xiaoqinghe River drainage by historical documents,analysis of stratigraphic profiles and research of place namesIt proposes that under the drying climate background,the lakes disappeared mainly because that:firstly clay and sand silted up by the Yellow River flooding;secondly human activities generated great effectsResearches on the formation and disappearence of the lakes in the study area are important for reconstructing the ancient environments and discussing their evolution process

Based on the analysis of organic carbon，charcoal pieces，pollen，and ratio of carbon and nitrogen from sediment profiles in flooded hill foot，and the features of topography and sediment materials at Xishan Relic Site of Zhengzhou，Henan Province，this paper presents changes of climate and living environment since 7 000 a BPin this area  The main results are as follows: (1) Since 7 300 aBP，two periods were divided Before about 2 900 a BP，the climate was warm and wet，similar to today's climate in Jianghuai regionDry land could be developed in higher platform under this climatic conditionThere were at least 5 drier stages during this warm and wet period from the analysis of content of organic carbon  The climate after 2900 a BP showed an obvious trend of arid which was similar to that of today in Zhengzhou(2) The topography in this region is a broad flooded plain with a southeast slope A gullylike river，named Kuhe，passes through the plain but has less flooding The plain consists of the Pleistocene flooded loess in the lower layers and the Holocene loess in the upper layersSo at ancient time，people lived here and had dryland farming (3) According to the insufficient amount of nitrogen supply from farmland，dryland agriculture started at least from  about 7 300 a BPThis result is the same with the conclusion from pollen analysis，most of which was from grassAccording to the analysis of concentration of charcoal pieces，the concentration of pieces with the diameter of long axis less than 50μ was n×102 piece/cm3 for samples before 5 000 a BP，but for samples after 5000 a BP，most of the pieces had diameters larger than 50μThis change showed the development of tillage and fertilizer technologies

The climatic impact of the Eldgjá eruption happened in about 934AD in China was investigatedThe relevant historical data，mainly Chinese historical data，as well as the tree ring records were searched and sortedBased on the Chinese，Japanese and European historical records，as well as the tree ring records，we found that climatic cooling occurred at about 934～935AD and 939～942AD following the Eldgjá eruption The cooling of 934～935AD seemed to be regional and limited to Europe and the Middle East，and that of 939～942AD would probably be globalFollowing the Eldgjá eruption until 938AD，regional warming appeared in China with its climax in 934ADNotable cooling appeared in 939～942AD in China By a tentative estimation，the cooling magnitude would be 5～8℃ in the winter of 939/940AD in comparison with the mean winter temperature of 933～938AD in Luoyang Kaifeng area Our investigation supported that the ～934AD Eldgjá eruption would have two climaxes，iethose in about 934AD and 939AD respectively

The Cretaceous of the Kuqa Depression and Southwest Depression in the Tarim Basin is very thick and consists of many rock types,such as clastic rocks，evaporites and carbonate rocksThere are many kinds of sedimentary facies,including continental facies，marine facies and transitional facies，and the continental clastic facies is dominant Kuqa Depression and Southwest Depression were separated basins in the Early Cretaceous，but they had nearly the same characters of continental clastic sediments They both were mainly developed into alluvial depositional systems with an obvious similar distribution of facies belts and a similar development of reservoirCorresponding to the asymmetry of foremountain faulted basin,the alluvial fan-fan delta depositional system and the braided fluvial delta depositional system were developed at the steep slope of the lacustrine basin，and the fluvial delta depositional system were developed at the ramp slopeThe alluvial fanfan delta depositional system was composed of the alluvial fan, the fan delta plain and the fan delta front, etcThe braided fluvial delta depositional system included braided fluvial delta plain and braided fluvial delta front, etc Reservoir rocks were mainly developed in the braided channels, subaqueous distributary channels and the distributary mouth bars in fan delta or braided fluvial deltaThere are highquality reservoirs in the Kuqa Depression and Southwest DepressionThe reservoir sandbodies are thick and widely distributedThe development of alluvial depositional system indicates that the reservoirs of the Cretaceous may be extensively distributed in the Tarim BasinThe exploration achievements made in Kashi Sag and Yingjisu Sag in recent years greatly broaden the field of explorationThe Cretaceous is becoming one of the important exploration targets in the Tarim Basin, and it shows better prospect of petroleum exploration